Simulation 4
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1. A distillation column separates a feed stream containing ethane and ethylene. The bottom product has 64.45% ethane. 2. A column separates a feed of acetone, water, and hexane. With a reflux ratio of 1.3, the overhead has 52% acetone. The reboiler and condenser heat duties are calculated. 3. An absorber column removes CO2 from a methane stream using propylene carbonate solvent. With the conditions given, the CO2 mol% in the gas stream is found along with the column height and diameter.
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The document describes the process for manufacturing urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide. There are six main steps: (1) hydrogen and ammonia production via the Haber process, (2) carbon dioxide removal from the gas stream, (3) shift conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, (4) synthesis of ammonia, (5) reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide to form urea, and (6) concentration and granulation of the urea product. Heat recovery and recycling of water and carbon dioxide are used to improve the efficiency and economics of the process.
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Vaporizers are instruments designed to change liquid anesthetic agents into vapors and add a controlled amount of vapor to gas flow. Their output is affected by factors like temperature, flow rate, and barometric pressure. Temperature compensation helps maintain a consistent vapor concentration despite changes in temperature during vaporization. Modern vaporizers use various methods like mechanical compensation, supplied heat, or computerization to achieve temperature-independent vapor delivery.
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section 7 modified-2.pdf
1. The document discusses four methods of calculating depreciation: straight line, use or production, double declining balance, and sum of years digits.
2. It provides the formulas for calculating depreciation under each method and works through an example problem to calculate the depreciation each year for a car purchased for $200,000 and sold for $100,000 over 10 years.
3. Using the straight line method, depreciation is $10,000 per year. Using the use or production method, depreciation ranges from $882 to $33,921 over the 10 years. Using the double declining balance method, depreciation declines from $40,000 to $7,272
section 5.pptx
This document provides examples of calculating economics metrics for chemical plants, including:
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2) Calculating turnover ratio given FCI, sales, production details.
3) Finding breakeven point and production costs considering raw materials, utilities, labor, capital investment, production levels.
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Section 4.pptx
- The document discusses methods for estimating the costs of major chemical plant equipment such as condensers, columns, heat exchangers, and reactors. It provides examples of calculating equipment costs based on size, material, pressure, and cost constants from tables.
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Section 3-2.pptx
This document discusses methods for estimating capital costs for chemical plants. Quick rough estimates are needed early in the design process to evaluate alternative designs. More accurate estimates require more design detail. Capital costs include fixed costs for equipment, construction, and facilities, as well as working capital for start-up. Historical cost data can be escalated using cost indices. The factorial method estimates capital cost as factors applied to the total equipment cost. Detailed factorial estimates consider individual cost factors rather than a single overall factor.
Section 9.pptx
The document discusses optimum design parameters and provides examples of determining optimum values that minimize costs. Question 1 finds the optimum insulation thickness. Question 2 determines optimum temperature and pressure values that minimize total cost. Question 3 calculates the daily profit at the production rate giving minimum cost per unit and maximum daily profit. Question 4 involves determining the batch cycle time that gives the minimum total annual cost of producing 1 million kg of chemical product.
Section 8.pptx
The document discusses several questions related to evaluating investment options for chemical plants based on their economics.
For the first question, four heat exchanger designs to recover lost heat from waste gases are evaluated based on their initial cost, operating costs, heat savings value, and annual savings. Design 4 is determined to have the highest return on incremental investment.
The second question evaluates two investment alternatives based on their rate of return, minimum payback period, and capitalized cost to determine which meets the company's investment criteria.
The third question analyzes two reactor options based on their initial cost, maintenance costs, salvage value, service time, yield, and profit to determine which meets the ROI condition and maximum 3 year pay
Section 2.pptx
1) The document discusses rules for calculating simple interest, compound interest, effective interest rates, and continuous compounding. It provides examples of calculating total amounts, interest rates, and present worth for various scenarios involving loans, bonds, and investments with different interest rates and time periods.
2) Questions are worked through calculating total amounts, interest rates, and present worth for investments with monthly, daily, semiannual compounding and continuous compounding over periods of 2, 4, 10, and 12 years.
