The document discusses experiments to determine the angle of repose and density of solid particles. It describes measuring the angle of repose using a rotary cylinder filled with materials like rice, sand, and coal. It found rice had the lowest angle of repose due to its spherical shape, while sand and coal were higher due to irregular shapes. The document also describes measuring apparent, actual, and rare density of materials using a weighing balance and graduated cylinder filled with water. It defines the different types of density and discusses how density is affected by porosity and packing of particles.
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered.
Rotameter calibration report for multiple fluidsSakib Shahriar
The study calibrated a rotameter for measuring the flow rates of multiple fluids. To calibrate the rotameter, the volumetric flow rate of water was measured for different rotameter readings by collecting water in a bucket over timed intervals. From the water flow rate readings, the rotameter coefficient (C) and Reynolds number (Re) were calculated and plotted against each other to obtain the calibration curve, which allows determining the flow rates of other fluids like kerosene from their properties and the rotameter reading.
This document provides an introduction to a course on particle technology. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including characterization of solid particles by size, shape, and density. Particle size is an especially important property, as it influences many material behaviors. Size can be analyzed through techniques like screen analysis to determine distributions. Average particle sizes are defined in several ways. The course will also cover topics like particle motion, separation methods, and more.
Different settling methods in mechanical operations Jaydrath Sindhav
Its part of sedimentation which is covered under the Mechanical operations. It contains the gravity sedimentation, clarifier and classifiers, sink and float method, gravity and sorting classifiers, differential settling methods etc....
Its just gives basic concept of sedimentation.
how to find Flash point and fire pointAbdul Rahman
This lab report details procedures for determining the flash point and fire point of a petroleum product sample using an open cup apparatus. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors ignite briefly, while the fire point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors will sustain burning. For the given sample, the flash point was determined to be 70°C and the fire point 84°C. The measurements characterize fire hazards and are useful for product identification and contamination detection.
This experiment aimed to determine how concentration affects the weight and volume of cake obtained from a plate and frame filter press, as well as the length of time needed to obtain a certain volume of filtrate. The results showed that as concentration increased, the time required to collect a set volume of filtrate also increased. A linear relationship was observed between volume of filtrate and time per volume of filtrate, with an r-squared value of 0.95, indicating these variables increased proportionally. Sources of error included possible equipment defects and variability in cake weights.
Filtration, cake filters & principles of cake filtration Karnav Rana
This document discusses filtration and cake filtration principles. Filtration is the separation of solids from a liquid suspension using a porous medium. In cake filtration, the suspended solids build up on the filter medium over time, forming a thicker cake with higher resistance. As the cake builds, the filtration rate decreases unless more pressure is applied. Common cake filters include filter presses, belt filters, and various types of vacuum filters that use a building cake to separate solids from liquids.
This document discusses particle size analysis through sieve analysis. It explains that sieve analysis involves separating particulate materials into size fractions using screens with different sized meshes/openings and then determining the mass or volume of material in each fraction. This allows analyzing the particle size distribution. Screening methods like using grizzlies, stationary screens, mechanically vibrating screens, gyrating screens, and centrifugal screens are described for separating particles of different sizes. Key terms related to sieve analysis and screening are also defined.
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered.
Rotameter calibration report for multiple fluidsSakib Shahriar
The study calibrated a rotameter for measuring the flow rates of multiple fluids. To calibrate the rotameter, the volumetric flow rate of water was measured for different rotameter readings by collecting water in a bucket over timed intervals. From the water flow rate readings, the rotameter coefficient (C) and Reynolds number (Re) were calculated and plotted against each other to obtain the calibration curve, which allows determining the flow rates of other fluids like kerosene from their properties and the rotameter reading.
This document provides an introduction to a course on particle technology. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including characterization of solid particles by size, shape, and density. Particle size is an especially important property, as it influences many material behaviors. Size can be analyzed through techniques like screen analysis to determine distributions. Average particle sizes are defined in several ways. The course will also cover topics like particle motion, separation methods, and more.
Different settling methods in mechanical operations Jaydrath Sindhav
Its part of sedimentation which is covered under the Mechanical operations. It contains the gravity sedimentation, clarifier and classifiers, sink and float method, gravity and sorting classifiers, differential settling methods etc....
Its just gives basic concept of sedimentation.
how to find Flash point and fire pointAbdul Rahman
This lab report details procedures for determining the flash point and fire point of a petroleum product sample using an open cup apparatus. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors ignite briefly, while the fire point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors will sustain burning. For the given sample, the flash point was determined to be 70°C and the fire point 84°C. The measurements characterize fire hazards and are useful for product identification and contamination detection.
This experiment aimed to determine how concentration affects the weight and volume of cake obtained from a plate and frame filter press, as well as the length of time needed to obtain a certain volume of filtrate. The results showed that as concentration increased, the time required to collect a set volume of filtrate also increased. A linear relationship was observed between volume of filtrate and time per volume of filtrate, with an r-squared value of 0.95, indicating these variables increased proportionally. Sources of error included possible equipment defects and variability in cake weights.
Filtration, cake filters & principles of cake filtration Karnav Rana
This document discusses filtration and cake filtration principles. Filtration is the separation of solids from a liquid suspension using a porous medium. In cake filtration, the suspended solids build up on the filter medium over time, forming a thicker cake with higher resistance. As the cake builds, the filtration rate decreases unless more pressure is applied. Common cake filters include filter presses, belt filters, and various types of vacuum filters that use a building cake to separate solids from liquids.
This document discusses particle size analysis through sieve analysis. It explains that sieve analysis involves separating particulate materials into size fractions using screens with different sized meshes/openings and then determining the mass or volume of material in each fraction. This allows analyzing the particle size distribution. Screening methods like using grizzlies, stationary screens, mechanically vibrating screens, gyrating screens, and centrifugal screens are described for separating particles of different sizes. Key terms related to sieve analysis and screening are also defined.
Screen analysis is used to measure the size of particles between 3-0.0015 inches. A stack of screens with decreasing mesh sizes is shaken for 20 minutes to separate particles by size. The mass retained on each screen is measured and converted to mass percentages. Sieve trays and different mesh screens allow separation of particles into size fractions for analysis. The Peclet number is a dimensionless number used in heat transfer calculations that depends on factors like velocity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity.
Particle technology involves the handling and processing of particles. Some key aspects covered in the document include:
1) Characterization of particles involves measuring their size, shape, and density. Size is an especially important property and can be measured using techniques like screen analysis.
2) Particles in industrial processes come in many forms and sizes, from hard abrasive particles to soft cohesive powders. Proper handling and processing requires understanding particle properties.
3) The course will cover topics ranging from particle characterization to separation techniques. It will provide useful knowledge for industries involving particulate solids like chemicals, minerals, foods, and more.
To promote intimate contact between the vapor and liquid, the distillation column contains internal devices. The internal devices may be grouped into two general categories: Tray-type and Packing-type.
The most widely applied trays in process industries are 1. Bubble cap trays, 2. Sieve trays and 3. Valve trays.
