Ocean waves are characterized by their amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period. Amplitude refers to the height of the wave from still water level to the crest. Wavelength is the distance between two identical points on successive waves. Frequency is the number of waves passing a fixed point per second, while period is the time for one full wave cycle. Wave height depends on factors like fetch (distance over water the wind blows) and breaking occurs when the wave steepness exceeds about 1/7. Breaking waves can be spilling, plunging, or surging.
Ocean currents are large-scale movements of ocean water that transport heat and moisture around the globe. There are two main types of ocean currents: surface currents, which form in the upper 400 meters and are driven by wind, and deep water currents, which make up 90% of ocean circulation and are driven by differences in water density due to temperature and salinity. Deep water currents form a global conveyor belt pattern as cool, dense water sinks and warm water rises, circulating through all oceans. Ocean currents play a key role in regulating global climate and temperatures, and their disruption could significantly impact weather patterns and marine ecosystems.
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It begins with defining terms related to waves and wave action. It then explains processes of marine erosion and how they can shape cliff coastlines and form wave-cut platforms. It describes how waves can transport and deposit sediment. Landforms like spits, bars, and salt marshes are discussed along with their formation. Finally, it covers coral reef types and theories about their formation, and how sea level changes can impact coral reefs.
presentation was provided by Prof W.U Chandrasekara
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management
For Coastal and Marine resource management course
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It describes how waves, currents, erosion and deposition shape coastlines. Key points include:
- Waves erode cliffs and platforms while deposition builds beaches, spits and bars.
- Longshore drift transports sediment parallel to the shore, while rip currents carry it seaward.
- Refraction of waves around headlands forms bays. Erosion of headlands produces arches, stacks and tunnels.
- Coral reefs develop in warm, tropical waters where calcium carbonate precipitation exceeds dissolution. Atolls form as islands submerge, leaving ring-shaped reef structures.
Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and removal of beach sediments by wave action, tidal currents, and other processes. Coasts are classified as primary, shaped by land erosion, or secondary, shaped by marine agents. Erosional coasts experience active erosion while depositional coasts experience sediment accumulation from rivers or oceans. Waves, tides, currents, and coastal dynamics shape shorelines through erosion, transportation, and deposition, forming landforms like sea stacks, arches, caves, spits, barrier islands, and deltas. The rate of coastal destruction varies depending on slope, wave intensity, wind, and human activities and can damage habitats.
Volcanic eruptions occur when magma reaches the Earth's surface through cracks in the crust. They can be devastating in the short term but also beneficial in the long run by enriching soils. Two main types are shield volcanoes, which erupt gently and form low slopes, and composite volcanoes with alternating lava and ash layers that can produce deadly pyroclastic flows. The eruption of Yellowstone supervolcano thousands of years ago was catastrophic globally. Montserrat was devastated in the 1990s when the Soufriere Hills volcano erupted, destroying the capital and forcing mass evacuations, though it has since calmed and rebuilding is underway.
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Ocean waves are characterized by their amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and period. Amplitude refers to the height of the wave from still water level to the crest. Wavelength is the distance between two identical points on successive waves. Frequency is the number of waves passing a fixed point per second, while period is the time for one full wave cycle. Wave height depends on factors like fetch (distance over water the wind blows) and breaking occurs when the wave steepness exceeds about 1/7. Breaking waves can be spilling, plunging, or surging.
Ocean currents are large-scale movements of ocean water that transport heat and moisture around the globe. There are two main types of ocean currents: surface currents, which form in the upper 400 meters and are driven by wind, and deep water currents, which make up 90% of ocean circulation and are driven by differences in water density due to temperature and salinity. Deep water currents form a global conveyor belt pattern as cool, dense water sinks and warm water rises, circulating through all oceans. Ocean currents play a key role in regulating global climate and temperatures, and their disruption could significantly impact weather patterns and marine ecosystems.
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It begins with defining terms related to waves and wave action. It then explains processes of marine erosion and how they can shape cliff coastlines and form wave-cut platforms. It describes how waves can transport and deposit sediment. Landforms like spits, bars, and salt marshes are discussed along with their formation. Finally, it covers coral reef types and theories about their formation, and how sea level changes can impact coral reefs.
presentation was provided by Prof W.U Chandrasekara
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management
For Coastal and Marine resource management course
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It describes how waves, currents, erosion and deposition shape coastlines. Key points include:
- Waves erode cliffs and platforms while deposition builds beaches, spits and bars.
- Longshore drift transports sediment parallel to the shore, while rip currents carry it seaward.
- Refraction of waves around headlands forms bays. Erosion of headlands produces arches, stacks and tunnels.
