This is a public talk given at the Jubilee Institute, Rothbury, Northumberland on 30 May 2013.
The presentation provides an overview of the role and importance of ash in British woodlands, and then goes on to describe the ash dieback disease (Chalara fraxinea). The current status and spread of the disease is discussed, together with a summary of current strategies to understand and control the spread of the pathogen. Important populations of ash are identified, especially those in Cumbria, and the lecture highlights the potential impact of the dieback disease on the natural and cultural heritage of Britain.
Biology of Chalara fraxinea: identification and reporting of infected treesEdward Wilson
This presentation was prepared for the Living Ash Project Chalara Ash Dieback Workshop at Lawshall, Suffolk on 18 June 2014.
The talk aims to provide an overview of the history and biology of Chalara ash dieback in Britain, and focuses on the lifecycle, signs and symptoms of infection. Additional information is provided regarding current research programmes on ash dieback disease, the genetics of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and arrangements for reporting suspected cases of infection. The presentation includes many photographs taken in the field and supplied with acknowledgement by colleagues.
Further information on the Living Ash Project is available at www.livingashproject.org.uk. Also at the Future Trees Trust, www.futuretrees.org. General information about the biology of Chalara ash dieback is available from the Forestry Commission, www.forestry.gov.uk/chalara.
The Biology of Chalara Ash Dieback Disease (Hymonescyphus fraxineus): identif...Edward Wilson
This lecture was presented at the Living Ash Project Workshop, hosted by Tamar Valley AONB, at Tiverton, Devon on 13 August 2015.
The lecture provided an update on the history and biology of Chalara ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) (formerly Chalara fraxinea) in Britain. Included in the presentation was the natural history of ash, the biology of Chalara ash dieback disease, the history of infection in Britain and Ireland, and information about reporting and citizen science.
Biology of Chalara Ash Dieback Disease (June 2017)Edward Wilson
Presentation on the biology of Chalara ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus). Presented at the Living Ash Project Workshop, Grassington, North Yorkshire, 8 June 2017.
Lecture 3: Ancient pinewood restoration at Loch Arkaig, Scotland: Combining c...Edward Wilson
This lecture was presented as part of the International Seminar Series in Forest Conservation on the theme "Inventory and Monitoring Approaches in Forest Conservation: from Tree to Landscape Scale", 4-25 November 2016. The seminar series was organised as part of the Master of Forest Conservation Program, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Canada.
AshStat - Confirmed reports of ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) ...Edward Wilson
This graphic includes the complete dataset of reports for Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in the UK, from 1 November 2012 to 5 May 2015. The graphic is prepared by AshStat/Silviculture Research International. Data is taken from regular updates of the disease status published online by the Forestry Commission.
Biology of Chalara fraxinea: identification and reporting of infected treesEdward Wilson
This presentation was prepared for the Living Ash Project Chalara Ash Dieback Workshop at Lawshall, Suffolk on 18 June 2014.
The talk aims to provide an overview of the history and biology of Chalara ash dieback in Britain, and focuses on the lifecycle, signs and symptoms of infection. Additional information is provided regarding current research programmes on ash dieback disease, the genetics of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and arrangements for reporting suspected cases of infection. The presentation includes many photographs taken in the field and supplied with acknowledgement by colleagues.
Further information on the Living Ash Project is available at www.livingashproject.org.uk. Also at the Future Trees Trust, www.futuretrees.org. General information about the biology of Chalara ash dieback is available from the Forestry Commission, www.forestry.gov.uk/chalara.
The Biology of Chalara Ash Dieback Disease (Hymonescyphus fraxineus): identif...Edward Wilson
This lecture was presented at the Living Ash Project Workshop, hosted by Tamar Valley AONB, at Tiverton, Devon on 13 August 2015.
The lecture provided an update on the history and biology of Chalara ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) (formerly Chalara fraxinea) in Britain. Included in the presentation was the natural history of ash, the biology of Chalara ash dieback disease, the history of infection in Britain and Ireland, and information about reporting and citizen science.