The objective of this lab is to measure and study density and specific gravity of different liquids by using hydrometer. This gives information how light or heavy a crude oil is.
Detailed working of each equipments, formulas and calculations. Easy to understand. Very helpful for those students who face difficulty in making lab reports
Fluid Mechanic Lab - Reynold's Number ExperimentMuhammadSRaniYah
1. The document summarizes an experiment conducted by Muhammad Sulaimon Rasul to determine different types of fluid flow (laminar, transitional, turbulent) using Reynolds apparatus.
2. The experiment measured the volume of water and time taken to fill a graduated cylinder for different flow rates. This was used to calculate Reynolds number to identify flow type.
3. All results showed Reynolds numbers less than 2000, indicating laminar flow for all trials according to the theoretical boundaries between flow types.
The document discusses the polymer extrusion process. It begins by defining extrusion as a process that forces softened polymer through a die to create constant cross-section products like rods, sheets, pipes and films. It then describes the main steps: plastic is fed into a hopper and pushed by a rotating screw through heating zones in a barrel before exiting through a die. Key components are identified as the screw, barrel, die and cooling unit. Extrusion is used mainly for thermoplastics to create continuous, low-cost products like pipes, films and plastic sheets.
Episode 42 : Gas Solid Separation
The process may be interpreted to mean both degassing of solids and dedusting of the solids.
3 phases may be distinguished in any gas cleaning process, i.e;
transport of particles onto a surface (separation)
collection of separated particles from the separation surface into discharge hoppers (or particle fixation)
disposal of the collected particles from the gas cleaning equipment
All phases are equally important as the failure of any of the phases will result in the failure of the separation process
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
The processing technique employing a suspension or fluidization of small solid particles in a vertically rising stream of fluid usually gas so that fluid and solid come into intimate contact. This is a tool with many applications in the petroleum and chemical process industries. Suspensions of solid particles by vertically rising liquid streams are of lesser interest in modern processing, but have been shown to be of use, particularly in liquid contacting of ion-exchange resins. However, they come in this same classification and their use involves techniques of liquid settling, both free and hindered (sedimentation), classification, and density flotation.
Fluid mechanics - Problems on Orificemeter and Inclined VenturimeterAmos David
This document provides an overview of orificemeters and their use in measuring fluid flow. It discusses how orificemeters work by using an orifice plate with a circular hole to cause a pressure drop according to Bernoulli's equation. The rate of discharge is calculated using the orifice diameter and upstream and downstream pressures. Examples are given of orificemeter setups in laboratories and their advantages over venturimeters in being cheaper while still providing accurate flow measurements.
This document summarizes laminar flow of a fluid through a circular tube. It describes the assumptions of steady, laminar flow down a vertical tube with constant density and viscosity. It then presents the momentum balance equations for a cylindrical shell section of the tube. By applying the boundary conditions of no shear stress at the center axis and zero velocity at the tube wall, it arrives at equations for the velocity profile, maximum velocity, average velocity, and mass flow rate through the tube.
The document is a lab report submitted by Rida Aqsa to Sir Irfan at the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore. It describes 3 experiments conducted regarding particle technology: 1) measuring the angle of balls carried against the wall of a ball mill, 2) measuring the angle of repose for rice and wheat using a rotary cylinder, and 3) describing the operation of an ultrafine grinder which uses a vertical shaft and multi-chambered rotor units to grind materials at high speed. The ball mill and ultrafine grinder experiments aimed to optimize grinding efficiency while the angle of repose experiment analyzed how solids flow out of containers.
This experiment aims to calibrate venturi and orifice flow meters by plotting the coefficient of discharge against Reynolds number for each and measuring the pressure drop across them at various flow rates. A known volume of water is passed through the meters and the flow rate is calculated. For both meters, the coefficient of discharge increases as the Reynolds number decreases, and the pressure drop increases non-linearly with flow rate, with a greater pressure drop observed for the orifice meter.
This document discusses packed columns for distillation. It begins with an introduction to distillation and the types of distillation columns. It then focuses on packed columns, describing their components, types of packing materials and packing, design procedures, and methods for calculating packing height. It also covers applications of packed columns, advantages and disadvantages compared to tray columns, and examples of packed column usage.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer applications in the oil and gas industry. It discusses key heat transfer methods like conduction, convection and radiation. It also examines how these principles are applied in important industrial equipment like boilers, condensing boilers, piping insulation and heat exchangers. The document aims to explain the importance of heat transfer in petrochemical processes and how different methods are used in applications like heating, cooling, vaporizing and condensing fluid streams.
Gas absorption is a process used to separate gases by contacting a gas mixture with a liquid solvent. The key principles are the solubility of the absorbed gas and the rate of mass transfer as the gas dissolves into the liquid. Absorption is usually carried out counter-currently in vertical columns. The solvent is fed at the top while the gas enters at the bottom, allowing the absorbed substances to be washed out in the downward flowing liquid. Proper selection of solvent considers factors like gas solubility, volatility, cost, and viscosity. Rate of absorption is determined by volumetric mass transfer coefficients, which can be calculated from operating line and equilibrium curve diagrams.
COURSE LINK:
https://www.chemicalengineeringguy.com/courses/gas-absorption-stripping/
Introduction:
Gas Absorption is one of the very first Mass Transfer Unit Operations studied in early process engineering. It is very important in several Separation Processes, as it is used extensively in the Chemical industry.
Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas and Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Absorbers, Strippers, Scrubbers, Washers, Bubblers, etc…
We will cover:
- REVIEW: Of Mass Transfer Basics required
- GAS-LIQUID interaction in the molecular level, the two-film theory
- ABSORPTION Theory
- Application of Absorption in the Industry
- Counter-current & Co-current Operation
- Several equipment to carry Gas-Liquid Operations
- Bubble, Spray, Packed and Tray Column equipments
- Solvent Selection
- Design & Operation of Packed Towers
- Pressure drop due to packings
- Solvent Selection
- Design & Operation of Tray Columns
- Single Component Absorption
- Single Component Stripping/Desorption
- Diluted and Concentrated Absorption
- Basics: Multicomponent Absorption
- Software Simulation for Absorption/Stripping Operations (ASPEN PLUS/HYSYS)
----
Please show the love! LIKE, SHARE and SUBSCRIBE!
More likes, sharings, suscribers: MORE VIDEOS!
-----
CONTACT ME
Chemical.Engineering.Guy@Gmail.com
www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com
http://facebook.com/Chemical.Engineering.Guy
You speak spanish? Visit my spanish channel -www.youtube.com/ChemEngIQA
Cyclones and hydrocyclones use centrifugal force and gravity to separate mixtures without filters. Contaminated gas or liquid enters tangentially and spins, forcing heavier particles to the outer wall. Lighter particles spiral up the center and exit at the top while heavier particles exit at the bottom. They are commonly used to remove particulates in industrial processes like mining, drilling, and wastewater treatment. Operating parameters like geometry and flow characteristics determine separation size and efficiency. They have low costs but reduced performance with non-ideal mixtures.