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Section 1.pptx
This document discusses the importance of economics in chemical engineering and provides examples to illustrate key concepts. It notes that economics involves dealing with scarce resources efficiently to achieve optimal results at lowest cost. A case study compares the economics of an old versus new refrigerator design over time, factoring in capital costs, operating costs, and interest earnings. The document emphasizes choosing the optimum option by evaluating how variable factors like pipe diameter and insulation thickness impact both capital and operating costs. The overall goal is selecting designs that minimize total lifetime costs.
section 6 .pptx
The document discusses break even analysis for chemical plants. It provides examples of calculating the break even point in units and sales revenue for different unit retail prices and variable costs. It also contains examples of determining profit given production levels. Questions include calculating break even points, drawing break even charts, and determining if a plant is profitable based on supply and demand curves and fixed and variable costs.
section 1.pptx
The document discusses common mechanical operations involving particulate matter including calculating the shape factor of different particle shapes, performing a sieve analysis to determine properties like specific surface area and average particle diameter, and using a correlation equation between cumulative fraction and particle size to calculate constants and the average surface volume diameter. Sieve analysis data is provided for a problem involving calculating values like specific surface area, average particle diameter, median diameter, and average surface volume particle diameter.
section 4.pptx
This document discusses belt conveyor design and calculations. It provides guidelines for belt thickness and idler spacing based on material density being conveyed. It also outlines the equations needed to calculate the mass of the belt, idlers, and material per unit length, which are required for power calculations. These include factors like the number of idlers per side, mass of individual idlers, belt thickness and density, and flow rate and velocity of the material being conveyed. An example problem is provided to demonstrate how to apply these calculations.
section 2.pptx
The document provides information on calculating mass storage in stockpiles and storage facilities using bulk density, angle of repose, and dimensional measurements. It includes examples of:
1) Calculating the mass of gravel that can be stored in a 6x6m area using the given bulk density of 1700kg/m3 and angle of repose of 45°, finding the answer is 48 tons.
2) Finding the minimum dimension H of 8.5m for a storage compartment with a 5x5m base to store 360 tons of bauxite ore over 3 days at a furnace rate of 5 tons/hr, using the given bulk density of 2000kg/m3 and angle of repose of
section 5.pptx
This document provides rules and examples for calculating mechanical operations related to bulk solids storage and transport. It includes formulas for calculating volume and mass flow rate of cones, as well as vertical and lateral pressures at the bottom of a bin. An example calculates these pressures for a given bin geometry. It also discusses belt conveyor design, including belt and idler specifications and formulas for power calculations. The final example uses these formulas to calculate the motor power and storage bin dimensions needed for a given solid transportation rate and production period.
section7.pptx
1. The document discusses various rules and equations related to mechanical operations like crushing, grinding and milling including Rittinger's law, Kick's law, and equations for calculating ball mill dimensions, rotation speeds, and charge volumes.
2. It provides an example calculation for estimating the theoretical power required to grind a one ton batch in a roller mill over 30 minutes given the feed and product screen analyses.
3. Questions and examples are given for calculating reasonable ball mill speeds, ball charges, and rock feed charges given mill dimensions and properties of the balls and feed material.
section 9.pptx
This document discusses three questions related to mechanical operations and flow through porous media:
1. It calculates the pressure drop across a catalyst bed packed with cylindrical pellets for an air stream, and how this would change with larger pellet size.
2. It estimates the inlet pressure of a catalyst tower given the outlet pressure, dimensions, flow properties, and contact time.
3. It calculates the porosity of a bed packed with Raschig rings given the pressure drop and flow properties of an air stream.
section 8.pptx
This document provides information on mechanical operations like crushing and grinding. It includes:
- Rules for operations like Rittinger's law, Kick's law, and Bond work index.
- Parameters for equipment like ball mill rotation speed, ball size, and charge mass.
- Worked examples calculating time required to achieve a specific surface increase in crushing and grinding, based on parameters like feed size, product size, power, and work index.
- An example calculating the time required to grind one ton of material in a batch rod mill, given the motor power, grinding efficiency, feed and product sizes, and work index.
section 6.pptx
This document discusses common mechanical operations used to transport materials, including bucket elevators, screw conveyors, and pneumatic transportation. It provides examples of how to calculate the power required for a bucket elevator to lift crushed alumina, the design of a screw conveyor to transport fly ash horizontally, and the conveying capacity of a pneumatic transportation system moving ground rock vertically and horizontally through pipes and elbows. Key parameters discussed include bulk density, spacing, pitch, filling ratio, pressure change, flow rate, and power.
section 3-2.pptx
The document provides information to design a cylindrical storage bin for 450 tons of soda ash. It includes the material properties and design requirements. The summary is:
The dimensions of the bin are estimated as a diameter of 5m, conical bottom height of 6.5m, and cylindrical height of 11.5m. The minimum bottom opening diameter is 141.5mm. With a bottom diameter twice the minimum, the solid flow rate out of the bin would be 146 kg/s. The vertical pressure on the bottom is 29.3 kPa and equivalent liquid pressure is 211 kPa.
material science 1 .pptx
This document provides notes on material science concepts. It discusses key points about assignments, quizzes, reports and presentations. It also covers classifications of materials, basic concepts like deformation, stress, strain and mechanical properties including elasticity, ductility, brittleness, hardness and toughness. Graphs of stress-strain curves are presented and terms like elastic limit, yield point and ultimate tensile strength are defined. Students are instructed to submit assignments on time and follow the instructor's directions.
material science 2 .pptx
This document discusses material science concepts including stress, strain, Young's modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus. It provides definitions and formulas for these terms and includes examples of calculating stress, strain, elongation, shear stress, and changes in volume using given material properties and applied forces. Several practice problems are worked through applying these concepts to situations like stretching a cylinder, cutting a sheet, and determining changes to a bowling ball underwater.
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Simulation 4
- 1. Simulation -3 Eng. Kareem Hossam Eng. Amal Magdy
- 2. Distillation (1) • A stream contains 40% ethane and 60% ethylene by mol. enters a distillation column that has 60 trays. Working under total condensation with a pressure of 100kPa in both evaporator and condenser. • The feed stream is 50% vapor, at a pressure of 100kPa and 100 kgmole/hr • Reflux ratio 1.4 • Bottom product rate 60 kgmole/h • Find the composition of ethane in both top and bottom products. • Hint: fluid package Peng Robinson Top: 3.22% Bottom: 64.45%
- 3. Distillation (2) • A stream contains Acetone, water, and 3 methyl hexane. Is sent to a distillation column so the acetone can be recovered. The stream is at 27 degree Celsius and 100 kPa. It is sent to a 50 trays distillation column at a flow rate of 3 kgmole/h. both reboiler and condenser works at 100 kPa. • The composition of the feed stream in (mol%) is: • Acetone: 0.5179 • 3 m-hexane: 0.4794 • Water: 0.0027
- 4. Distillation (2) • If it is given that • Reflux ratio = 1.3 • The needed component mole fraction of acetone at the overhead stream is 52% • Find: • The molar flow rate of acetone (at the overhead product) • The heat duty of reboiler and condenser. • Hint: fluid package Peng Robinson • Total reflux
- 5. Absorber • Carbon dioxide can be absorbed using propylene carbonate. Design an absorber in which a stream of 20 mol% carbon dioxide and 80 mol% methane is sent with a volumetric flow rate of 2 m3/s to contact 2000 kgmole/hour of solvent. (fluid package Sour PR) • Given that the column operates at 60 atm and 60 degrees Celsius. Find 1- CO2 mol% in the gas stream 2- The column height and diameter in case of packing.
- 6. De-methanizer • A feed that has the following composition, flowing at 1620 kgmole/h is sent to de-methanizer at a temperature of -95 C and 330 psia • Hint: de-methanizer is a reboiled absorber with 10 stages N2 0.0025 CO2 0.0048 C1 0.7041 C2 0.1921 C3 0.0706 i-C4 0.0112 n-C4 0.0085 i-C5 0.0036 n-C5 0.002 C6 0.0003 C7 0.0002 C8 0.0001
- 7. De-methanizer • Another feed is entering the demethanizer in the second stage from top, at -85C and 332 psia at a flow rate of 215 kgmole/hr. and has the following composition. • A side heater is used on the column that has an energy flow of 2.1 x 106 kj/h • Hint (let it enter the 4th stage from top) Component Mole Fraction N2 0.0057 CO2 0.0029 C1 0.7227 C2 0.1176 C3 0.075 i-C4 0.0204 n-C4 0.0197 i-C5 0.0147 n-C5 0.0102 C6 0.0037 C7 0.0047 C8 0.0027
- 8. De-methanizer • The demethanizer parameters are • 1- top stage • pressure = 330 psia • Temperature= -87.22 C • 2- reboiler • pressure= 335 psia • Temperature= 26.67 C
- 9. Find • 1- the mole fraction of methane at the top stream. At overhead flow rate of 1338kgmole/h • 2- the overhead flow rate corresponding to methane mole fraction 0.96 at the top stage.