Lecture 3: Ancient pinewood restoration at Loch Arkaig, Scotland: Combining c...Edward Wilson
This lecture was presented as part of the International Seminar Series in Forest Conservation on the theme "Inventory and Monitoring Approaches in Forest Conservation: from Tree to Landscape Scale", 4-25 November 2016. The seminar series was organised as part of the Master of Forest Conservation Program, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Canada.
Biology of Chalara Ash Dieback Disease (June 2017)Edward Wilson
Presentation on the biology of Chalara ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus). Presented at the Living Ash Project Workshop, Grassington, North Yorkshire, 8 June 2017.
Forest dynamics helps to understand several succession methods and to know about stand structure and development with forest based models like FORMIND, FORMIX, GRASMIND etc.,
Continuous Cover Forestry: an alternative model for the sustainable managemen...Edward Wilson
This paper was presented at the Institute of Fisheries Management 7th Specialist Conference, on the theme "Forestry and Fisheries - Where Next?". The event took place at Rheged, Penrith, Cumbria, England on 21-23 April 2015.
The presentation provides an overview of the principles of Continuous Cover Forestry and its application to woodlands in Britain. In addition, information is provided on the opportunities and challenges associated with continuous cover forestry in wooded watersheds and catchments. There is a need for more case studies and long-term study of forest development and environmental interactions in watersheds.
Lecture 3: Ancient pinewood restoration at Loch Arkaig, Scotland: Combining c...Edward Wilson
This lecture was presented as part of the International Seminar Series in Forest Conservation on the theme "Inventory and Monitoring Approaches in Forest Conservation: from Tree to Landscape Scale", 4-25 November 2016. The seminar series was organised as part of the Master of Forest Conservation Program, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Canada.
Biology of Chalara Ash Dieback Disease (June 2017)Edward Wilson
Presentation on the biology of Chalara ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus). Presented at the Living Ash Project Workshop, Grassington, North Yorkshire, 8 June 2017.
Forest dynamics helps to understand several succession methods and to know about stand structure and development with forest based models like FORMIND, FORMIX, GRASMIND etc.,
Continuous Cover Forestry: an alternative model for the sustainable managemen...Edward Wilson
This paper was presented at the Institute of Fisheries Management 7th Specialist Conference, on the theme "Forestry and Fisheries - Where Next?". The event took place at Rheged, Penrith, Cumbria, England on 21-23 April 2015.
The presentation provides an overview of the principles of Continuous Cover Forestry and its application to woodlands in Britain. In addition, information is provided on the opportunities and challenges associated with continuous cover forestry in wooded watersheds and catchments. There is a need for more case studies and long-term study of forest development and environmental interactions in watersheds.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
Ecological Forestry in Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Forests of the Pac...Lily Tidwell
Ecological forestry is an emerging concept in the field of forest management based on silvicultural techniques that emulate natural disturbance regimes, thus preserving a relatively natural functioning forest ecosystem. This paper discusses the application of these concepts in Douglas-Fir forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States.
Continuous cover forest management system is gaining popularity to clear-felling and the rotation management system associated. Very few researches have been done to assess this management system. A harvest event was analysed in a Reinhausen forest compartment of 2ha, belonging to the state forest of Göttingen; Göttingen is situated in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. The harvest has modified the stem number per hectare mostly in bigger class of diameter. The diameter class the most affected was between 14 and 23 cm. The harvest affected 11% of the stem in the stand and was constituted only by Fagussilvatica (7.5%) and Fraxinus excelsior (3.5%) which are the main species of this forest. The thinning removed 15% of the basal area and 16% of the volume of the forest stand. The type of thinning was thinning from above (high thinning). Apart from Fagussilvatica that the average height of trees reduces of 45cm after harvest, there was no difference on average height after harvest for other species. The harvest event has induced changes on the spatial distribution of the forest stand. The impact of this modification on environment has not been analyzed by this study.