Feed conditions in distillation column with respect to feed plate and refluxIhsan Wassan
This document discusses feed conditions in distillation columns with respect to the feed plate and reflux. It defines key terms like distillation, relative volatility, and reflux. It explains that the condition of the feed stream determines the relation between flows above and below the feed plate. The amount of saturated liquid versus vapor in the feed is quantified by a variable q. Feed can be saturated liquid/vapor or a mixture, determining the slope of the q-line. Feed plates help separate mixtures, and more reflux improves separation efficiency, allowing fewer plates for a given separation. Total reflux passes vapor and liquid without product removal, while minimum reflux is the lowest ratio enabling separation with infinite plates.
This document discusses properties of particulate solids, including particle size, shape, density, and methods of characterization. It notes that particle size is an especially important property, influencing behaviors like reactivity, stability, flowability, and more. Common methods to determine particle size include microscopy, screening, sedimentation, centrifugation, and optical techniques. Particle size distributions are important and can be analyzed using metrics like volume surface mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, and mass mean diameter. Characterizing properties of particulate materials helps control product quality and understand how particles will behave in different processes.
The document discusses the angle of repose, which is the maximum slope angle of non-cohesive granular materials. It can be used to design equipment for processing particulate solids and to determine stability of slopes and vessels. There are several methods for measuring the angle of repose, including the tilting box method, fixed funnel method, and revolving cylinder method. Factors like particle size, moisture content, and measurement method can affect the measured angle of repose.
Screen analysis is used to measure the size of particles between 3-0.0015 inches. A stack of screens with decreasing mesh sizes is shaken for 20 minutes to separate particles by size. The mass retained on each screen is measured and converted to mass percentages. Sieve trays and different mesh screens allow separation of particles into size fractions for analysis. The Peclet number is a dimensionless number used in heat transfer calculations that depends on factors like velocity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity.
Particle technology involves the handling and processing of particles. Some key aspects covered in the document include:
1) Characterization of particles involves measuring their size, shape, and density. Size is an especially important property and can be measured using techniques like screen analysis.
2) Particles in industrial processes come in many forms and sizes, from hard abrasive particles to soft cohesive powders. Proper handling and processing requires understanding particle properties.
3) The course will cover topics ranging from particle characterization to separation techniques. It will provide useful knowledge for industries involving particulate solids like chemicals, minerals, foods, and more.
To promote intimate contact between the vapor and liquid, the distillation column contains internal devices. The internal devices may be grouped into two general categories: Tray-type and Packing-type.
The most widely applied trays in process industries are 1. Bubble cap trays, 2. Sieve trays and 3. Valve trays.
The objective of this lab is to measure and study density and specific gravity of different liquids by using hydrometer. This gives information how light or heavy a crude oil is.
Detailed working of each equipments, formulas and calculations. Easy to understand. Very helpful for those students who face difficulty in making lab reports
Fluid Mechanic Lab - Reynold's Number ExperimentMuhammadSRaniYah
1. The document summarizes an experiment conducted by Muhammad Sulaimon Rasul to determine different types of fluid flow (laminar, transitional, turbulent) using Reynolds apparatus.
2. The experiment measured the volume of water and time taken to fill a graduated cylinder for different flow rates. This was used to calculate Reynolds number to identify flow type.
3. All results showed Reynolds numbers less than 2000, indicating laminar flow for all trials according to the theoretical boundaries between flow types.
The document discusses the polymer extrusion process. It begins by defining extrusion as a process that forces softened polymer through a die to create constant cross-section products like rods, sheets, pipes and films. It then describes the main steps: plastic is fed into a hopper and pushed by a rotating screw through heating zones in a barrel before exiting through a die. Key components are identified as the screw, barrel, die and cooling unit. Extrusion is used mainly for thermoplastics to create continuous, low-cost products like pipes, films and plastic sheets.
Episode 42 : Gas Solid Separation
The process may be interpreted to mean both degassing of solids and dedusting of the solids.
3 phases may be distinguished in any gas cleaning process, i.e;
transport of particles onto a surface (separation)
collection of separated particles from the separation surface into discharge hoppers (or particle fixation)
disposal of the collected particles from the gas cleaning equipment
All phases are equally important as the failure of any of the phases will result in the failure of the separation process
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
The processing technique employing a suspension or fluidization of small solid particles in a vertically rising stream of fluid usually gas so that fluid and solid come into intimate contact. This is a tool with many applications in the petroleum and chemical process industries. Suspensions of solid particles by vertically rising liquid streams are of lesser interest in modern processing, but have been shown to be of use, particularly in liquid contacting of ion-exchange resins. However, they come in this same classification and their use involves techniques of liquid settling, both free and hindered (sedimentation), classification, and density flotation.
Fluid mechanics - Problems on Orificemeter and Inclined VenturimeterAmos David
This document provides an overview of orificemeters and their use in measuring fluid flow. It discusses how orificemeters work by using an orifice plate with a circular hole to cause a pressure drop according to Bernoulli's equation. The rate of discharge is calculated using the orifice diameter and upstream and downstream pressures. Examples are given of orificemeter setups in laboratories and their advantages over venturimeters in being cheaper while still providing accurate flow measurements.
This document summarizes laminar flow of a fluid through a circular tube. It describes the assumptions of steady, laminar flow down a vertical tube with constant density and viscosity. It then presents the momentum balance equations for a cylindrical shell section of the tube. By applying the boundary conditions of no shear stress at the center axis and zero velocity at the tube wall, it arrives at equations for the velocity profile, maximum velocity, average velocity, and mass flow rate through the tube.
The document is a lab report submitted by Rida Aqsa to Sir Irfan at the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore. It describes 3 experiments conducted regarding particle technology: 1) measuring the angle of balls carried against the wall of a ball mill, 2) measuring the angle of repose for rice and wheat using a rotary cylinder, and 3) describing the operation of an ultrafine grinder which uses a vertical shaft and multi-chambered rotor units to grind materials at high speed. The ball mill and ultrafine grinder experiments aimed to optimize grinding efficiency while the angle of repose experiment analyzed how solids flow out of containers.
This experiment aims to calibrate venturi and orifice flow meters by plotting the coefficient of discharge against Reynolds number for each and measuring the pressure drop across them at various flow rates. A known volume of water is passed through the meters and the flow rate is calculated. For both meters, the coefficient of discharge increases as the Reynolds number decreases, and the pressure drop increases non-linearly with flow rate, with a greater pressure drop observed for the orifice meter.
This document discusses packed columns for distillation. It begins with an introduction to distillation and the types of distillation columns. It then focuses on packed columns, describing their components, types of packing materials and packing, design procedures, and methods for calculating packing height. It also covers applications of packed columns, advantages and disadvantages compared to tray columns, and examples of packed column usage.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer applications in the oil and gas industry. It discusses key heat transfer methods like conduction, convection and radiation. It also examines how these principles are applied in important industrial equipment like boilers, condensing boilers, piping insulation and heat exchangers. The document aims to explain the importance of heat transfer in petrochemical processes and how different methods are used in applications like heating, cooling, vaporizing and condensing fluid streams.