- Coral reefs develop in warm, tropical waters where calcium carbonate precipitation exceeds dissolution. Atolls form as islands submerge, leaving ring-shaped reef structures.
Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and removal of beach sediments by wave action, tidal currents, and other processes. Coasts are classified as primary, shaped by land erosion, or secondary, shaped by marine agents. Erosional coasts experience active erosion while depositional coasts experience sediment accumulation from rivers or oceans. Waves, tides, currents, and coastal dynamics shape shorelines through erosion, transportation, and deposition, forming landforms like sea stacks, arches, caves, spits, barrier islands, and deltas. The rate of coastal destruction varies depending on slope, wave intensity, wind, and human activities and can damage habitats.
Volcanic eruptions occur when magma reaches the Earth's surface through cracks in the crust. They can be devastating in the short term but also beneficial in the long run by enriching soils. Two main types are shield volcanoes, which erupt gently and form low slopes, and composite volcanoes with alternating lava and ash layers that can produce deadly pyroclastic flows. The eruption of Yellowstone supervolcano thousands of years ago was catastrophic globally. Montserrat was devastated in the 1990s when the Soufriere Hills volcano erupted, destroying the capital and forcing mass evacuations, though it has since calmed and rebuilding is underway.
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
There are two types of ocean currents: surface currents in the upper 400m and deep water currents that make up 90% of the ocean. Surface currents are driven primarily by solar heating, winds, gravity, and the Coriolis effect. These primary forces start the water moving and secondary forces like the Coriolis effect influence the direction of currents. Gyres are formed from the interaction of winds and the Coriolis effect, creating circular ocean currents. Deep water circulation occurs in cold, salty waters and drives the global thermohaline circulation.
El Niño events occur when warm water in the western Pacific surges eastward, causing a reversal of the usual weather patterns in the tropical Pacific. This happens due to a feedback loop where weaker trade winds allow the warm water to shift east, warming the air and further weakening the winds. During an El Niño, the nutrient-rich cooler waters that fish depend on are deeper, causing fish to flee or die off. El Niño is part of a wider periodic shift in atmospheric pressure over the Indian and Pacific oceans known as the Southern Oscillation, which affects global weather and climate patterns.
Volcanoes are formed when magma from the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface and erupts. There are over 1,500 active volcanoes on Earth. Volcanic eruptions occur when pressure builds up from magma and gases below the Earth's crust, causing rock and lava to shoot from the volcano in explosive eruptions. Eruptions can cause dangerous flows of lava, ash, mudslides and floods that threaten nearby areas.
This document provides an overview of ocean currents. It begins with introductions and objectives, describing how the document will explain ocean currents, their properties, causes, and global distribution. It then discusses various methods of measuring ocean currents and defines units like knots. The document proceeds to explain different types of currents like wind-driven currents and thermohaline circulation, as well as phenomena like gyres and tidal currents. Major currents around the world are also introduced.
Ocean circulation is driven by two main forces - gravitation and solar radiation. Surface currents are influenced by global wind patterns and the Coriolis effect, forming large gyres in each ocean basin. Deep ocean circulation, called thermohaline circulation, is driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity changes. It involves slow movement of deep water masses and accounts for 90% of ocean water movement. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
The document discusses various landforms found in arid and semi-arid landscapes formed by wind erosion. It describes different types of deserts including ergs which are seas of sand, regs which are desert pavements, and hamadas where bedrock predominates. It also outlines various erosional landforms caused by wind such as deflation hollows, ventifacts which are sand-blasted rock surfaces, yardangs, and different types of migrating dunes including longitudinal, transverse, barchan, and parabolic dunes. It provides examples of many of these landforms.
The document discusses ocean waves, including how surfers care about breaking wave height to determine the best places to surf. It explains that breaking wave height depends on water depth and can be calculated using formulas involving wave height and period as well as water depth. The document provides resources for learning more about ocean waves and their properties.
Tropical revolving storms, also known as tropical cyclones, form over warm ocean waters and have a circular wind pattern that rotates counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. They develop from tropical disturbances and depressions and can intensify into tropical storms or hurricanes/typhoons depending on wind speeds and location. Tropical storms typically form west of continents in tropical regions between 5 degrees north and south latitude from June to November and can cause significant damage due to strong winds and heavy rain.
Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun and the centrifugal force of the Earth's rotation. They occur as long waves in the ocean and cause regular rises and falls in sea level. There are two high tides and two low tides each day for most places, known as semi-diurnal tides. Spring tides with the highest ranges occur when the Sun and Moon are in alignment, while neap tides have lower ranges when they are at right angles. Tides are important for navigation, fishing, power generation and can impact coastal erosion and flooding.