Forest management, Knowledge of Plant Ecology, Sub – Division of Forest, Monoculture, Silviculture, Rotation of Cultivation, Weeding Thinning, Brashing, Taungya system, Coppice system of regeneration
Distribution and structure of conifers with special emphasis on taxus baccataShujaul Mulk Khan
Coniferous forests play important role in sustaining biodiversity and providing ecological services. Present study was conducted in Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas to assess the present status of the conifers, in particular Taxus baccata population. Field data was obtained systematically using quadrate method. Environmental data including coordinates, altitude, slope gradient, aspect and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by field survey method. The quantity of fuel wood consumption was measured using weight survey method. Three conifer species viz., Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata were found in 5 communities at different aspects in 1800 to 3000 m altitudinal range. Conifer stands showed an average tree density of 306 trees/ha with a regeneration value of 76 seedlings and saplings/ha and deforestation intensity of 82 stumps/ha respectively. T. baccata showed zero regeneration having no seedling or sapling in the whole study area. The stem to stump value was calculated as 4.08. A. pindrow was dominant in all the 5 communities with an Importance value percentage of 72.8% followed by P. wallichiana (19.5%). T. baccata was recorded sporadically throughout the altitudinal range having an IVI value of 7.9%. The T. baccata tree density was 26/ha whereas dead tree and stumps density was 27/ha with a stem/stump value of 0.98.The average fuel wood consumption recorded for the area was 4.08kg/capita/day. Pressure is increasing on conifers due to high level of fuel wood consumption as well as overgrazing due to limited available grazing area. The conifer species, especially T. baccata, demand immediate attention of forest management and policy makers for the conservation of these under pressure species.
Silviculture and management of ash: best practice advice for woodland manager...Edward Wilson
This presentation was prepared for the Living Ash Project Chalara Ash Dieback Workshop at Lawshall, Suffolk on 18 June 2014.
The talk aims to provide an overview of the silviculture and management of ash woodlands in Britain, where Chalara ash dieback is currently a major threat. The lecture starts with an overview of the key drivers in forestry at the present time, including the need to adapt and enhance the ecological resilience of woodlands in the face of many threats (climate change, pests, diseases). A major theme is the need to diversify the range of genotypes, species and structures of woodlands so that the risk of major damage is minimised. A large number of silvicultural practices are reviewed, and several, including planting alternative species and continuous cover forestry, are presented in more detail.
With respect to ash, a number of silvicultural and management measures have been introduced to slow the rate of infection, minimise environmental impacts and realise the value of ash timber. Practical guidance is provided, based on information from the Forestry Commission and Royal Forestry Society. In addition, there is greater need for monitoring forest conditions so that infected trees can be located as quickly as possible.
Finally, the presentation highlights the role of research and the need to identify ash trees that demonstrate a degree of tolerance or resistance to infection. These trees are an important priority for the Living Ash Project and for future ash tree breeding programmes.
The presentation includes many photographs taken in the field and supplied with acknowledgement by colleagues.
Further information on the Living Ash Project is available at www.livingashproject.org.uk. Also at the Future Trees Trust, www.futuretrees.org. General information about the biology and management of Chalara ash dieback is available from the Forestry Commission, www.forestry.gov.uk/chalara.
Silviculture and management of ash: best practice advice for woodland managers. Edward Wilson
This lecturer was presented at the Living Ash Project Workshop, hosted by Tamar Valley AONB, at Tiverton, Devon on 13 August 2015. The lecture provides and overview of current best-practice guidance for the management of stands of ash trees infected with Chalara ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) (formerly Chalara fraxinea). Included in the presentation was a wider discussion of ecological resilience and strategies for adaptation of forest management systems in response to climate change and threats to forest health.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
Ecological Forestry in Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Forests of the Pac...Lily Tidwell
Ecological forestry is an emerging concept in the field of forest management based on silvicultural techniques that emulate natural disturbance regimes, thus preserving a relatively natural functioning forest ecosystem. This paper discusses the application of these concepts in Douglas-Fir forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States.
Continuous cover forest management system is gaining popularity to clear-felling and the rotation management system associated. Very few researches have been done to assess this management system. A harvest event was analysed in a Reinhausen forest compartment of 2ha, belonging to the state forest of Göttingen; Göttingen is situated in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. The harvest has modified the stem number per hectare mostly in bigger class of diameter. The diameter class the most affected was between 14 and 23 cm. The harvest affected 11% of the stem in the stand and was constituted only by Fagussilvatica (7.5%) and Fraxinus excelsior (3.5%) which are the main species of this forest. The thinning removed 15% of the basal area and 16% of the volume of the forest stand. The type of thinning was thinning from above (high thinning). Apart from Fagussilvatica that the average height of trees reduces of 45cm after harvest, there was no difference on average height after harvest for other species. The harvest event has induced changes on the spatial distribution of the forest stand. The impact of this modification on environment has not been analyzed by this study.