Gas absorption is a process used to separate gases by contacting a gas mixture with a liquid solvent. The key principles are the solubility of the absorbed gas and the rate of mass transfer as the gas dissolves into the liquid. Absorption is usually carried out counter-currently in vertical columns. The solvent is fed at the top while the gas enters at the bottom, allowing the absorbed substances to be washed out in the downward flowing liquid. Proper selection of solvent considers factors like gas solubility, volatility, cost, and viscosity. Rate of absorption is determined by volumetric mass transfer coefficients, which can be calculated from operating line and equilibrium curve diagrams.
COURSE LINK:
https://www.chemicalengineeringguy.com/courses/gas-absorption-stripping/
Introduction:
Gas Absorption is one of the very first Mass Transfer Unit Operations studied in early process engineering. It is very important in several Separation Processes, as it is used extensively in the Chemical industry.
Understanding the concept behind Gas-Gas and Gas-Liquid mass transfer interaction will allow you to understand and model Absorbers, Strippers, Scrubbers, Washers, Bubblers, etc…
We will cover:
- REVIEW: Of Mass Transfer Basics required
- GAS-LIQUID interaction in the molecular level, the two-film theory
- ABSORPTION Theory
- Application of Absorption in the Industry
- Counter-current & Co-current Operation
- Several equipment to carry Gas-Liquid Operations
- Bubble, Spray, Packed and Tray Column equipments
- Solvent Selection
- Design & Operation of Packed Towers
- Pressure drop due to packings
- Solvent Selection
- Design & Operation of Tray Columns
- Single Component Absorption
- Single Component Stripping/Desorption
- Diluted and Concentrated Absorption
- Basics: Multicomponent Absorption
- Software Simulation for Absorption/Stripping Operations (ASPEN PLUS/HYSYS)
----
Please show the love! LIKE, SHARE and SUBSCRIBE!
More likes, sharings, suscribers: MORE VIDEOS!
-----
CONTACT ME
Chemical.Engineering.Guy@Gmail.com
www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com
http://facebook.com/Chemical.Engineering.Guy
You speak spanish? Visit my spanish channel -www.youtube.com/ChemEngIQA
Cyclones and hydrocyclones use centrifugal force and gravity to separate mixtures without filters. Contaminated gas or liquid enters tangentially and spins, forcing heavier particles to the outer wall. Lighter particles spiral up the center and exit at the top while heavier particles exit at the bottom. They are commonly used to remove particulates in industrial processes like mining, drilling, and wastewater treatment. Operating parameters like geometry and flow characteristics determine separation size and efficiency. They have low costs but reduced performance with non-ideal mixtures.
Feed conditions in distillation column with respect to feed plate and refluxIhsan Wassan
This document discusses feed conditions in distillation columns with respect to the feed plate and reflux. It defines key terms like distillation, relative volatility, and reflux. It explains that the condition of the feed stream determines the relation between flows above and below the feed plate. The amount of saturated liquid versus vapor in the feed is quantified by a variable q. Feed can be saturated liquid/vapor or a mixture, determining the slope of the q-line. Feed plates help separate mixtures, and more reflux improves separation efficiency, allowing fewer plates for a given separation. Total reflux passes vapor and liquid without product removal, while minimum reflux is the lowest ratio enabling separation with infinite plates.
This document discusses properties of particulate solids, including particle size, shape, density, and methods of characterization. It notes that particle size is an especially important property, influencing behaviors like reactivity, stability, flowability, and more. Common methods to determine particle size include microscopy, screening, sedimentation, centrifugation, and optical techniques. Particle size distributions are important and can be analyzed using metrics like volume surface mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, and mass mean diameter. Characterizing properties of particulate materials helps control product quality and understand how particles will behave in different processes.
The document discusses the angle of repose, which is the maximum slope angle of non-cohesive granular materials. It can be used to design equipment for processing particulate solids and to determine stability of slopes and vessels. There are several methods for measuring the angle of repose, including the tilting box method, fixed funnel method, and revolving cylinder method. Factors like particle size, moisture content, and measurement method can affect the measured angle of repose.
The document discusses the angle of repose, which is the maximum slope angle of non-cohesive granular materials before they collapse. It can be measured using methods like the tilting box method, fixed funnel method, and revolving cylinder method. Factors like particle size, moisture content, and measurement method can affect the measured angle of repose. Knowing the angle of repose is important for safely transporting and storing bulk materials.
COMPRESSION AND COMPACTION, introduction, principlenivedithag131
The document discusses compression and compaction in pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing. It describes the key stages in the tablet compression process: transitional packing, deformation, fragmentation, bonding, and ejection. It explains the physics behind compaction, including compression, consolidation, porosity, density, and factors that affect consolidation like friction and bonding mechanisms like cold welding and fusion bonding. Compaction involves applying force to powder to reduce its volume through processes like plastic deformation and fragmentation of particles, followed by bonding through intermolecular forces at new surfaces.
Kretanje cestica u prirodi, fizicka svojstva.pptEminaKarahmet1
Physical properties of materials include density, apparent density, bulk density, solidity, porosity, fill rate, voidage, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, water absorption, specific absorption, thermal expansion, and coefficient of thermal expansion. Density is the mass per unit volume of a homogeneous material. Apparent and bulk densities account for the volume of pores and voids. Porosity is the percentage of pore volume to total volume. Thermal expansion is the increase in length of a material due to temperature increase, measured by the coefficient of thermal expansion. Different coefficients of thermal expansion between materials can cause stresses when structures heat up or cool down.
Porosity is a key property of reservoir rocks that represents the pore volume as a fraction of bulk volume. It can be measured through laboratory analysis of rock samples or estimated from well logs. Several factors influence porosity, including grain size, sorting, cementation, and compaction. Common techniques to determine porosity include measuring pore volume directly through fluid extraction or injection methods, or calculating it by finding the grain volume and subtracting it from bulk volume. Understanding porosity distribution is important for reservoir characterization and fluid flow modeling.
Physical properties of sediments and water sediment mixtureJyoti Khatiwada
This document discusses various physical properties of sediments and water-sediment mixtures. It defines key concepts like particle density, bulk density, porosity, void ratio, viscosity, and kinematic viscosity. It explains that particle density refers to the density of solid sediment particles, while bulk density includes pore spaces. Porosity and void ratio quantify the pore space. Viscosity and kinematic viscosity describe the resistance of fluids to flow, with kinematic viscosity being the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density. Newtonian mixtures have viscosities that do not depend on shear rate.
The document discusses particle size distribution (PSD). It defines PSD and explains that it refers to the relative amounts of particles sorted by size. The significance of PSD is that it affects properties like flow, reactivity, and stability. Common techniques to measure PSD include sieve analysis, sedimentation methods, and laser diffraction. Sieve analysis separates particles by passing them through sieves of different sizes, while sedimentation methods measure settling rates of dispersed particles to determine sizes.
The word Micromeritics refers to a discipline of science and technology that deals with studies related to the fundamental as well derived properties of particles. The knowledge and control of the size of particles is of importance in pharmacy and materials science.