Biology of Chalara Ash Dieback Disease (June 2017)Edward Wilson
Presentation on the biology of Chalara ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus). Presented at the Living Ash Project Workshop, Grassington, North Yorkshire, 8 June 2017.
Lecture 3: Ancient pinewood restoration at Loch Arkaig, Scotland: Combining c...Edward Wilson
This lecture was presented as part of the International Seminar Series in Forest Conservation on the theme "Inventory and Monitoring Approaches in Forest Conservation: from Tree to Landscape Scale", 4-25 November 2016. The seminar series was organised as part of the Master of Forest Conservation Program, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Canada.
AshStat - Confirmed reports of ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) ...Edward Wilson
This graphic includes the complete dataset of reports for Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in the UK, from 1 November 2012 to 5 May 2015. The graphic is prepared by AshStat/Silviculture Research International. Data is taken from regular updates of the disease status published online by the Forestry Commission.
Silviculture and management of ash: best practice advice for woodland manager...Edward Wilson
This presentation was prepared for the Living Ash Project Chalara Ash Dieback Workshop at Lawshall, Suffolk on 18 June 2014.
The talk aims to provide an overview of the silviculture and management of ash woodlands in Britain, where Chalara ash dieback is currently a major threat. The lecture starts with an overview of the key drivers in forestry at the present time, including the need to adapt and enhance the ecological resilience of woodlands in the face of many threats (climate change, pests, diseases). A major theme is the need to diversify the range of genotypes, species and structures of woodlands so that the risk of major damage is minimised. A large number of silvicultural practices are reviewed, and several, including planting alternative species and continuous cover forestry, are presented in more detail.
With respect to ash, a number of silvicultural and management measures have been introduced to slow the rate of infection, minimise environmental impacts and realise the value of ash timber. Practical guidance is provided, based on information from the Forestry Commission and Royal Forestry Society. In addition, there is greater need for monitoring forest conditions so that infected trees can be located as quickly as possible.
Finally, the presentation highlights the role of research and the need to identify ash trees that demonstrate a degree of tolerance or resistance to infection. These trees are an important priority for the Living Ash Project and for future ash tree breeding programmes.
The presentation includes many photographs taken in the field and supplied with acknowledgement by colleagues.
Further information on the Living Ash Project is available at www.livingashproject.org.uk. Also at the Future Trees Trust, www.futuretrees.org. General information about the biology and management of Chalara ash dieback is available from the Forestry Commission, www.forestry.gov.uk/chalara.
Silviculture and management of ash: best practice advice for woodland managers. Edward Wilson
This lecturer was presented at the Living Ash Project Workshop, hosted by Tamar Valley AONB, at Tiverton, Devon on 13 August 2015. The lecture provides and overview of current best-practice guidance for the management of stands of ash trees infected with Chalara ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) (formerly Chalara fraxinea). Included in the presentation was a wider discussion of ecological resilience and strategies for adaptation of forest management systems in response to climate change and threats to forest health.
Citizen science and tree health 19 11 2014 v1.1Edward Wilson
This presentation provides an overview of the Ancient Ash Trees in Eden Project. This project ran from 2013-2014 and was a citizen science initiative that raised awareness of the importance of ancient ash trees in Eden District, Cumbria, as well as providing training on tree health survey techniques.
Continuous Cover Forestry: an alternative model for the sustainable managemen...Edward Wilson
This paper was presented at the Institute of Fisheries Management 7th Specialist Conference, on the theme "Forestry and Fisheries - Where Next?". The event took place at Rheged, Penrith, Cumbria, England on 21-23 April 2015.
The presentation provides an overview of the principles of Continuous Cover Forestry and its application to woodlands in Britain. In addition, information is provided on the opportunities and challenges associated with continuous cover forestry in wooded watersheds and catchments. There is a need for more case studies and long-term study of forest development and environmental interactions in watersheds.