Every continent or island is bordered by a long or short coastline. Coastline is the line separating the land and sea. Coastal zones are the transition zones between terrestrial and marine habitat. They form an interface between land and oceanic natural processes. Coastal areas also are varied in their topography, climate and vegetation. Some are sandy beaches, rocky shores, with or without tidal inlets. The climate of a coast are controlled by the land and sea breezes and the humidity controlled by marine water. Waves are powerful tools for constructive and destructive activities. Hence. the geomorphology of beach, materials and processes are always not constant due to the impact of everlasting action of tides, waves and currents.
Weather and Climate
Class Presentation
IGCSE 1
Teacher :
RIMSHA JANJUA
Students:
Mahnoor
husnain
taha
zurdat
zeesham
Topics to be discussed :
What is weather?
What is Climate?
What are climatic zones? (In Pakistan)
What are highland zones and their climate?
What are lowland zones and their climate?
What are arid zones and their climate?
What are coastal zones and their climate?
What is river flood and what destruction can it possibly cause?
What are storms and there causes?
The document discusses fluvial processes and landforms. It describes various types of erosion caused by water including surface erosion through splash and sheet erosion, and channel erosion through rills, gullies, and streams. It also discusses drainage basins and patterns, explaining how drainage patterns are influenced by geology and reflect the arrangement of river courses. Various landforms resulting from fluvial processes are also mentioned.
The document discusses global wind patterns that develop due to temperature differences between the equator and poles. Warm air rises at the equator, creating low pressure, while cold air sinks at the poles, creating high pressure. Air moves from high to low pressure areas, resulting in global wind currents called the prevailing westerlies, easterly trade winds, and polar easterlies in both hemispheres. The Coriolis effect causes these winds to curve right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere as they travel.
This document discusses air masses, which are large bodies of air that share similar temperature and moisture characteristics. Air masses originate over source regions and are classified based on the latitude and surface type of the source region. The weather experienced in an area depends on the characteristics of the prevailing air mass. The main air masses that affect North America are continental and maritime polar and tropical air masses.
Waves and tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. There are different types of waves including wind waves and tsunamis. Tides are the regular rising and falling of ocean water levels caused by lunar and solar gravitational forces. High tides occur when the gravitational pulls act in alignment and low tides occur when they are perpendicular. Tides are important because they allow for shipping in harbors and prevent freezing in cold weather ports.
This document discusses coastal erosion and mechanisms. It defines coastal terminology and describes the various agents that affect coastal erosion, including wind, waves, tides, and currents. It also examines the erosional and depositional landforms created by coastal processes, such as headlands, sea stacks, beaches, and barrier islands. Additionally, it covers the concepts of coastal erosion, longshore drift, and coastal deposition. The effects of coastal erosion are also addressed, as well as the importance of understanding coastal dynamics and implementing mitigation strategies to reduce erosion.
Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun on the oceans as well as the centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation. High tides occur where the moon is overhead, while low tides happen 90 degrees away, and both the moon and sun's gravitational pulls contribute to the regular rising and falling of sea levels, though the moon has a greater effect being closer to Earth.
The document discusses ocean circulation and currents. It describes how surface ocean currents are driven primarily by wind and transfer heat from warmer to cooler areas, affecting coastal climates. Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in water density from factors like temperature and salinity. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift, which form part of the North Atlantic gyre and transport warm water northward.
Siklon tropis adalah fenomena alam yang kuat yang ditandai dengan angin kencang, badai, dan banjir. Siklon tropis berputar dan membentuk sistem awan dan badai di perairan subtropis sebelum menjadi daerah tekanan rendah. Siklon tropis membutuhkan suhu permukaan laut yang hangat untuk membentuk uap air dan awan.
There are two types of ocean currents: surface currents in the upper 400m and deep water currents that make up 90% of the ocean. Surface currents are driven primarily by solar heating, winds, gravity, and the Coriolis effect. These primary forces start the water moving and secondary forces like the Coriolis effect influence the direction of currents. Gyres are formed from the interaction of winds and the Coriolis effect, creating circular ocean currents. Deep water circulation occurs in cold, salty waters and drives the global thermohaline circulation.
El Niño events occur when warm water in the western Pacific surges eastward, causing a reversal of the usual weather patterns in the tropical Pacific. This happens due to a feedback loop where weaker trade winds allow the warm water to shift east, warming the air and further weakening the winds. During an El Niño, the nutrient-rich cooler waters that fish depend on are deeper, causing fish to flee or die off. El Niño is part of a wider periodic shift in atmospheric pressure over the Indian and Pacific oceans known as the Southern Oscillation, which affects global weather and climate patterns.