Forest management, Knowledge of Plant Ecology, Sub – Division of Forest, Monoculture, Silviculture, Rotation of Cultivation, Weeding Thinning, Brashing, Taungya system, Coppice system of regeneration
Distribution and structure of conifers with special emphasis on taxus baccataShujaul Mulk Khan
Coniferous forests play important role in sustaining biodiversity and providing ecological services. Present study was conducted in Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas to assess the present status of the conifers, in particular Taxus baccata population. Field data was obtained systematically using quadrate method. Environmental data including coordinates, altitude, slope gradient, aspect and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by field survey method. The quantity of fuel wood consumption was measured using weight survey method. Three conifer species viz., Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata were found in 5 communities at different aspects in 1800 to 3000 m altitudinal range. Conifer stands showed an average tree density of 306 trees/ha with a regeneration value of 76 seedlings and saplings/ha and deforestation intensity of 82 stumps/ha respectively. T. baccata showed zero regeneration having no seedling or sapling in the whole study area. The stem to stump value was calculated as 4.08. A. pindrow was dominant in all the 5 communities with an Importance value percentage of 72.8% followed by P. wallichiana (19.5%). T. baccata was recorded sporadically throughout the altitudinal range having an IVI value of 7.9%. The T. baccata tree density was 26/ha whereas dead tree and stumps density was 27/ha with a stem/stump value of 0.98.The average fuel wood consumption recorded for the area was 4.08kg/capita/day. Pressure is increasing on conifers due to high level of fuel wood consumption as well as overgrazing due to limited available grazing area. The conifer species, especially T. baccata, demand immediate attention of forest management and policy makers for the conservation of these under pressure species.
Silviculture and management of ash: best practice advice for woodland manager...Edward Wilson
This presentation was prepared for the Living Ash Project Chalara Ash Dieback Workshop at Lawshall, Suffolk on 18 June 2014.
The talk aims to provide an overview of the silviculture and management of ash woodlands in Britain, where Chalara ash dieback is currently a major threat. The lecture starts with an overview of the key drivers in forestry at the present time, including the need to adapt and enhance the ecological resilience of woodlands in the face of many threats (climate change, pests, diseases). A major theme is the need to diversify the range of genotypes, species and structures of woodlands so that the risk of major damage is minimised. A large number of silvicultural practices are reviewed, and several, including planting alternative species and continuous cover forestry, are presented in more detail.
With respect to ash, a number of silvicultural and management measures have been introduced to slow the rate of infection, minimise environmental impacts and realise the value of ash timber. Practical guidance is provided, based on information from the Forestry Commission and Royal Forestry Society. In addition, there is greater need for monitoring forest conditions so that infected trees can be located as quickly as possible.
Finally, the presentation highlights the role of research and the need to identify ash trees that demonstrate a degree of tolerance or resistance to infection. These trees are an important priority for the Living Ash Project and for future ash tree breeding programmes.
The presentation includes many photographs taken in the field and supplied with acknowledgement by colleagues.
Further information on the Living Ash Project is available at www.livingashproject.org.uk. Also at the Future Trees Trust, www.futuretrees.org. General information about the biology and management of Chalara ash dieback is available from the Forestry Commission, www.forestry.gov.uk/chalara.
Silviculture and management of ash: best practice advice for woodland managers. Edward Wilson
This lecturer was presented at the Living Ash Project Workshop, hosted by Tamar Valley AONB, at Tiverton, Devon on 13 August 2015. The lecture provides and overview of current best-practice guidance for the management of stands of ash trees infected with Chalara ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) (formerly Chalara fraxinea). Included in the presentation was a wider discussion of ecological resilience and strategies for adaptation of forest management systems in response to climate change and threats to forest health.
This presentation by Mick Wilson of Forestry Corporation NSW discusses case studies of burns and the experiences of fire management in Forestry lands presented, highlighting the challenges of resuscitating a fuel management programme within a complex regulatory framework.
Presentation from Nature Conservation Council of NSW 2015 Bushfire Conference - Fire and Restoration: working with fire for healthy land
This is a public talk given at the Jubilee Institute, Rothbury, Northumberland on 30 May 2013.
The presentation provides an overview of the role and importance of ash in British woodlands, and then goes on to describe the ash dieback disease (Chalara fraxinea). The current status and spread of the disease is discussed, together with a summary of current strategies to understand and control the spread of the pathogen. Important populations of ash are identified, especially those in Cumbria, and the lecture highlights the potential impact of the dieback disease on the natural and cultural heritage of Britain.
Sustainable management of maquies in Meron ForestNir Herr
Maquis in the mesic habitats of the Mediterranean region in Israel form a dense and almost impenetrable cover. The necessity to thin and open those maquis, are mainly to lower fire hazard, as well as increasing permeability, and improve ecological niches. Maquis sustainable management include: thinning and pruning, and moderate grazing thereafter. 1,300 dunam of maquis were chosen and surveyed. The average density was 81 tree/dunam which covered 20-78% of the land with 2-17 trunks per tree. Quercus calliprinus comprised 67% of the tree species. Furthermore, adaptive closure is due to shrubs and climbers. Our method is to thin most of the stems in each mother tree, excluding 2-3 of the wider. The side brunches of the remaining stems are pruned up to 2.2 meter. Grazing management is crucial for maintaining the sustainability of the maquis. Efforts are made to incorporate both thinning and grazing which will stand as a management model for other maquis.