Public forests and public health: the emerging evidence base for the role of ...Edward Wilson
This presentation provides a review of the evidence base for the role that woodlands and green space play in promoting physical and psychological well-being. The presentation looks at the many benefits and opportunities presented by woodlands, especially in a peri-urban context. The presentation also explores some of the public health issues that need to be taken into account and addressed if we are to more effectively encourage a larger portion of the population to engage in nature-related health activities.
Natural places: Lyme disease risk management and communication.Edward Wilson
Keynote presentation from the 12th UK Lyme and Tick-borne Diseases Conference, at the University of Surrey, Guildford, 13 July 2013.
This presentation covers some of the public health considerations associated with Lyme disease and managing the risk of infection in woodland setting. The presentation is linked to a "best practice" management guide that is currently being prepared.
Klingbeil, R. & Buss, S., 2002. Groundwater Protection in the Time of Foot and Mouth Disease. Hydrogeological Risk Assessment at Proposed “Burn and Bury” Sites. Presentation and Abstract, Biannual Meeting of the Fachsektion Hydrogeologie der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft (FH-DGG) [Section Hydrogeology of the German Geological Society], 09-11 May 2002, Greifswald, Germany. In: Schafmeister, M.-T. & Meyer, T. [Editors], Grundwasserressourcen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Erschließung und Naturschutz [Groundwater Resources in the Stress Field Between Exploration and Nature Conservation], Abstracts, Publication of the German Geological Society, 19, p. 44.
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As an exemplar of geodiversity in the Earth’s geological record, the Ediacaran fossil assemblage of the Flinders Ranges also celebrates the very birth of the Earth’s biodiversity.
As one of Australia’s most significant National Landscapes, the Flinders Ranges has the making of being also declared as another UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Foundation for National Parks and Wildlife (FNPW) with the Flinders Ranges Ediacara Foundation and the SA Government aims to create a new national park as a key core component of this vision - truly and outstanding geotourism destination for Australia.
Beyond preservation:the challenge of ecological restoration – can you live with ambiguity or do you want to be in charge? A practitioner turned researcher’s tale
Contarinia pseudotsugae presentation 2020Edward Wilson
Presentation on 9 Dec 2020 to North West Tree Health Group, England. The topic is an overview of the biology of Contarinia pseudotsugae, the Douglas fir needle midge.
Transformation of Sitka spruce stands to continuous cover forestry: compariso...Edward Wilson
A poster created for the Woodlands of Ireland Conference, Delgany, Co. Wicklow, Ireland. 30 April 2018. The poster outlines the early stages of the TranSSFor project, with an overview of project objectives and current research plans. The focus is transformation to continuous cover forestry (CCF) of planted Sitka spruce stands.
Silviculture and management of ash: best practice advice for woodland manager...Edward Wilson
This presentation was prepared for the Living Ash Project Chalara Ash Dieback Workshop at Lawshall, Suffolk on 18 June 2014.
The talk aims to provide an overview of the silviculture and management of ash woodlands in Britain, where Chalara ash dieback is currently a major threat. The lecture starts with an overview of the key drivers in forestry at the present time, including the need to adapt and enhance the ecological resilience of woodlands in the face of many threats (climate change, pests, diseases). A major theme is the need to diversify the range of genotypes, species and structures of woodlands so that the risk of major damage is minimised. A large number of silvicultural practices are reviewed, and several, including planting alternative species and continuous cover forestry, are presented in more detail.
With respect to ash, a number of silvicultural and management measures have been introduced to slow the rate of infection, minimise environmental impacts and realise the value of ash timber. Practical guidance is provided, based on information from the Forestry Commission and Royal Forestry Society. In addition, there is greater need for monitoring forest conditions so that infected trees can be located as quickly as possible.
Finally, the presentation highlights the role of research and the need to identify ash trees that demonstrate a degree of tolerance or resistance to infection. These trees are an important priority for the Living Ash Project and for future ash tree breeding programmes.