Volcanoes are formed when magma from the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface and erupts. There are over 1,500 active volcanoes on Earth. Volcanic eruptions occur when pressure builds up from magma and gases below the Earth's crust, causing rock and lava to shoot from the volcano in explosive eruptions. Eruptions can cause dangerous flows of lava, ash, mudslides and floods that threaten nearby areas.
This document provides an overview of ocean currents. It begins with introductions and objectives, describing how the document will explain ocean currents, their properties, causes, and global distribution. It then discusses various methods of measuring ocean currents and defines units like knots. The document proceeds to explain different types of currents like wind-driven currents and thermohaline circulation, as well as phenomena like gyres and tidal currents. Major currents around the world are also introduced.
Ocean circulation is driven by two main forces - gravitation and solar radiation. Surface currents are influenced by global wind patterns and the Coriolis effect, forming large gyres in each ocean basin. Deep ocean circulation, called thermohaline circulation, is driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity changes. It involves slow movement of deep water masses and accounts for 90% of ocean water movement. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
The document discusses various landforms found in arid and semi-arid landscapes formed by wind erosion. It describes different types of deserts including ergs which are seas of sand, regs which are desert pavements, and hamadas where bedrock predominates. It also outlines various erosional landforms caused by wind such as deflation hollows, ventifacts which are sand-blasted rock surfaces, yardangs, and different types of migrating dunes including longitudinal, transverse, barchan, and parabolic dunes. It provides examples of many of these landforms.
The document discusses ocean waves, including how surfers care about breaking wave height to determine the best places to surf. It explains that breaking wave height depends on water depth and can be calculated using formulas involving wave height and period as well as water depth. The document provides resources for learning more about ocean waves and their properties.
Tropical revolving storms, also known as tropical cyclones, form over warm ocean waters and have a circular wind pattern that rotates counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. They develop from tropical disturbances and depressions and can intensify into tropical storms or hurricanes/typhoons depending on wind speeds and location. Tropical storms typically form west of continents in tropical regions between 5 degrees north and south latitude from June to November and can cause significant damage due to strong winds and heavy rain.
Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun and the centrifugal force of the Earth's rotation. They occur as long waves in the ocean and cause regular rises and falls in sea level. There are two high tides and two low tides each day for most places, known as semi-diurnal tides. Spring tides with the highest ranges occur when the Sun and Moon are in alignment, while neap tides have lower ranges when they are at right angles. Tides are important for navigation, fishing, power generation and can impact coastal erosion and flooding.
Every continent or island is bordered by a long or short coastline. Coastline is the line separating the land and sea. Coastal zones are the transition zones between terrestrial and marine habitat. They form an interface between land and oceanic natural processes. Coastal areas also are varied in their topography, climate and vegetation. Some are sandy beaches, rocky shores, with or without tidal inlets. The climate of a coast are controlled by the land and sea breezes and the humidity controlled by marine water. Waves are powerful tools for constructive and destructive activities. Hence. the geomorphology of beach, materials and processes are always not constant due to the impact of everlasting action of tides, waves and currents.
Weather and Climate
Class Presentation
IGCSE 1
Teacher :
RIMSHA JANJUA
Students:
Mahnoor
husnain
taha
zurdat
zeesham
Topics to be discussed :
What is weather?
What is Climate?
What are climatic zones? (In Pakistan)
What are highland zones and their climate?
What are lowland zones and their climate?
What are arid zones and their climate?
What are coastal zones and their climate?
What is river flood and what destruction can it possibly cause?
What are storms and there causes?
The document discusses fluvial processes and landforms. It describes various types of erosion caused by water including surface erosion through splash and sheet erosion, and channel erosion through rills, gullies, and streams. It also discusses drainage basins and patterns, explaining how drainage patterns are influenced by geology and reflect the arrangement of river courses. Various landforms resulting from fluvial processes are also mentioned.
The document discusses global wind patterns that develop due to temperature differences between the equator and poles. Warm air rises at the equator, creating low pressure, while cold air sinks at the poles, creating high pressure. Air moves from high to low pressure areas, resulting in global wind currents called the prevailing westerlies, easterly trade winds, and polar easterlies in both hemispheres. The Coriolis effect causes these winds to curve right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere as they travel.
This document discusses air masses, which are large bodies of air that share similar temperature and moisture characteristics. Air masses originate over source regions and are classified based on the latitude and surface type of the source region. The weather experienced in an area depends on the characteristics of the prevailing air mass. The main air masses that affect North America are continental and maritime polar and tropical air masses.
Waves and tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. There are different types of waves including wind waves and tsunamis. Tides are the regular rising and falling of ocean water levels caused by lunar and solar gravitational forces. High tides occur when the gravitational pulls act in alignment and low tides occur when they are perpendicular. Tides are important because they allow for shipping in harbors and prevent freezing in cold weather ports.
This document discusses coastal erosion and mechanisms. It defines coastal terminology and describes the various agents that affect coastal erosion, including wind, waves, tides, and currents. It also examines the erosional and depositional landforms created by coastal processes, such as headlands, sea stacks, beaches, and barrier islands. Additionally, it covers the concepts of coastal erosion, longshore drift, and coastal deposition. The effects of coastal erosion are also addressed, as well as the importance of understanding coastal dynamics and implementing mitigation strategies to reduce erosion.
Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun on the oceans as well as the centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation. High tides occur where the moon is overhead, while low tides happen 90 degrees away, and both the moon and sun's gravitational pulls contribute to the regular rising and falling of sea levels, though the moon has a greater effect being closer to Earth.
The document discusses ocean circulation and currents. It describes how surface ocean currents are driven primarily by wind and transfer heat from warmer to cooler areas, affecting coastal climates. Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in water density from factors like temperature and salinity. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift, which form part of the North Atlantic gyre and transport warm water northward.
Siklon tropis adalah fenomena alam yang kuat yang ditandai dengan angin kencang, badai, dan banjir. Siklon tropis berputar dan membentuk sistem awan dan badai di perairan subtropis sebelum menjadi daerah tekanan rendah. Siklon tropis membutuhkan suhu permukaan laut yang hangat untuk membentuk uap air dan awan.
Siklon tropis adalah fenomena alam yang kuat yang ditandai dengan angin kencang, badai dan banjir. Terbentuk di perairan subtropis dan berputar berlawanan arah jarum jam di belahan utara dan searah jarum jam di selatan. Klasifikasi berdasarkan kecepatan angin mulai dari depresi tropis hingga siklon besar. Pembentukannya memerlukan suhu permukaan laut hangat dan struktur mata, dinding mata, dan sabuk hujan.
Siklon tropis adalah fenomena alam yang kuat yang ditandai dengan angin kencang, badai dan banjir. Terbentuk di perairan subtropis dan berputar berlawanan arah jarum jam di belahan bumi utara dan searah jarum jam di selatan. Terdiri dari depresi tropis, badai tropis, hurikan, dan hurikan besar tergantung kecepatan anginnya. Membutuhkan suhu permukaan laut hangat dan sedikit angin potong untuk terbentuk. Memiliki struktur
Siklon tropis adalah fenomena alam yang kuat yang ditandai dengan angin kencang, badai dan banjir. Terbentuk di perairan subtropis dan berputar berlawanan arah jarum jam di belahan utara dan searah jarum jam di belahan selatan. Klasifikasi bervariasi tetapi umumnya ditentukan oleh kecepatan angin maksimum. Strukturnya terdiri dari mata, dinding mata dan sabuk hujan.
Siklon tropis adalah pusaran udara terorganisir yang terbentuk di lautan tropis atau sub-tropis. Siklon tropis memiliki potensi merusak berupa angin kencang, hujan deras, dan gelombang tinggi. Siklus hidupnya meliputi tahap pembentukan, belum matang, matang, dan pelemahan. Tempat yang sering mengalami siklon tropis adalah Samudera Hindia, Pasifik, dan Atlantik. Beberapa siklon tropis yang pernah
Terima kasih atas pertanyaan yang diajukan. Berikut jawaban dari group 1:
1. Angin adalah aliran udara yang terjadi karena perbedaan tekanan udara, sedangkan badai adalah cuaca ekstrim yang ditandai dengan angin kencang dan hujan deras. Badai juga disebut siklon tropis dan berpusat.
2. Indonesia tidak akan pernah dilintasi angin topan karena berada di luar jalur siklon tropis utama yang terletak di Samudera Hindia, Samudera Pas
Dokumen tersebut merangkum tentang pasang surut air laut, termasuk penyebab, jenis, dan manfaat studi pasang surut air laut. Pasang surut air laut disebabkan oleh interaksi antara bumi, matahari, dan bulan yang menghasilkan dua tonjolan pasang surut gravitasional di laut. Ada beberapa jenis pasang surut seperti diurnal, semi-diurnal, dan campuran, yang bergantung pada lokasi. Studi pasang surut bermanfaat untuk ke
Cuaca dan iklim dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor seperti letak geografis, sudut penerimaan sinar matahari, perbedaan suhu udara, dan perubahan orbit bumi. Hal ini menyebabkan perbedaan cuaca sepanjang tahun dan memengaruhi iklim jangka panjang. Siklus air atau hidrologi terjadi secara terus menerus di bumi, dimulai dari evaporasi air laut hingga condensasi menjadi awan dan jatuh kembali sebagai presipit
Kaitan atmosfera dgn manusia el nino la nina siklon tornadoharalhaj
Dokumen tersebut memberikan ringkasan tentang fenomena El Nino dan La Nina serta kesan mereka terhadap perubahan cuaca dan iklim. El Nino menyebabkan kemarau di beberapa kawasan seperti Asia Tenggara sedangkan La Nina mengakibatkan hujan lebat. Kedua-dua fenomena ini dipengaruhi oleh perubahan suhu permukaan laut di Samudera Pasifik.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang unsur-unsur cuaca dan iklim seperti tekanan udara, kelembapan, angin, sistem angin, klasifikasi iklim, pola curah hujan di Indonesia, jenis vegetasi menurut iklim, dan perubahan iklim global.
Tugas kuliah ilmu alamiah dasar atmosperdasriyanti
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang upaya manusia untuk mengenali perkembangan lingkungan dengan menjelaskan beberapa indikator lingkungan seperti atmosfer, cuaca, iklim, jenis hujan, dan pengaruh ketinggian terhadap suhu udara.
Bab 5 kaitan sistem atmosfera dengan manusia 1Asmawi Abdullah
Dokumen tersebut merangkum konsep sistem cuaca seperti El Nino, La Nina, siklon tropika, tornado, dan antisiklon. Ia menjelaskan mekanisme pembentukan dan kesan fenomena cuaca tersebut terhadap manusia dan alam sekitar.
Teori Rostow membagi proses pembangunan ekonomi menjadi lima tahap, dimulai dari masyarakat tradisional, prasyarat lepas landas, lepas landas, menuju kematangan, hingga konsumsi tinggi. Rostow mengembangkan teori ini pada 1950-an untuk menjelaskan proses pertumbuhan ekonomi negara-negara.
Sumber data kependudukan terdiri atas sensus, survei, dan registrasi yang masing-masing memiliki peran dan fungsi untuk mengumpulkan data demografi, sosial, dan ekonomi penduduk secara berkala maupun insidentil untuk kepentingan perencanaan dan kebijakan pemerintah.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang geografi transportasi yang mempelajari pergerakan manusia, barang, dan jasa dalam ruang dengan menggunakan sarana transportasi seperti jalan, rel kereta, kapal, dan pesawat. Transportasi memegang peranan penting dalam mendukung pembangunan dan menghilangkan isolasi antar wilayah sehingga memicu pertumbuhan ekonomi. Salah satu masalah transportasi di Indonesia adalah ketidakseimbangan antara tingginya permintaan
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang struktur tata ruang dan bentuk kota. Beberapa teori struktur tata ruang kota dijelaskan seperti teori zona konsentris Burgess, teori sektoral Hoyt, dan teori inti ganda Harris-Ullman. Dokumen juga membahas faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan kota dan evolusi perubahan struktur ruang kota serta tantangan pembentukan kota yang berkelanjutan.
Urbanisasi adalah proses berpindahnya penduduk dari desa ke kota karena faktor dorong (push) seperti kurangnya lapangan kerja dan pendidikan di desa, serta faktor tarik (pull) di kota seperti kesempatan kerja dan pendidikan yang lebih baik. Proses ini berakibat pada perubahan struktur sosial dan ekonomi masyarakat.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang analisis resiko bencana yang mencakup:
1. Pengertian manajemen resiko bencana, jenis-jenis bencana, siklus penanggulangan bencana
2. Faktor-faktor yang menentukan resiko seperti bahaya, kerentanan, dan kapasitas
3. Langkah-langkah analisis resiko termasuk identifikasi bahaya dan kerentanan
4. Potensi bahaya kebakaran di kampus dan analisis sumber daya unt
Rip current adalah arus kuat air laut yang bergerak menjauhi pantai, sementara upwelling dan downwelling adalah naik dan turunnya air laut antara lapisan permukaan dan dalam. Alat seperti multibeam echosounder dan side scan sonar digunakan untuk memetakan dasar laut dan obyek di kolom air, sedangkan ROV digunakan untuk penelitian dan eksplorasi di dasar laut.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kompetensi inti dan kompetensi dasar pelajaran konservasi dan pemanfaatan flora dan fauna di Indonesia dan dunia pada semester 1 kelas XI. Materi pelajaran tersebut meliputi analisis persebaran, konservasi, dan pemanfaatan flora dan fauna di berbagai ekosistem di Indonesia dan dunia.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang persebaran flora dan fauna di dunia. Flora dibagi menjadi 7 bioma utama yaitu hutan hujan tropis, hutan musim tropis, hutan gugur, taiga, tundra, gurun dan padang rumput. Sedangkan fauna dibagi menjadi 6 kawasan persebaran yaitu Neartik, Neotropik, Australia, Oriental, Paleartik dan Ethiopia.
Pembagian wilayah pembangunan di Indonesia membagi wilayah menjadi empat pusat pertumbuhan dan sepuluh wilayah pembangunan untuk mencapai pembangunan yang seimbang. Keempat kota utama mengalami pertumbuhan paling pesat karena berfungsi sebagai penggerak ekonomi dan pencipta lapangan kerja.
Paper ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pencemaran udara akibat pabrik aspal. Analisis ini akan fokus pada emisi udara yang dihasilkan oleh pabrik aspal, dampak kesehatan dan lingkungan dari emisi tersebut, dan upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi pencemaran udara
Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka - [abdiera.com]Fathan Emran
Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka - abdiera.com. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 7 SMP/MTs Fase D Kurikulum Merdeka.
Workshop "CSR & Community Development (ISO 26000)"_di BALI, 26-28 Juni 2024Kanaidi ken
Dlm wktu dekat, Pelatihan/WORKSHOP ”CSR/TJSL & Community Development (ISO 26000)” akn diselenggarakan di Swiss-BelHotel – BALI (26-28 Juni 2024)...
Dgn materi yg mupuni & Narasumber yg kompeten...akn banyak manfaat dan keuntungan yg didpt mengikuti Pelatihan menarik ini.
Boleh jga info ini👆 utk dishare_kan lgi kpda tmn2 lain/sanak keluarga yg sekiranya membutuhkan training tsb.
Smga Bermanfaat
Thanks Ken Kanaidi
Materi ini membahas tentang defenisi dan Usia Anak di Indonesia serta hubungannya dengan risiko terpapar kekerasan. Dalam modul ini, akan diuraikan berbagai bentuk kekerasan yang dapat dialami anak-anak, seperti kekerasan fisik, emosional, seksual, dan penelantaran.
Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 11 Fase F Kurikulum MerdekaFathan Emran
Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 11 SMA/MA Fase F Kurikulum Merdeka - abdiera.com. Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 11 SMA/MA Fase F Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 11 SMA/MA Fase F Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 11 SMA/MA Fase F Kurikulum Merdeka. Modul Ajar Matematika Kelas 11 SMA/MA Fase F Kurikulum Merdeka.
3. Posisi Meteorologis Indonesia
Antara 2 benua dan 2 osean
Dilalui equator geografis dan meteorologis
Terletak di daerah equatorial, zona tektonik aktif dan monsun
Menerima surplus energi disegala nusim
Menerima panas sensible dan laten dalam jumlah besar
Campuran atmosfer-hidrosfer-litosfer-kriosfer-biosfer
Wilayah pegunungan dan kepulauan –angin lokal
Terjadi eknioks 2 kali per tahun
4.
5. Gaya Coriolis (Gaya Semu)
Gaya yang disebabkan rotasi
bumi.
Efek yang ditimbulkan:
BBU membelokan udara
bergerak kekanan
BBS membelokan udara kekeri
Gaya Coriolis dirumuskan;
6. Siklon (Cyclone)
• Berdasarkan pergerakannya, siklon dibedakan atas siklon
tropis dan siklon ekstra tropis.
• Siklon tropis terjadi di daerah tropis, yaitu antara 10°-20° LU
dan 10°-20° LS. Sering terjadi di wilayah lautan daripada di
daratan. Diameter angin siklon tropik ± 100.500 km,
kecepatannya antara 100-500 km/jam, dan gradien
barometernya antara 50-100 mb,
• Siklon ekstra tropis terjadi di daerah sedang pada lintang 35°-
65° LU dan 35°-65° LS, yaitu di sekitar wilayah front tempat
bertemunya massa angin barat yang panas dan angin timur
yang dingin. Tekanan udara ±15 mb dan kecepatannya ±30
km/jam.
ME 2112 -- Zadrach L. Dupe
7. Siklon Tropis
4 tahap pertumbuhan Siklon Tropis:
1. Gangguan Tropis,
2. Depresi Tropis,
3. Badai Tropis, dan
4. Siklon Tropis atau Taifun atau Hurricane
Gangguan
Tropis
Depresi
Tropis
Badai
Tropis
Siklon
Tropis
ME 2112 -- Zadrach L. Dupe
8. Gangguan tropis
- kumpulan beberapa sistem hujan badai (thunderstorms) dengan
isobar sedikit melengkung
- kecepatan angin kurang dari 20 knot
Depresi tropis
- kumpulan thunderstorm yang lebih terorganisir
- memiliki sebuah isobar tertutup
- kecepatan angin antara 20-34 knot
Badai tropis
- sistem berotasi berlawanan arah jarum jam di BBU dan sebaliknya di
BBS, tetapi belum memiliki ‘MATA’ siklon
- memiliki dua isobar tertutup
- kecepatan angin antara 35-64 knot
- pada tahap ini badai diberi nama
Siklon tropis atau Hurricane atau Taifun
- ‘MATA’ siklon sudah terbentuk
- memiliki minimal tiga isobar tertutup
- kecepatan angin melebihi 64 knot ( > 74 mph atau > 119 kmph)
ME 2112 -- Zadrach L. Dupe
9. Doppler radar yang
memperlihatkan part
angin topan utama :
• Mata
• Dinding mata
• Kumpulan hujan
Perhitungan perputaran
jarum jam
Struktur Siklon Tropis
10. Siklon tropis terbentuk pada lintang >10 derajat (LU & LS).
Suhu muka laut (SST atau Sea Surface Temperatur) di atas ±
26,5
Adanya daerah perairan yang luas. Sumber energi utama dari
suatu siklon tropis adalah uap air
Adanya gangguan dekat permukaan dengan vortisitas dan
konvergensi mencukupi
Shear angin vertikal yang rendah di antara permukaan dan
bagian atas troposfer (kurang dari 10 m/detik)
Adanya lapisan yang relatif basah dekat troposfer bagian
tengah (pada ketinggian 5 km).
faktor penunjang terbentuknya Siklon Tropis
11. Siklon tropis meninggalkan perairan. Sehingga
penguapan yang memasok uap air untuk energi
sebuah siklon akan berkurang.
Siklon menuju daratan dimana daratan lebih cepat
dingin dari perairan, sehingga udara naik menjadi
lebih dingin
Contour atau topografi daratan yang menghambat
sikol tropis.
Penyebab matinya sebuah siklon tropis
:
12. Syarat terbentuknya siklon tropis antara lain ;
temperature permukaan laut yang cukup panas(26,5
derajat celcius), Parameter Coriollis yang bergantung
pada topografi/posisi lintang, shear angin vertikal yang
rendah di antara permukaan dan bagian atas troposfer,
adanya daerah perairan yang luas, dan adanya gangguan
dekat permukaan dengan vortisitas dan konvergensi
mencukupi.
Siklon tropis akan berakhir jika ia meninggalkan
perairan sehingga energinya berkurang serta contour
topografi juga akan menghambat siklon tropis.
Syarat terbentuk Siklon Tropis
13. TAHAP LAHIR, ditandai oleh susunan awan yg
nisbi acak & garis badai yg berkaitan dg gerak
gangguan gelombang angin timuran.
TAHAP DEWASA, ditandai oleh sirkulasi rotasi
yg kuat dg kondisi simetris & pola awan
teratur disertai mata siklon yg bertekanan
rendah.
TAHAP MATI, ditandai oleh sirkulasi yg makin
melebar shg ukuran & bentuknya menjadi tdk
simetris.
PERTUMBUHAN BADAI TROPIS DPT DIBAGI MENJD 3
TAHAP yaitu:
14. Animasi pergerakkan Siklon Tropis ketika mendekati garis pantai
Storm Surge datang 3-5 jam sebelum pusat badai menerpa pantai
Pantai curam
Pantai Landai
Di BBU kecepatan angin sebelah
kanan ST > dari yang di kiri dan
sebaliknya di BBS
Kerusakan lebih besar terjadi di
Pantai yang landai
ME 2112 -- Zadrach L. Dupe
22. Perubahan iklim
Mitigasi : berbagai tindakan aktif untuk mencegah/
memperlambat terjadinya perubahan iklim/
pemanasan global & mengurangi dampak
perubahan iklim/pemanasan global (melalui
upaya penurunan emisi GRK, peningkatan
penyerapan GRK, dll.)
Adaptasi ; adalah berbagai tindakan
penyesuaian diri terhadap
kondisi perubahan iklim yang
terjadi.
23. Pelaku Mitigasi & Adaptasi
Pelaku Kegiatan
Pemerintah Ratifikasi konvensi Perubahan iklim (UNFCCC) dan
Protokol Kyoto;
Pengembangan program-program terkait dengan
mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim
Masyarakat Mengurangi konsumsi listrik misalnya melalui
penggunaan lampu heamat energi;
Mematikan peralatan elektronik yang tidak digunakan;
Mengurangi penggunaan kendaraan pribadi;
Meningkatkan penggunaan transportasi massal;
Bersepeda atau berjalan kaki untuk jarak dekat;
Menanam pohon di sekitar tempat tinggal.
Industri Pemanfaatan energi secara efisien;
Pemanfaatan bahan baker dan bahan baku yang ramah
lingkungan