Micromeritics, the science of small particles, is important for drug formulation and delivery. Particle size influences properties like surface area, dissolution rate, absorption and drug action. It also impacts physical stability of suspensions and emulsions. Various methods can determine particle size, including microscopy, sieving, and sedimentation. Derived powder properties like porosity, density, bulkiness, and flowability depend on particle size, shape, and surface properties. Tests like Carr's index and angle of repose evaluate powder flowability. Altering particle features and adding glidants can improve powder flow in formulations.
The document provides information about the evaluation scheme, course outcomes, history, and concepts of chemical engineering and mechanical operations for a course. It discusses particle characterization, average particle sizes including Sauter mean diameter, and provides an example calculation for determining Sauter mean diameter from size analysis data.
This document discusses particle size distribution (PSD), including defining PSD, the significance of PSD, sampling and measurement techniques like sieve analysis and sedimentation methods, and graphical representation of PSD using histograms. Particle size and shape are first defined to understand PSD. Sieve analysis separates particles by size but is limited to larger particles, while sedimentation methods produce fractional analysis for finer particles below 100 μm.
This document discusses porosity, which is an important property of reservoir rocks from the viewpoint of petroleum engineers. It is defined as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume. There are different types of porosity, including total porosity (includes all pores), effective porosity (includes only interconnected pores), and secondary porosity (created after rock formation). Factors that affect porosity include grain shape, size, packing, and sorting. Porosity is determined experimentally using a saturation method, where the dry weight, saturated weight, and density of the saturating liquid are used to calculate pore volume and porosity. Effective porosity is most important for production as it includes only interconnected pores that allow fluid flow.
The document discusses methods for determining bulk density of industrial minerals during exploration. It notes that bulk density is often neglected but is important for converting geological resources to mass. Several common methods for measuring density from small samples are described, including water displacement, caliper measurement of drill cores, and using a gas pycnometer on rock pulp samples. The challenges with each method are outlined. The document also discusses reporting requirements for bulk density in mineral resource and reserve estimates according to the SME Guide.
The document discusses compaction and compression of powders. It defines key terms like compression, consolidation, compaction, true volume, granular volume, bulk volume, density, porosity, and flow properties. It describes how applied pressure can reduce a material's bulk volume by removing air spaces. It also explains how consolidation increases a material's mechanical strength through particle interactions like cold welding and fusion bonding. Factors like particle size, shape, density, and moisture are described as influencing powder flow properties which are measured by angle of repose and Carr's index.
Physics 7, 113 (2014)ViewpointPushing on a Nonlinear Mat.docxmattjtoni51554
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effectiveness of a computer-based social skills training program called FaceSay for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study found that using FaceSay to practice recognizing facial expressions, emotions, and social interactions with avatar assistants improved social skills for both children with low-functioning autism and high-functioning autism. Children with low-functioning autism showed improvements in emotion recognition and social interactions, while children with high-functioning autism demonstrated broader improvements in facial recognition, emotion recognition, and social interactions. The findings provide encouraging evidence that computer-based interventions can help children with ASD develop important social skills.
Particle level: Particle size, particle shape, porosity, surface area, compaction, particle engineering in pharmaceuticals and relevance in doses form designing
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
2. 1
Experiment 1
To Determine the Angle of Repose of Solid Particles
Objective:
The purpose of angle of repose is to find the maximum steepest angle up to which the materials
can be piled without slumping.
Apparatus and Required Material:
1. Rotary cylinder
2. Rice grains
3. Sand
4. Coal
Theory
The angle of repose, or critical angle of repose, of a granular material is the steepest angle of
descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane to which a material can be piled without slumping.
At this angle, the material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding. The angle of repose can
range from 0° to 90°. The morphology of the material affects the angle of repose; smooth, rounded
3. 2
sand grains cannot be piled as steeply as can rough, interlocking sands. The angle of repose can
also be affected by additions of solvents; if a small amount of water is able to bridge the gaps
between particles, electrostatic attraction of the water to mineral surfaces will increase the angle
of repose, and related quantities such as the soil strength.
When bulk granular materials are poured onto a horizontal surface, a conical pile will form. The
internal angle between the surface of the pile and the horizontal surface is known as the angle of
repose and is related to the density, surface area and shapes of the particles, and the coefficient of
friction of the material. Material with a low angle of repose forms flatter piles than material with
a high angle of repose.
The term has a related usage in mechanics, where it refers to the maximum angle at which an
object can rest on an inclined plane without sliding down.
Application of Theory
The angle of repose is sometimes used in the design of equipment for the processing of particulate
solids. For example, it may be used to design an appropriate hopper or silo to store the material, or
to size a conveyor belt for transporting the material. It can also be used in determining whether or
not a slope (of a stockpile, or uncompacted gravel bank, for example) will likely collapse;
the talus slope is derived from angle of repose and represents the steepest slope a pile of granular
material will take. This angle of repose is also crucial in correctly calculating stability in vessels.
It is also commonly used by mountaineers as a factor in analyzing avalanche danger in
mountainous areas
Q : What is morphology of material?
Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape". The morphology of something is
its form and structure. The study of the forms of things which are in particular form, shape or
structure. In particle technology we deal morphology with particles shape, size and other
physical properties.
Q : What is effect of shape on angle of repose?
4. 3
Shape and roughness of particles affect the angle of repose and friction coefficients of the
particles. The irregularity present in the shape of the clump particles acts as inter-locking
mechanism between the clumps. The circular or spherical particles minimizes the angle of
repose. Rough sized particles increases angle of repose. the angle of repose decreases when the
particle size of increases.
Q : What is effect of surface area on angle of repose?
Surface area also affects the angle of repose. Greater the surface area then there is greater free
spaces between molecules and then molecules have less force will be present between molecules
and hence angle of repose decreases.
Q : What is the effect of density on angle of repose?
The correlation between density and angle of repose can also be observed, the higher
density, the lower angle of repose.
Q : What will be the effect on angle of repose on adding solvent?
The angle of repose can also be affected by additions of solvents. If a small amount of water is
able to bridge the gaps between particles, electrostatic attraction of the water to mineral surfaces
will increase the angle of repose, and related quantities such as the soil strength. Hence angle of
repose increases by addition of solvents.
Procedure:
1. Take the sample of rice grains in the rotary cylinder until it is half filled and make the
sample parallel to the horizontal. Same do this for coal and sand.
2. Then rotate the cylinder in the clockwise direction and note the angle the sample makes
with that scale on the cylinder.
3. Repeat the experiment in the anticlockwise direction.
4. Calculate the angle of repose of rice grains by taking the mean of both the angles.
5. 4
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS
TYPE OF
MATERIAL
ANGLE IN
CLOCKWISE
DIRECTION (A)
ANGLE IN
ANTICLOCKWISE
DIRECTION (B)
ANGLE OF REPOSE
C = (A+B / 2)
RICE 300
400
350
SAND 200
250
22.50
COAL 420
480
450
Remarks:
1. We concluded that those particles who have regular shape like spherical have less angle
of repose than those of irregular shaped particles.