The presentation includes many photographs taken in the field and supplied with acknowledgement by colleagues.
Further information on the Living Ash Project is available at www.livingashproject.org.uk. Also at the Future Trees Trust, www.futuretrees.org. General information about the biology and management of Chalara ash dieback is available from the Forestry Commission, www.forestry.gov.uk/chalara.
Silviculture and management of ash: best practice advice for woodland managers. Edward Wilson
This lecturer was presented at the Living Ash Project Workshop, hosted by Tamar Valley AONB, at Tiverton, Devon on 13 August 2015. The lecture provides and overview of current best-practice guidance for the management of stands of ash trees infected with Chalara ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) (formerly Chalara fraxinea). Included in the presentation was a wider discussion of ecological resilience and strategies for adaptation of forest management systems in response to climate change and threats to forest health.
Citizen science and tree health 19 11 2014 v1.1Edward Wilson
This presentation provides an overview of the Ancient Ash Trees in Eden Project. This project ran from 2013-2014 and was a citizen science initiative that raised awareness of the importance of ancient ash trees in Eden District, Cumbria, as well as providing training on tree health survey techniques.
Continuous Cover Forestry: an alternative model for the sustainable managemen...Edward Wilson
This paper was presented at the Institute of Fisheries Management 7th Specialist Conference, on the theme "Forestry and Fisheries - Where Next?". The event took place at Rheged, Penrith, Cumbria, England on 21-23 April 2015.
The presentation provides an overview of the principles of Continuous Cover Forestry and its application to woodlands in Britain. In addition, information is provided on the opportunities and challenges associated with continuous cover forestry in wooded watersheds and catchments. There is a need for more case studies and long-term study of forest development and environmental interactions in watersheds.
Public forests and public health: the emerging evidence base for the role of ...Edward Wilson
This presentation provides a review of the evidence base for the role that woodlands and green space play in promoting physical and psychological well-being. The presentation looks at the many benefits and opportunities presented by woodlands, especially in a peri-urban context. The presentation also explores some of the public health issues that need to be taken into account and addressed if we are to more effectively encourage a larger portion of the population to engage in nature-related health activities.
Natural places: Lyme disease risk management and communication.Edward Wilson
Keynote presentation from the 12th UK Lyme and Tick-borne Diseases Conference, at the University of Surrey, Guildford, 13 July 2013.
This presentation covers some of the public health considerations associated with Lyme disease and managing the risk of infection in woodland setting. The presentation is linked to a "best practice" management guide that is currently being prepared.
Klingbeil, R. & Buss, S., 2002. Groundwater Protection in the Time of Foot and Mouth Disease. Hydrogeological Risk Assessment at Proposed “Burn and Bury” Sites. Presentation and Abstract, Biannual Meeting of the Fachsektion Hydrogeologie der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft (FH-DGG) [Section Hydrogeology of the German Geological Society], 09-11 May 2002, Greifswald, Germany. In: Schafmeister, M.-T. & Meyer, T. [Editors], Grundwasserressourcen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Erschließung und Naturschutz [Groundwater Resources in the Stress Field Between Exploration and Nature Conservation], Abstracts, Publication of the German Geological Society, 19, p. 44.
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As an exemplar of geodiversity in the Earth’s geological record, the Ediacaran fossil assemblage of the Flinders Ranges also celebrates the very birth of the Earth’s biodiversity.
As one of Australia’s most significant National Landscapes, the Flinders Ranges has the making of being also declared as another UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Foundation for National Parks and Wildlife (FNPW) with the Flinders Ranges Ediacara Foundation and the SA Government aims to create a new national park as a key core component of this vision - truly and outstanding geotourism destination for Australia.
Beyond preservation:the challenge of ecological restoration – can you live with ambiguity or do you want to be in charge? A practitioner turned researcher’s tale
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1. Ash Dieback Disease Public Talk
Ash Trees and their Future in Britain
Ted Wilson
Silviculturist
Jubilee Institute
Rothbury, Northumberland
30 May 2013
First presented: 30 05 2013
This version: 1.1, 31 10 2013
2. Outline for Talk
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•
•
•
•
Introduction to Tree Health
Ash – biology and history
Ash in woodlands and the landscape
Ash dieback disease (Chalara fraxinea)
Action: Hope for the future?
Questions
3. Biosecurity: Chalara is the latest on a growing list of
pests/pathogens
25th July 2012
Which tree species to plant for a changing
environment
Source:
Forestry Commission 2012
19. Ash in Cumbria
• > 2,400 ha of woodland
• > 550,000 individual
trees outside woodland
• Dominant species on
several soil types/
locations
• Important associate in
many woodlands
• Source: Forestry Commission
Source: Flora of Cumbria, 1997
24. Key components of the Atlantic oakwoods
in Borrowdale, Cumbria
Ancient and recent secondary woods containing a range of woodland types1
Complex of woodland types:
Oak-birch woodland (W17)
Birch woodland (W4, W11,W17)
Oak-hazel woodland (W9, W11)
Hazel woodland (W?9)
Hazel-ash woodland (W9)
Sallow scrub (W?1-6)
Ash-wych elm woodland (W9)
Holly and/or rowan scrub (W??)
Alder-ash woodland on mineral soil (W7)
Alder-willow woodland on organic soil (W1-6)
Beech-oak woodland (W14, W15)
1Coding
from National Vegetation Classification (Rodwell 1991)
Source: G.Peterken
25. Biodiversity: Butterflies
Selection of species associated with western oakwoods
Sunart
Photos from Millennium Atlas
Chequered skipper
Dartmoor woods
High brown fritillary
Pearl-bordered fritillary
Brown hairstreak
Green hairstreak
Silver-washed fritillary
Purple emperor
26. Biodiversity: Specialised western vascular plants
associated with Atlantic oakwoods
Cow wheat
Melampyrum pratense
Bladderseed
Physospermum
cornubiense
Irish spurge
Euphorbia hyberna
Bastard balm
Melittis melissophyllum
Pictures: G. Peterken
27. Biodiversity: Mosses and liverworts
Isothecium myosuroides
Radula voluta
The lower row shows examples of species
restricted to an oceanic climate (‘Atlantic
bryophytes’). Moisture and light levels are
key habitat determinants.
Plagiochila atlantica
Adelanthus descipiens
Photos from Porley and Hodgetts, New Naturalist 97
Source: G.Peterken
28. Biodiversity: Lichens
Centre for oceanic epiphytic lichens
Particularly associated with large trees and glades
Top three
native tree
genera
Number of
species
Oaks
303
Ash
230
Beech
194
Name of Wood, Location
Number of
species
Camasine Woods, Sunart
174
Great Wood, Borrowdale
101
Low Stile Wood, Borrowdale
103
Coed Crafnant
100
Dizzard, Cornwall
114
New Forest, individual woods
116-160
Lowland coppices
10-70
Lowland oak plantations
16-80
Early surveys by Francis Rose, 1974
Source: G.Peterken
38. Ash Dieback Disease
(Chalara fraxinea)
• Fungal infection
– Spreads by airborne spores
• First identified in Europe in
1992 (Poland)
• High levels of mortality
reported in Denmark
• Small degree of genetic
resistance known (2-5%)
• February 2012
– consignment of seedlings from
Netherlands
• October 2012
– Fera confirmed first cases in
“wider environment”
Photo: Forestry Commission 2012
54. Proposed Map of
Important Ash Locations
Ash in Northumberland
Ash in Cumbria
Source: Interim Chalara Control Plan
Defra, 6 December 2012
55. Ancient Ash Woodlands in
Northumberland
Source: Brown, K. 2006. A survey of the extent and condition of Ancient Woodlands in
Northumberland. Northumberland Native Woodland Project/Forestry Commission
56.