לצפייה באתר ולהורדת הקובץ ראה בקישור הבא:
Look in the site: http://nirforestecosoil.com/
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Contarinia pseudotsugae presentation 2020Edward Wilson
Presentation on 9 Dec 2020 to North West Tree Health Group, England. The topic is an overview of the biology of Contarinia pseudotsugae, the Douglas fir needle midge.
Transformation of Sitka spruce stands to continuous cover forestry: compariso...Edward Wilson
A poster created for the Woodlands of Ireland Conference, Delgany, Co. Wicklow, Ireland. 30 April 2018. The poster outlines the early stages of the TranSSFor project, with an overview of project objectives and current research plans. The focus is transformation to continuous cover forestry (CCF) of planted Sitka spruce stands.
Tick bites and Lyme disease: history and best practice for reducing risk of i...Edward Wilson
This presentation was given at workshop titled "Ticks: You and Your Livelihood" organised by the Cairngorm National Park Authority at Lonach Hall, Strathdon, Scotland on 18 November 2015. The presentation provides an overview of the biology and ecology of Lyme disease, and discusses ways of reducing risk for professional land managers working in areas with high densities of infected ticks. The focus is on raising awareness, self-checking and methods of avoiding infection.
International Seminar Series in Forest Conservation, November 2016 - Programm...Edward Wilson
Programme for the International Seminar Series in Forest Conservation on the theme "Inventory and Monitoring Approaches in Forest Conservation: from Tree to Landscape Scale", held 4-25 November 2016. The seminar series was presented as part of the Master of Forest Conservation Programme, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Canada. The seminar series was organised and coordinated by Prof Edward Wilson.
Lecture 4: Monitoring the state of forests and its importance in Europe (and ...Edward Wilson
This lecture was presented as part of the International Seminar Series in Forest Conservation on the theme "Inventory and Monitoring Approaches in Forest Conservation: from Tree to Landscape Scale", 4-25 November 2016. The seminar series was organised as part of the Master of Forest Conservation Program, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Canada.
Lecture 2: Continuous Cover Forestry: the AFI inventory methodology and netwo...Edward Wilson
This lecture was presented as part of the International Seminar Series in Forest Conservation on the theme "Inventory and Monitoring Approaches in Forest Conservation: from Tree to Landscape Scale", 4-25 November 2016. The seminar series was organised as part of the Master of Forest Conservation Program, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Canada.
Lecture 1: Cumbria's Top 50 Trees Project - the 360 Degree Toolkit Tree Recor...Edward Wilson
This lecture was presented as part of the International Seminar Series in Forest Conservation on the theme "Inventory and Monitoring Approaches in Forest Conservation: from Tree to Landscape Scale", 4-25 November 2016. The seminar series was organised as part of the Master of Forest Conservation Program, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Canada.
The Biology of Chalara Ash Dieback Disease (Hymonescyphus fraxineus): identif...Edward Wilson
This lecture was presented at the Living Ash Project Workshop, hosted by Tamar Valley AONB, at Tiverton, Devon on 13 August 2015.
The lecture provided an update on the history and biology of Chalara ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) (formerly Chalara fraxinea) in Britain. Included in the presentation was the natural history of ash, the biology of Chalara ash dieback disease, the history of infection in Britain and Ireland, and information about reporting and citizen science.
The High Park Prescribed Burn 2015 - managing forest ecosystems in the City o...Edward Wilson
Each year, the City of Toronto Forestry Branch organises a prescribed burn in High Park. This is done to remove litter and understorey vegetation, and promote the regeneration of oak seedlings in one of the most important woodland habitats in the city. The prescribed burn took place on 15 April 2015. This was the 17th annual burn in High Park, and a total of around 2.5 ha were treated. The prescribed burn was contracted to Lands and Forests Consulting, experts in forest site preparation and controlled burns. Safety is paramount and the burn only proceeds after significant planning, and when all the safety checks are complete. Ground moisture and wind conditions must also be favourable and within specified limits. A large crew of specialists are on hand to help control and manage the burn, and to ensure it does not spread outside the designated area. As will be clear in the presentation, paths, road verges and other natural barriers are used to contain the burn area and create fire breaks.