2. Regular shaped particles have packing closer to each other and also molecules can slide
over them easily and hence there angle of repose is less as compared to those irregular
shaped particles.
3. Fine grinded materials form a shallower pile with small angle of repose.
6. 5
Experiment 2
Calculate the Apparent & Actual Density of Solid Materials.
Objective
1. Calculate the apparent density of a given samples of solid materials.
2. Calculate the actual density of a given samples of solid materials.
3. Then checking if there is any difference between the two densities due to spaces.
Apparatus and Required Material
1. Sand sample
2. Coal sample
3. Water
4. 1000 ml graduated cylinder
5. Weighing balance
Theory
The density of particles, powders, and compacts is an important property affecting the performance
and function of many pharmaceutical materials. By definition, all density measurements involve
the measurement of mass and volume. Mass is determined with an analytical balance and the key
to obtaining reliable density values is in the accuracy and precision of measuring volume.
True Density
True density is the density of the solid material excluding the volume of any open and closed
pores. Depending on the molecular arrangement of the material, the true density can equal the
theoretical density of the material and therefore be indicative of how close the material is to a
crystalline state or the proportions of a binary mixture. True density measurements can be
performed on APIs, excipients, blends, and monolithic samples such as tablets.
7. 6
Apparent Density
The mass per unit volume (or the weight per unit volume) of a material, including the voids which
are inherent in the material is called apparent density. Apparent density is similar to the true density
except the volume of closed pores is also included. Tablets or excipient materials may have closed
cells or bubbles that are not accessible to the probe gas. In this instance, gas pycnometry produces
the apparent density. If the true density of a powder is known and the density of a tablet composed
of this same material differs, the closed pore volume can be determined. Closed pore volume may
be linked to press performance and die filling,
Bulk Density
Bulk density is a characteristic of a volume of divided material such as powders, grains, and
granules. It includes the volume of the solid material, open and closed pores, and the interparticle
voids. The total volume of interparticle voids can change with packing, thus leading to the concept
of Tap Density, which measures the volume of a mass of sample after inducing a closer packing
of particles by tapping the container. Taking this method to the extreme leads to the determination
of void volume and compressed density after compressing the sample under extreme forces and
measuring the volume change as a function of applied pressure.
Envelope Density
Like bulk density, envelope density is determined from the volume of the solid material, open
pores, and closed pores. Envelope density is determined for a single, consolidate quantity of
material, therefore there are no interparticle voids between packed particles. Envelope density is
the mass of the object divided by the volume within an imaginary, closely conforming skin that
envelops it and, therefore, may include the volume of small surface irregularities. When envelope
and true density both are known, the total pore volume, percent porosity, and solid fraction of the
sample can be calculated.
Porosity
Porosity consists of volume of the pores relative to the envelope volume used to calculate envelope
density. The porosity of pharmaceutical materials and medical devices can impact production,
8. 7
material movement, and pharmacokinetic behavior. Tablet porosity determines the tensile strength
(hardness) of tablets for a given composition. Tablet porosity may be regarded as a measure of the
tableting process. Variations in tablet porosity reflect various aspects of tablet press performance.
Tablet porosity may relate to tablet disintegration and dissolution.
Q : Define Apparent, Actual and Rare density?
Apparent density is defined as the mass of many particles of the material divided by the
total volume they occupy. The total volume includes particle volume, inter-particle void volume,
and internal pore volume. It is measured in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3
).
Actual density is the ratio between mass and volume or mass per unit volume. It is a measure of
how much stuff an object has in a unit volume (cubic meter or cubic centimeter).
Rare density or True density is density of solid material excluding the volume of any open and
closed pores depending on the molecular arrangement of the material. The true density can equal
the theoretical density of material.
Method: By using water and measuring cylinder: This method is preferred if the material under
study is not water soluble e.g. sand.
Procedure
1. Weigh the given sample of sand to 500g and then pour it into cylinder. Same did it for
coal with 200g.
2. Note the volume of the sample of sand in the cylinder when it is settled and then calculate
its apparent density (density=mass/volume).
3. After which add some water into the cylinder so that all the sand is covered by the water.
4. Wait for ten minutes so that the sand particles completely settle and no spaces between
particles are left.
5. Then measure the new volume of sand from the cylinder and calculate its actual density
(density=mass/volume).
9. 8
Observations & Calculations:
Apparent Density
Actual Density
Mass of sand 𝑚1= 500 g
Mass of sand 𝑚2= 500 g
Volume of sand before compacting water
𝑉1= 400 ml
Volume of sand when compacted after
addition of water 𝑉2= 365 ml
Density 𝜌1 =
𝑚1
𝑉1
⁄ = 1.25 g/ml
Density 𝜌2 =
𝑚2
𝑉2
⁄ = 1.369 g/ml
In the end calculate the crushing ratio of material by using formula
Crushing ratio = Φ =
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
= 0.919
Observations & Calculations:
Apparent Density
Actual Density
Mass of coal 𝑚1= 200 g
Mass of coal 𝑚2= 200 g
Volume of coal before compacting water
𝑉1= 200 ml
Volume of coal when compacted after
addition of water 𝑉2= 192 ml
Density 𝜌1 =
𝑚1
𝑉1
⁄ = 1 g/ml
Density 𝜌2 =
𝑚2
𝑉2
⁄ = 1.04 g/ml
In the end calculate the crushing ratio of material by using formula
Crushing ratio = Φ =
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
= 0.9615
Remarks
1. Apparent volume is smaller than the actual volume because there are free spaces
between sand molecule
10. 9
2. By filling any solvent into the sand or coal leads the liquid to settle into the spaces of
the molecules and hence volume gets low.
3. In sand addition of water leads to more settling down of volume than coal because of
shape and size of particles.
4. Crushing ratio of sand is less than crushing ratio of coal.
5. Actual density of powdered coal is greater than apparent density of coal and also in
case of sand.
11. 10
Experiment 3
Sieve Analysis for a Sample of Solid Particles
Objectives
1. To study the particle size distribution and analysis.
2. To separate solid particles of different sizes and then calculating weight of different size
particles in the whole sample.
Apparatus and Required Material
1. Vibratory sieve
2. A set of 7 sieves
3. Weighing balance
4. Coal as solid particles
Theory
A sieve analysis is a practice or procedure used to separate particle on the basis of particle size
distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material. The size distribution is often of critical
importance to the way the material performs in use.
12. 11
This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil.
The mechanical or sieve analysis is performed to determine the distribution of the coarser, larger-
sized particles.
What is the effect of vibrations on sieve?
Vibrations are very important on sieving. It is because of that when we put particles on sieves, then
those particles which retain on the wire doesn’t go down until we gave them some jerk so that they
come up on sieve hole and then they go down. Hence vibrations are very important so that particles
get down from sieves otherwise they will remain stuck on the top of sieves. Vibrations produce a
higher degree of sieving.
Procedure
1. First, weigh 505g of sand sample and feed it into the vibratory sieve from the top and
close the set of sieves tightly.