57.
58.
59.
60. Action on Ash
• National Strategy
– Latest update, late March 2013
– Focus on research, monitoring, diagnosis
– Regulations and international partnerships
– Still gather science information/exploring options
for management/containment
– Encourage local action
• Community Action and Citizen Science
– Range of programmes being developed
62. Resistance
Highly susceptible
Fraxinus excelsior
Fraxinus angustifolia
Fraxinus niger
Moderately susceptible
Least susceptible
Fraxinus ornus
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Fraxinus americana
Fraxinus mandschurica
Also promising signs of some resistance in populations of F.
excelsior in Europe; evidence 1-2% of ash population in
Denmark may show some level of useful resistance
64. Citizen Science
• A range of great projects are underway!
• AshTag – identification/report suspected cases
• Phone app
• University of East Anglia
• OPAL - Tree Buddy Initiative
• Natural History Museum
• www.opalexplorenature.org
• Treezilla – map of British trees/ecosystem benefits
• Open University
• www.treezilla.org
• Launch 14 June 2013
• Other projects
• Woodland Trust
• Tree Council
• Local Wildlife Trusts
65. Roadside Survey of Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
A66 Penrith to Keswick, 11 Nov 2012
St John’s in the Vale
Lake District, Cumbria
Watendlath
Borrowdale
66. Continuous band of common ash
saplings (natural regeneration)
on north side of A66
Photo: E.R. Wilson 2012
View looking east from
near Scales, Cumbria
67. Roadside Survey of Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
A66 Penrith to Keswick, 11 Nov 2012
West
Potential disease spread from East
East
14
Ash Density Score
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
Keswick
8
7
6
5
4
3
A66/M6 Junction 40
Continuous distribution, high density
Ancient Ash Trees
Borrowdale
1
Penrith
Distance in Kilometres
A66/A591 Junction
2
Continuous distribution, moderate density
Discontinuous distribution, low density
No ash present
68. Conclusions
• Ash is among the most important native species in Britain
– Ecological, biodiversity, landscape, cultural, economic values
• Ash dieback is one of several very nasty diseases affecting trees in Britain at
the current time
• Ash dieback disease is spreading into the “wider environment” mainly
from the south and east of England
• There are many uncertainties about the disease and its rate of spread
• At best, we may be able to slow the disease, but based on current
information we are likely to lose many mature trees, in time
• We expect most ash populations to be affected over the next few years but
a small percent of trees will likely to be resistant/tolerant
• Research is a key element of future strategies:
– Ecological and successionary impacts, and landscape impacts
– Genetics and ecological research
– Novel plant health treatments for individual (high value) trees, using new
technologies and fungicides
69. Conclusions
• Opportunities for citizen involvement/partnership
– Mapping the high value locations – cultural/ecological
values
– Monitoring – professionals and citizen engagement
– Science to inform future action – initiated and pending
– Cultural and Arts Projects – Celebrating the Age of Ash
70. Further Information
•
•
•
•
•
•
Forestry Commission
– www.forestry.gov.uk/chalara
– 08459 33 55 77 (open 8am - 6pm every day)
– plant.health@forestry.gsi.gov.uk
Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA)
– www.fera.defra.gov.uk
TreeWatch - Sylva Foundation
– www.sylva.org.uk/treewatch
AshTag
– http://ashtag.org/
Future Trees Trust
– www.futuretrees.org
Woodland Trust
– www.woodlandtrust.org.uk
72. Ash Dieback Disease Public Talk
Acknowledgements
My thanks to the following colleagues: Barnaby Wylder, Forestry
Commission; Kate Holl, Scottish Natural Heritage; Mari Jonsson, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences; Sharon Rodhouse; Jo Clark, Earth Trust
Further Information
Ted Wilson
Silviculture Research International
45a King Street, Penrith, Cumbria CA11 7AY
www.silviculture.org.uk
First presented: 30 05 2013
This version: 1.0, 30 05 2013