The slideshow includes 46 images taken: 1. at the briefing session; 2. prior to the prescribed burn; 3. at the initiation of the burn; 4. during the burn; and, 5. the day after the burn (on 16 April 2015). You will see the results in the final few slides, with the ground nicely cleared, and no damage to the mature forest canopy.
Citizen science and tree health 19 11 2014 v1.1Edward Wilson
This presentation provides an overview of the Ancient Ash Trees in Eden Project. This project ran from 2013-2014 and was a citizen science initiative that raised awareness of the importance of ancient ash trees in Eden District, Cumbria, as well as providing training on tree health survey techniques.
Biology of Chalara fraxinea: identification and reporting of infected treesEdward Wilson
This presentation was prepared for the Living Ash Project Chalara Ash Dieback Workshop at Lawshall, Suffolk on 18 June 2014.
The talk aims to provide an overview of the history and biology of Chalara ash dieback in Britain, and focuses on the lifecycle, signs and symptoms of infection. Additional information is provided regarding current research programmes on ash dieback disease, the genetics of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and arrangements for reporting suspected cases of infection. The presentation includes many photographs taken in the field and supplied with acknowledgement by colleagues.
Further information on the Living Ash Project is available at www.livingashproject.org.uk. Also at the Future Trees Trust, www.futuretrees.org. General information about the biology of Chalara ash dieback is available from the Forestry Commission, www.forestry.gov.uk/chalara.
The Biltmore Forest School and Cradle of Forestry: the origins of professiona...Edward Wilson
The Biltmore Forest School was the first professional school of forestry in the United States, founded in 1898. It was based in Pink Beds Valley, Pisgah Forest, near Asheville, North Carolina. The school operated for 15 years and trained 350 foresters. The founder of the school was Dr C. A. Schenck, forester on the Biltmore Estate.
This presentation is a photo-essay based on a trip in October 2013 to the Biltmore Forest School site, which is now part of the Cradle of Forestry visitor and educational centre. The Cradle of Forestry is operated by the US Forest Service, and the forest is now part of the Pisgah National Forest.
The Cradle of Forestry not only tells the story of the beginnings of professional forestry education in the United States, but also presents the history and development of sustainable forest management to a new and diverse audience.
This presentation is based on a paper that appeared in Woodland Heritage Journal. The full citations is:
Wilson, E. R. 2014. Cradle of Forestry in the United States. Woodland Heritage Journal 19:78-80
URL: http://www.woodlandheritage.org/images/stories/wh/journals_img/wh_2014.pdf
(Published: April 2014)
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This poster by Edward Wilson and Philippe Morgan was first presented at the Society of American Foresters National Convention, Silviculture Matters!, North Charleston, South Carolina, 23-27 October 2013.
The poster presents an overview of the Glentress Trial, at Glentress Forest, Scotland. The trial was established by Professor M. L. Anderson in 1952 as a demonstration area for the transformation to an irregular structure of an even-aged, planted forest. The trial area (117 ha) was set out in a large commercial plantation on an exposed, upland site (~300 m); Anderson wanted to determine if uneven-aged silvicultural systems could be adopted in such locations. The dominant species include Sitka spruce, Douglas fir, European larch and Scots pine. The most important silvicultural system that has been applied is group selection, with group sizes varying from 0.1 to 0.2 ha. Groups have been restocked by planting and natural regeneration. Recent surveys of the trial area demonstrate the gradual transformation to an irregular structure after 60 years. The Glentress Trial is recognised as one of the longest-running research sites in British forestry. The trial has been important for both primary research and for developing operational experience in uneven-aged silviculture. Over the decades since its initiation, the objectives of forestry in Britain have evolved and changed. Today the Glentress Trial has a new relevance as we recognise the importance of uneven-aged forests for their ecological resilience and potential to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services.
AshStat - Confirmed reports of ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) ...Edward Wilson
This graphic includes the complete dataset of reports for Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in the UK, from 1 November 2012 to 5 May 2015. The graphic is prepared by AshStat/Silviculture Research International. Data is taken from regular updates of the disease status published online by the Forestry Commission.
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This paper was presented at the Annual Research Awareness Meeting of the Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, on 01 August 2013. It provides an overview of the major themes surrounding interdisciplinary research in the role of public forests as venues for promoting healthy physical activity and psychological restoration. Also, the paper provides an overview of current projects in this area at Silviculture Research International.
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This presentation covers some of the public health considerations associated with Lyme disease and managing the risk of infection in woodland setting. The presentation is linked to a "best practice" management guide that is currently being prepared.
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Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
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Silviculture and management of ash: best practice advice for woodland managers
1. LAP Ash Dieback Workshop
Silviculture and management of ash:
best practice advice for woodland managers
First presented: 18 06 2014
This version: v3.0, 08 06 2017
Edward Wilson
Silviculturist
Chalara Ash Dieback Workshop
Yorkshire Dales National Park
Town Hall, Grassington, North Yorkshire
08 June 2017
2. Outline
• Modern Silviculture: adaptation and resilience
• Principles underlying guidance for ash
• Management options:
– Uninfected stands
– Infected stands
– Older stands
– Coppice
– Urban/parkland/hedgerow trees
• Further information
• Questions and Discussion
3. Guiding Principle
‘All our resolves and decisions are made
in a mood or frame of mind which is
certain to change.’
Proust
4. The evolution of silviculture
Summary of the major dimensions and trends
Primary Focus
Unit of Production
Tree
Ecosystem
Ecological Factors
Stand Structure
Pure, regular
Mixed, irregular
Stand Dynamics
Simple
Complex
Management Factors
Objectives/Issues
Single, discreet
Multiple, integrated
Decision-making
Professionals
Informed public
Source: Wilson 2000
5. Ecological Resilience
• Resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a
disturbance by resisting damage and recovering quickly
• Not a new concept, but perhaps newly relevant to forestry
– Holling, C. S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems .
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 1-23
– now >6000 citations (to 2016)
• Types of disturbance
– Stochastic: fires, flooding, windstorms, insect population explosions
– Human activities: deforestation, introduced exotic plants/animals
• Disturbances and regime change
– sufficient magnitude or duration of disturbance → profound affect on
ecosystem → threshold (“tipping point”) → different regime of
processes and structures predominate
6. Rumsfeldian “Ecology”
• There are known knowns; there
are things we know we know.
• We also know there are known
unknowns; that is to say, we
know there are some things we
do not know.
• But there are also unknown
unknowns – the ones we don’t
know we don’t know. Donald Rumsfeld
US Secretary of Defense,
12 February 2002
7. Succession stages in a natural forest
initial stage intermediate stage
open
ground
final stage
Strategies for Enhancing Resilience
Modify thinning regimes Extend “rotations”
Diversify Structure
- CCF
Species choice
- genetics/provenance
Mixed species
Assisted migration of native species
New species introduced
Wider use of “minor” species
Thanks to Jens Haufe for the diagram used in this slide.
Under-planting
9. Prolific ash natural regeneration
in a small canopy clearing – lots
of competition and selection
Photo: Sharon Rodhouse
10. New native oak plantation.
Note close spacing to promote form,
competition and natural selection. Photo: E. R. Wilson
11. Continuous Cover Forestry
• “...the use of silvicultural systems whereby the forest
canopy is maintained at one or more levels without clear
felling.”
Mason et al. 1999
It has 4 main guiding principles:
1. Managing the forest ecosystem
2. Using natural processes
3. Working within site limitations
4. Diversifying stand structure
Prime movers: ProSilva Europe (1989) and CCFG (1991)
12. final harvest
and
regeneration
young
growth
stage
H<1.3m
pole stage
DBH>10cm
DBH<20cm
small timber
stage
DBH>20cm
DBH<35cm
medium
timber stage
DBH>35cm
DBH<50cm
DBH>50cm
large timber
stagethinning
thicket stage
H>1.3m
DBH<10cm
respacing
fallow stage
restocking
final harvestBeat up,
tending
In order to transform a planted forest we have to:
• develop adequate tree stability (Frame Trees).
• promote the best trees as likely source for Natural Regeneration (NR)
• get the species composition right
• create optimal conditions for NR (ground vegetation, seedbed, browse control)
Stand development and transformation
Source: Jens Haufe
15. Ash Silviculture and Management Principles
• Maintain the values and benefits associated with ash
woodlands and iconic trees;
• Secure an economic return where timber production is an
important objective;
• Reduce the presence and rate of spread of Chalara dieback;
• Maintain as much genetic diversity in ash trees as possible
with the aim of ensuring the presence of ash in the long term;
and
• Minimise impacts on associated species and wider
biodiversity
Source: Forestry Commission 2013, Royal Forestry Society 2014
16. Key references
Jens Peter Skovsgaard, Georg Josef
Wilhelm, Iben M. Thomsen, Berthold
Metzler, Thomas Kirisits,
Ludmila Havrdová, Rasmus Enderle,
Dorota Dobrowolska, Michelle Cleary
and Jo Clark. 2017. Silvicultural
strategies for Fraxinus excelsior in
response to dieback caused by
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Forestry:
doi:10.1093/forestry/cpx012
17. TendingRegeneration
Thinning
Site
Genetics
Forest Type
Silviculture Practice
A planned sequence of interventions to pursue original or modified management objectives
1. Modified and targeted to alleviate the immediate consequences of ash dieback
2. Ensure potentially healthy ash has a future role in the woodland
Critical Stage
- Too late for replacement planting
- Too early for commercial thinning (sale)
Source: Skovsgaard et al 2017
Silviculture Aims
• Diverse genotypes
• Diverse species
• Diverse structures
• Diverse approaches
18. Inventory procedures for stands with
Chalara ash dieback
• General principles
• Crown dieback and defoliation
• Collar lesions
• Stem quality
• Spatial location of ‘good’ trees
19. Wider Environment: A mature ash tree with
Signs of Chalara ash dieback disease
Photo: Sharon Rodhouse 2012
Be vigilant!
Early identification of infected trees will give more
options for management and conservation of woodlands
20.
21. Crown Assessment
• Numbers indicate the estimated proportion of foliage remaining for each tree (%).
• Note visual assessments are approximate and associated with large variation.
Source: Skovsgaard et al 2017
22. Source: Skovsgaard et al 2017
Stages of collar lesion and bark
and wood discolouration (1)
Early stage necrosis and
red-brown discolouration
of stem bark
Mid stage collar lesion
with depression and one
or few cracks in bark
Late stage collar lesion
with depression and many
cracks in bark
23. Source: Skovsgaard et al 2017
Stages of collar lesion and bark
and wood discolouration (2)
Early stage collar necrosis
caused mainly by H.
fraxineus
Mid stage collar necrosis
due to H. fraxineus and
Armillaria sp., with white
mycelium of Armillaria sp.
Advanced collar rot
and discolouration in
wood, with black zone
lines due to Armillaria sp.
24. Source: Skovsgaard et al 2017
Stages of collar lesion and bark
and wood discolouration (3)
Early stage brown
discolouration of wood due
to H. fraxineus (in this case
entering through an
epicormic branch)
Mid stage discolouration
due to H. fraxineus
(entering at the root
collar) and Armillaria sp.
Late stage brown
discolouration of the stump
due to H. fraxineus and
Armillaria sp., with black
zone lines due to Armillaria
sp. in progressively
decaying parts of the wood.
25. Source: Skovsgaard et al 2017
Creating a Stand Sketch Map
• Spatial location of potential future crop
trees in a young stand of ash infected by
dieback.
• Map was drafted in the field using only step
size measurements.
• Each square is 10m × 10 m.
• Numbers indicate the id number of
potential future crop trees. Tree number
504 was marked for special attention.
26. Kerr, G., et al. 2002. Monitoring the
transformation of even-aged stands
to continuous cover management.
Forestry Commission Information
Note 45. Forestry Commission,
Edinburgh. 12 pp.
28. Silviculture and management options for ash
1. Uninfected stands
1. Planning
Before taking any action, owners/managers need to review
their management objectives and local circumstances.
2. Silviculture
Carry on with planned work and thin to promote fast, healthy
growth in selected trees.
3. Biosecurity
Adhere to guidance on biosecurity, ensure tools are
disinfected, boots and clothes cleaned and ash leaves are not
moved from the wood
4. Monitoring
Regularly monitor trees for signs of Chalara and, if found,
report to the Forestry Commission (see earlier guidance).
Source: Skovsgaard et al 2017, Forestry Commission 2017, Royal Forestry Society 2014
29. Silviculture and management options for ash
2. Infected stands (<25 years)
1. Where there are low levels of disease
– Young Plantations
Remove recently planted trees and natural regeneration if
small numbers are infected and burn or bury them on site.
– Pole-Stage Stands
Thin woodland as usual. Select diseased trees for thinning
which show symptoms of Chalara, preferably when in full
leaf to ensure the right tree is felled, and where possible
burn the brash.
– Coppice
Do not bring forward coppicing of ash as this will make
stools and new growth more vulnerable to Chalara.
Source: Skovsgaard et al 2017, Forestry Commission 2017, Royal Forestry Society 2014
30. Silviculture and management options for ash
2. Infected stands (<25 years)
2. Where there are high levels of disease (>50% stand infected)
– Support Research
Do not rush to remove recently planted or mature trees, or
ash coppice. This will prevent identification of resistant trees.
– Realise Timber Value
Consider felling ash to realise the value before timber
condition deteriorates or thin to favour alternative species.
– Biodiversity
Consider leaving some trees close to dying for deadwood and
biodiversity. Restock with alternative species suitable for
local site conditions and to emulate the ecological value of
ash (see Natural England guidance). Validate the provenance
of any new stock with your nursery prior to purchase.
Source: Skovsgaard et al 2017, Forestry Commission 2017, Royal Forestry Society 2014
31. Natural England Guidance for management of
woodlands of conservation importance
• Assessing and addressing
the impacts of ash dieback
on UK woodlands and trees
of conservation importance
• Published on 30 April 2014
• http://publications.naturale
ngland.org.uk/publication/5
273931279761408
32. Silviculture and management options for ash
2. Infected stands (<25 years)
3. Where timber production is not a consideration
– Habitat Conservation
The aim here is to retain ash in the wood for as long as
possible to provide habitat for species dependent on ash
and to allow time to identify trees that may be resistant.
– Commitment to Management
Continuing to manage the wood will ensure less spore
production and more light on the woodland floor to
encourage regeneration and structural diversity.
Source: Forestry Commission 2013, Royal Forestry Society 2014
33. Silviculture and management options for ash
3. Infected older stands
• Adopt an individual tree approach
– There should be a presumption against the felling of
ancient, veteran or mature ash trees, whether or not they
are infected with Chalara.
– Where less than 50% of the crown is infected the tree
should be regularly monitored and symptoms of honey
fungus (Armillaria) – often it is this secondary infection that
kills the tree.
– Where more than 50% of the crown is infected consider
felling.
– Health and Safety around Dead and Declining Trees
Take special care and appropriate measures where trees are
in areas close to public access.
Source: Skovsgaard et al 2017, Forestry Commission 2017, Royal Forestry Society 2014
34. Ash and oak planted mixture, Suffolk
Photo: Gary Battell
38. Silviculture and management options for ash
5. Urban/parkland/hedgerow trees
• Litter Removal
There is evidence that removal of leaf litter combined with the
lower humidity in urban and parkland environments can
significantly reduce and slow the impact of Chalara.
• Wider Benefits
There should not be a presumption to fell infected trees in
these environments as these trees can continue to provide
benefits even when dead.
• Health and Safety
Carry out a full risk assessment before taking action. Public
safety is of paramount importance in this assessment.
Source: Skovsgaard et al 2017, Forestry Commission 2017, Royal Forestry Society 2014
39. New Woodland Considerations:
- Management objectives
- Site-based silviculture
- Diversify species choice
- Consider ecological alternatives
(Natural England Guidance)
- Consider mixtures
Mixed native woodland
Golden Wood (Green Light Trust)
Lawshall, Suffolk
Photo: E. R. Wilson 2014
40. Principles of ESC are well-established
ESC is a knowledge-based model; productivity
distribution data are used to inform decisions
ESC was developed to support commercial
species selection
Also analysis of National Vegetation
Classification community types
Detailed species information, including some
provenance guidance
ESC does not consider rising CO2 levels or plant
health issues
Ecological Site Classification (ESC)
A Cornerstone of site-based silviculture
41.
42. Supporting Forestry Research is Vital
Become an Applied Scientist
Ash Genetics Trial
Photo: Jo Clark, Earth Trust
43. The Forest Research Site at Pound Farm, Woodland Trust, Suffolk. Photo: E. R. Wilson 11 August 2015
44. The Forest Research Site at Pound Farm, Woodland Trust, Suffolk. Photo: E. R. Wilson 11 August 2015
45. Conclusions
• Resilience
– Theoretical framework within which we can ensure
sustainable management of natural resources
• Working with Uncertainty
– In all future decisions and actions
– Adaptive management approach
• Silviculture Applications
– Diversification of genotypes, species, structures, approach
– Site-based decision making
– Promote healthy trees, vigour (thinning prescriptions)
• Consider active contribution to research
46. "A gentleman takes as much
trouble to discover what is
right as lesser men will take
to discover what will pay."
K'ung Fu-tzu (Confucius),
quoted by M.L. Anderson 1951
Decision making
Reference:
Anderson, M.L. 1951. The Selection of tree species: an
ecological basis of site classifications for conditions found in
Great Britain and Ireland. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. 151 pp.
48. LAP Ash Dieback Workshop
Acknowledgements
My thanks to the following colleagues and organisations: Jo Clark, Earth Trust; Tom
Brown, Green Light Trust; Sharon Rodhouse, Sylvatic Ltd; Gary Battell, Suffolk County
Council; Jens Haufe, Forestry Commission; Gareth Browning, John Weir and Barnaby
Wylder, Forestry Commission England; Forest Research; Royal Forestry Society
Contact Information
Edward Wilson
Email: ted.wilson@rfs.org.uk
First presented: 18 06 2014
This version: v3.0, 08 06 2017