2. Start the vibratory sieve and set the timer to 7 minutes.
3. After 7 minutes, switch off the vibratory sieve.
4. The sand particles will be separated on the basis of their size in different sieves.
5. Then, weigh the sample of sand particles in each individual sieve.
Observations and Calculations
Sieve
#
Screen
opening
diameter(mm)
Mass
retained
in
screen(g)
%age mass
retained
Average
particle
size(mm)
Mass
fraction
retained
Cumulative
wt%
undersize
Cumulative
wt%
oversize
𝐷0 𝑀0 𝑀% 𝐷 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑀 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑊𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑣𝑟
1 4 70 13.4 0.134 86.6 13.4
2 2.8 26 4.9 3.4 0.049 81.7 18.3
3 2 56 10.7 2.4 0.107 71 29
4 1.4 182 34.8 1.7 0.348 36.2 63.8
5 1 136 26.05 1.2 0.2605 10.15 89.85
6 0.7 20 3.8 0.85 0.038 6.35 93.65
Pan 0.063 32 6.35
Total 525
13. 12
Graphs to be drawn
1) Differential Analysis:
a) 𝐷 𝑎𝑣𝑔 and 𝑀 𝑎𝑣𝑔
2) Cumulative Analysis:
Combined graph between
𝑏) 𝐷0 and 𝑊𝑢𝑛𝑑
14. 13
Remarks
1. Through sieve analysis we can separate particles of different sizes according to our need.
2. This process is so easy that it doesn’t need any complex process to separate the particles
and separation is so easy.
3. After doing sieve analysis, we can easily measure the weight of particles according to our
need of size.
c) DO & WOVR
15. 14
Experiment 4
Mixing of Different Solid Particles
Objective:
1. To check if different solid particles on mixing form a homogeneous solution or not.
2. To check the rate of blending of solid particles with respect to time.
Apparatus and required material:
1. Blender
2. Solid particles (100g salt and 100g sand)
Theory
In industrial process engineering, mixing is a unit operation that involves manipulation of
a heterogeneous physical system with the intent to make it more homogeneous. Mixing is
performed to allow heat and/or mass transfer to occur between one or more streams, components
or phases. Modern industrial processing almost always involves some form of mixing. Some
classes of chemical reactors are also mixers. With the right equipment, it is possible to mix a solid,
liquid or gas into another solid, liquid or gas. The opposite of mixing is segregation. A classical
example of segregation is the brazil nut effect.
16. 15
Mixing Classification
The type of operation and equipment used during mixing depends on the state of materials being
mixed (liquid, semi-solid, or solid) and the miscibility of the materials being processed. In this
context, the act of mixing may be synonymous with stirring-, or kneading-processes. In this section
we will discuss solid-solid mixing.
Solid-Solid Mixing
Blending powders is one of the oldest unit-operations in the solids handling industries. For many
decades powder blending has been used just to homogenize bulk materials. Many different
machines have been designed to handle materials with various bulk solids properties. On the basis
of the practical experience gained with these different machines, engineering knowledge has been
developed to construct reliable equipment and to predict scale-up and mixing behavior. Nowadays
the same mixing technologies are used for many more applications: to improve product quality, to
coat particles, to fuse materials, to wet, to disperse in liquid, to agglomerate, to alter functional
material properties, etc. This wide range of applications of mixing equipment requires a high level
of knowledge, long time experience and extended test facilities to come to the optimal selection of
equipment and processes.
Machine for incorporating liquids and finely ground solids
One example of a solid–solid mixing process is mulling foundry molding sand, where
sand, bentonite clay, fine coal dust and water are mixed to a plastic, moldable and reusable mass,
applied for molding and pouring molten metal to obtain sand castings that are metallic parts for
automobile, machine building, construction or other industries.
17. 16
Q : Define Segregation?
In segregation, particulate solids and also quasi solids such as foams tends to segregate by
virtue of differences in the size and also by physical properties such as volume, density, shape
and other physical properties of which they are composed. the opposite of segregation is mixing.
an example of segregation is brazil nut effect.
Q : What are benefits of mixing?
Nowadays the same mixing technologies are used for many more applications: to improve
product quality, to coat particles, to fuse materials, to wet, to disperse in liquid, to agglomerate,
to alter functional material properties, etc. It is also used to study the particles effects in
themselves after mixing.
Procedure:
1. First take sample of salt and sand each 100g and put it into a blender.
2. Switch on the blender and mix it for 3 minutes.
3. Then take out the sample and check it if homogeneous mixture is reached or not.
4. Repeat the procedure for 5 minutes and 7 minutes for mixing.
18. 17
Observations and calculations:
Material Before Mixing After 3 Minutes After 5 Minutes After 7 Minutes
Sand & Salt 200ml 179ml 170ml 160ml
Remarks:
1. In this experiment, we learned that mixing decreases the volume of mixture.
2. It is because that by continuous mixing the particles come close to each other and forces
of attraction between them increases.
3. Mixing reduces the volume by depending on time. After greater time particles gets mixed
more than in lower time.
19. 18
Experiment 5
Flow Pattern of Solid Particles
Objective:
1. To study the flow pattern of a given sample of solid particles through cylinders of
different diameters.
Apparatus and Required Material:
1. Cylinder
2. Cylinder stand
3. Sand
4. Coal
5. Floor
Effect of size/shape of particles on flow rate?
There is so much effect of size and shape of particles on feed flow. Particles with smaller size
will flow greater w.r.t. time than those with greater sized particles as given below. Shape also
have effect on flow. Irregular shaped particles will flow more badly than proper shaped particles.
They will take more time to pass. Spherical shaped particles will flow easily than those of
irregular shaped particles because they can flow easily.
Procedure:
1. Take the given sample of sand and put it in the first cylinder from the top and lid it.
2. When the lid is removed the sand starts falling, and then observe the flow pattern of sand
particles.
3. Repeat the experiment for other cylinders of different diameters.
Observation & Calculations:
1st
cylinder has largest hole in it.
2nd
cylinder has also greater hole but less than 1st
hole
20. 19
3rd
cylinder have hole lesser than 2nd
hole
4th
cylinder has smallest hole.
Time required to flow out of these particles are:
MATERIAL 1st
cylinder 2nd
cylinder 3rd
cylinder 4th
cylinder
SAND 2sec 3.5sec 8sec 19sec
RICE 2.8sec 6.8sec 11.8sec 27sec
FLOOR 4.9sec 6.7sec 15.4sec 38.7sec
Remarks
1. Particles size matter when they flow from some type of opening to pass from one place to
another.
2. Greater the particle size, more the time required to flow from openings. Small sized
particles flow easier than big sized particles.
21. 20
Experiment 6
Size reduction of Coarse Feed Particles with Jaw Crusher
Objective:
1. It is used for increment in the surface area of feed material by crushing coarser feed into
intermediate and fine particles.
Apparatus and Required Material:
1. Jaw Crusher
2. Weighing balance
3. Trays for conveying
4. Stack of sieves
5. Bricks as solid feed
Theory
A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, or rock dust.
Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the form, of waste materials so they can be
more easily disposed of or recycled, or to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials (as in
rock ore), so that pieces of different composition can be differentiated. Crushing is the process of
transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a material made of molecules that
bond together more strongly, and resist deformation more, than those in the material being crushed
22. 21
do. Crushing devices hold material between two parallel or tangent solid surfaces, and apply
sufficient force to bring the surfaces together to generate enough energy within the material being
crushed so that its molecules separate from (fracturing), or change alignment in relation to
(deformation), each other. The earliest crushers were hand-held stones, where the weight of the
stone provided a boost to muscle power, used against a stone anvil.
Jaw Crusher
Operating principle
Jaw crushers operate according to the principle of pressure crushing. The crushing material is
crushed in the wedge-shaped pit between the fixed crusher jaw and the crusher jaw articulated on
an eccentric shaft. The material is crushed by the elliptic course of movement and transported
downwards. This occurs until the material is smaller than the set crushing size.
A jaw crusher uses compressive force for breaking of particle. This mechanical pressure is
achieved by the two jaws of the crusher of which one is fixed while the other reciprocates. A jaw
or toggle crusher consists of a set of vertical jaws, one jaw is kept stationary and is called a fixed
jaw while the other jaw called a swing jaw, moves back and forth relative to it, by
a cam or pitman mechanism, acting like a class II lever or a nutcracker. The volume or cavity
between the two jaws is called the crushing chamber. The movement of the swing jaw can be quite
small, since complete crushing is not performed in one stroke. The inertia required to crush the
material is provided by a weighted flywheel that moves a shaft creating an eccentric motion that
causes the closing of the gap.
Jaw crushers are heavy duty machines and hence need to be robustly constructed. The outer frame
is generally made of cast iron or steel. The jaws themselves are usually constructed from cast steel.
They are fitted with replaceable liners which are made of manganese steel, or Ni-hard (a Ni-Cr
alloyed cast iron). Jaw crushers are usually constructed in sections to ease the process
transportation if they are to be taken underground for carrying out the operations.
Jaw crushers are classified on the basis of the position of the pivoting of the swing jaw
1. Blake crusher-the swing jaw is fixed at the upper position
23. 22
2. Dodge crusher-the swing jaw is fixed at the lower position
3. Universal crusher-the swing jaw is fixed at an intermediate position
The Blake crusher was patented by Eli Whitney Blake in 1858. The Blake type jaw crusher has a
fixed feed area and a variable discharge area. Blake crushers are of two types- single toggle and
double toggle jaw crushers.
In the single toggle jaw crushers, the swing jaw is suspended on the eccentric shaft which leads to
a much more compact design than that of the double toggle jaw crusher. The swing jaw, suspended
on the eccentric, undergoes two types of motion- swing motion towards the fixed jaw due to the
action of toggle plate and vertical movement due the rotation of the eccentric. These two motions,
when combined, lead to an elliptical jaw motion. This motion is useful as it assists in pushing the
particles through the crushing chamber. This phenomenon leads to higher capacity of the single
toggle jaw crushers but it also results in higher wear of the crushing jaws. These type of jaw
crushers are preferred for the crushing of softer particles.
In the double toggle jaw crushers, the oscillating motion of the swing jaw is caused by the vertical
motion of the pitman. The pitman moves up and down. The swing jaw closes, i.e., it moves towards
the fixed jaw when the pitman moves upward and opens during the downward motion of the
pitman. This type is commonly used in mines due to its ability to crush tough and abrasive
materials.
In the Dodge type jaw crushers, the jaws are farther apart at the top than at the bottom, forming a
tapered chute so that the material is crushed progressively smaller and smaller as it travels
downward until it is small enough to escape from the bottom opening. The Dodge jaw crusher has
a variable feed area and a fixed discharge area which leads to choking of the crusher and hence is
used only for laboratory purposes and not for heavy duty operations.
Jaw Crusher Opening Size
Jaw crushers are referred to by two sets of numbers, the first being the opening size of the jaw; the
second being the width. So, a "1036" jaw would accept a 10" boulder at the top and be 3' wide. If
the pit where the jaw is being used has river rock which does not exceed 10" in size then this size
crusher would be acceptable. Larger crushers are better choices when the average size is larger,
24. 23
such as where rock is blasted using explosives. The width of the jaw directly impacts its
throughput rate.
Jaw Crusher Nip Angle
The nip angle describes the angle the stationary jaw plate and the pitman make with each
other. The exact value of this angle isn't quoted or even determinable due to curvature in the jaws
themselves but what is important is how wide vs. narrow it is. Wide nip angles can tend to expel
material as the jaw closes as a large ball might squirt out from under a car tire. If the nip angle is
narrow, not much vertical upward force is generated and more consistent crushing takes place.
Feed Product
Procedure:
1. First, we took 6kg of bricks for crushing as a sample.
2. Then we reduced the size of bricks to some extent by hammering.
3. After that we noted the time before putting the bricks into crusher and then added the
feed sample continuously
4. After crushing process, we noted the time again required for crushing.
25. 24
Observations & Calculations:
✓ A mixture of coarser, intermediate and fine particles is obtained after crushing.
✓ Total feed input= 6.00kg
✓ Reduced sized particles=1.5 kg
✓ Oversized particles=4.2 kg
4.2+1.5=5.7 kg
✓ Size reduction=300g
Graphs to be drawn:
1) Differential Analysis:
a) 𝐷 𝑎𝑣𝑔 and 𝑀 𝑎𝑣𝑔
Sieve
#
Screen
diameter
(mm)
Mass
retained
(kg)
Percentage
mass
Average
diameter
(mm)
Mass
fraction
retained
Cumulative
wt%
undersize
Cumulative
wt%
oversize
𝐷0 𝑀 𝑀% 𝐷 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑀 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑊𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑣𝑟
3 0.2 0.114 11.66 0.11 88.34 11.6
4 0.187 0.166 16.22 0.193 0.16 72.12 27.8
7 0.111 0.176 17.99 0.149 0.17 54.13 45.8
8 0.0937 0.24 24.54 0.102 0.24 29.59 70.4
10 0.0781 0.22 20.50 0.086 0.20 9.09 90.9
14 0.0555 0.04 4.09 0.067 0.04 5 95
25 0.028 0.0.003 3.07 0.041 0.03 1.93 98
Pan 0 0.0.189 1.934 0.014 0.019 0 100
Total 0.977 100% 1
26. 25
2) Cumulative Analysis:
Combined graph between
b) 𝐷0 and 𝑊𝑢𝑛𝑑
c) 𝐷0 and 𝑊𝑜𝑣𝑟
Remarks:
1) Jaw crusher is used to crush particles into very small size by mechanical ways and then we
can separate these particles into required size.
2) After passing the particles through jaw crusher we can easily handle the particles.
3) These crushing machines is important as it consumes less energy and hence can be used
effectively.
27. 26
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
(KSK CAMPUS)
LAB REPORT
PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO : MAM HAFIZA AROOSA ASLAM KHAN
SUBMITTED BY : USMAN SHAHID
ROLL NO. : 2018-CH-265
SECTION : A
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING