This document provides information about metamorphism and igneous rocks. It defines metamorphism as the change of minerals or texture in rocks without melting due to heat, pressure, or fluids. It describes different types of metamorphism including burial, regional, contact, and dynamic. It also defines igneous rocks as those formed from cooling magma and describes intrusive and extrusive varieties and examples like granite, basalt, and pumice.

1. EARTH and LIFE SCIENCE
First Quarter – Module 4
Endogenic Processes (Part 2)

2. Science – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Endogenic Processes
Second Edition, 2021
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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the
nature of Endogenic Processes. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1 – Metamorphism
• Lesson 2- Types of Igneous Rocks
Content Standard: The learner demonstrate understanding of the processes that occur whithin
the Earth.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe the physical and chemical changes in rocks due to changes in pressure and
temperature (metamorphism) and
2. Compare and contrast the formation of the different types of igneous rocks.
What I Know
Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is incorrect. Use another sheet of paper for
your answer.
1. Burial metamorphism occurs when sediments are buried deeply enough that the heat
and pressure cause minerals to begin to recrystallize and new minerals to grow but does
not leave the rock with a foliated appearance.
2. Regional metamorphism refers to large-scale metamorphism, such as what happens to
continental crust along convergent tectonic margins.
3. Contact metamorphism happens when a body of magma intrudes into the upper part of
the crust.
4. Dynamic metamorphism is the result of very high shear stress, as it occurs along fault
zones.
5. Metamorphism is the change of minerals or geologic texture in pre-existing rocks without
the protolith melting into liquid magma.
6. Plutonic igneous rock is formed from lithification.
7. Scoria is a light-colored and coarse-grained rock.
8. Igneous extrusive is also known as plutonic igneous rock.
9. Magma that reaches the earth’s surface during a volcanic eruption is called lava.
10. The collision of rock layers causes rocks to be folded, broken, and stacked on each other.
11. In subduction zones, oceanic lithosphere is forced down into the hot mantle resulting to
a unique combination of relatively low temperatures and very high pressures.
12. The outcome of metamorphism depends on pressure, temperature, and the abundance
of fluid involved.
13. Contact metamorphism produces non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as hornfels,
marble, and quartzite.
14. Rocks that form from regional metamorphism are likely to be foliated because of the
strong directional pressure of converging plates.
15. Heat is important in contact metamorphism.
What’s In
In metamorphism there is an alteration of the composition or structure of a rock by heat,
pressure, or another natural agency. Look at the figures below and briefly describe each. Write
your answer on a separate sheet.

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Figure 1 Different Types of Rocks
Source: konnecthq.com
Figure 2 Type of Metamorphic rock
Source: thoughtco
Figure 3 Foliated metamorphic rock
Source: opentextbc.ca
What’s New
Activity 1
Jumbled Words
Form the correct word of the jumbled letters to identify the important terms related to
metamorphism and igneous rocks. Use the meaning of the word as your clue. Write your
answer on a separate sheet.
Jumbled Word Meaning Your Answer
CIMANYD Constant change
TACTCON Physical touching
GIONALRE Characteristics of a region
EVISURTXE Extruded at the earth’s surface
SUOENGI KCOR Crystalline or glassy rock
CINOTULP Form by solidification of magma
NITEGRA A very hard igneous rock
ROBBAG Coarse-grained plutonic rock
Description:
Description:
Description:

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CANICVOL Produced by a volcano
MSIHPROMATEM A change in the structure of minerals due
to high heat and pressure.
SIVEINTRU Rocks that slowly solidifies beneath the
earth’s surface
BALAST Mafic silicate rock
TURETEX Visual and tactile quality of rocks
POSITIONCOM Mixture of varied minerals, crystal and
debris of different proportions
AVAL Molten rocks coming from a volcano
What Is It
METAMORPHISM
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process
called metamorphism, which means "change in form”. The original rock, protolith, is subjected
to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and a pressure of 100 megapascals (1,000 bar)
or more, causing profound physical or chemical change. The protolith may be
a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock.
Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth's crust and form 12% of the Earth's land
surface. They are classified by texture and by chemical and mineral assemblage (metamorphic
facies). They may be formed simply by being deep beneath the Earth's surface, subjected to high
temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers above it. They can form
from tectonic processes such as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction
and distortion. They are also formed when rock is heated by the intrusion of hot molten rock
called magma from the Earth's interior. The study of metamorphic rocks (now exposed at the
Earth's surface following erosion and uplift) provides information about the temperatures and
pressures that occur at great depths within the Earth's crust. Some examples of metamorphic
rocks are gneiss, slate, marble, schist, and quartzite.
Metamorphism is the change of minerals or geologic texture in pre-existing rocks,
without the protolith melting into liquid magma. The change occurs primarily due to heat,
pressure, and the introduction of chemically active fluids. This occurs because some minerals
are stable only under certain conditions of pressure and temperature. When pressure and
temperature change, chemical reactions occur to cause the minerals in the rock to change to an
assemblage that is stable at the new pressure and temperature conditions.
Burial metamorphism occurs when sediments are buried deeply enough that the heat
and pressure cause minerals to begin to recrystallize and new minerals to grow but does not leave
the rock with a foliated appearance. As metamorphic processes go, burial metamorphism takes
place at relatively low temperatures (up to ~300 °C) and pressures (100s of m depth).
Fig 1. Rocks that undergo burial metamorphism
Source: quora.com
Regional metamorphism refers to large-scale metamorphism, such as what happens to
continental crust along convergent tectonic margins (where plates collide). The collisions result

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in the formation of long mountain ranges, like those along the western coast of North
America. The force of the collision causes rocks to be folded, broken, and stacked on each other,
so not only is there the squeezing force from the collision, but from the weight of stacked rocks.
The deeper rocks are within the stack, the higher the pressures and temperatures, and the higher
the grade of metamorphism that occurs. Rocks that form from regional metamorphism are likely
to be foliated because of the strong directional pressure of converging plates.
Fig 2. Position of the lithosphere as it undergoes regional metamorphism
Source: openpress.usask.ca
Subduction Metamorphism
At subduction zones, where ocean lithosphere is forced down into the hot mantle, there is
a unique combination of relatively low temperatures and very high pressures. The high pressures
are to be expected, given the force of collision between tectonic plates, and the increasing
lithostatic pressure as the subducting slab is forced deeper and deeper into the mantle.
Fig.3. Movements of the Ocean lithosphere during subduction metamorphism
Source: opentextbc.ca/ openpress.usask.ca
Contact metamorphism happens when a body of magma intrudes into the upper part of
the crust. Heat is important in contact metamorphism, but pressure is not a key factor, so contact
metamorphism produces non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as hornfels, marble, and quartzite.
Fig.4. Contact Metamorphism
Source: openpress.usask.ca
Dynamic metamorphism is the result of very high shear stress, such as occurs along
fault zones. Dynamic metamorphism occurs at relatively low temperatures compared to other

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types of metamorphism and consists predominantly of the physical changes that happen to a rock
experiencing shear stress. It affects a narrow region near the fault, and rocks nearby may appear
unaffected.
Fig.5. Dynamic Metamorphism
Source: quora.com
IGNEOUS ROCK
Igneous Rock got its name from a Latin word “ignis” which means fire. The parent material
of ignoeus rocks is usually magma, a molten material from deep within the Earth that cools and
hardens.There are many varieties of igneous rocks and they are given names based upon two
things: texture (how big the crsytals are) and composition (what they made of)
a. Texture refers to the general appearance of an igneous rock. The texture of an igneous
rock is strongly affected by the rate of cooling of the magma that results in the formation
of crystals.
b. Composition refers to the elements in the magma that directly affect the kind of mineral
that is formed when the magma cools.
Types of Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks may be classified into two groups according to where the magma cools and
solidifies.
A. Igneous Intrusive or Plutonic Igneous
Some magma rise and flow into the cracks in the crust but do not reach the surface;
instead they harden deep inside the crust. They are called igneous intrusive or plutonic
igneous. This rock cools slowly and take thousands or even million of years to solidify.
Most common examples of igneous intrusive rocks.
1. Granite is one of the most important rocks in the crust. It is also the most common
rock type. It is a light-colored and coarse grained rock.
2. Gabbro is dark-colored igneous rock often times called “ black granite”. The dark
color is due to a higher content of iron and the magnesium but with a lower content
of quartz.
B. Igneous Extrusive also known as Volcanic Igneous
Sometimes magma may reach the surface or erupt onto the surface from volcanoes. This
extrusion onto the surface is called lava. When lava cools, it solidifies. Since solidification
occurs at the surface of the Earth, the rock is called igneous extrusive or volcanic igneous.
Most common examples of igneous extrusive.
1. Basalt as a specific rock is usually dark-colored, hard, fine-grained and
with high specific gravity. This is due to the high content of iron and
magnesium and some feldspar.
2. Obsidian that is formed from lava is also dark-colored but glassy, meaning
it has no crystal. During early times, these rocks were used for weapons
and tools was by shaping them into pointed and sharp-edged objects.
3. Pumice is characterized by the prescence of many air holes. This is
because gas bubbles are trapped in the rock during the cooling process
leaving tiny bubbles.
4. Scoria is formed in the same manner as pumice, but it has larger holes
and is much denser and darker.

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What’s More
Activity2. Metamorphic Activity
Objectives: To diffirentiate contact and regional metamorphism.
Directions: Write your answer on a separate sheet.
Using diagram A answer the following questions.
1. Identify the type of metamorphism at F.
2. Identify other letters where metamorphism is also occurring.
3. Name the metamorphic rock that forms at letter E and F.
Diagram A
Using diagram B answer the following questions.
4. What type of metamorphism is occurring at position 1 and 2?
5. What is the difference between contact metamorphism from regional metamorphism?
Diagram B
What I Have Learned
Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet.
1. What is metamorphism?___________________________________________
2. How will the amount and type of metamorphism vary as you move across each
environment? _____________________________________________________
3.How do the types of igneous rocks differ from one another?________________
What I Can Do
Directions: Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
Draw and label the following metamorphic environments and describe each.
• Burial metamorphism
• Contact metamorphism
• Dynamic metamorphism
• Regional metamorphism
Position 1
Position 2

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Rubrics
Components Description Points
Reflection and Knowledge The drawing represents a clear understanding
of the information presented.
10
Basic skills Drawing exhibits attention to detail and a
variety of drawing techniques.
10
Shading/ Realism Shading is well done with defined attention to
detail.
10
Layout/ Proportion Layout and proportion are properly sketched.
Face looks natural without distortions.
10
Total 40
Assessment
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which three forces affect the pressure and heat that drives metamorphism?
A. internal heat of the Earth, the weight of overlying rocks, and the horizontal pressures
B. internal heat of the Earth, nuclear fission, heat in chemical weathering
C. weight of the overlying rocks, solar heating and nuclear fusion
D. horizontal pressures, bonding, heat released
2.What type of metamorphism involves mechanical deformation like shearing and grinding that
take place in fault zone?
A.contact metamorphism C. regional metamorphism
B.dynamic metamorphism D. noncontact metamorphism
3.Some magma rise and flow into the cracks of the crust but do not reach the surface instead
they harden deep inside the crust. What kind of rocks are formed?
A.igneous extrusive C. clastic sedimentary
B. igneous intrusive D. chemical sedimentary
4. Which of the following is the result of the changes in the composition of a rock?
A. reaction with hydrothermal fluids C. increase in pressure
B. increase in temperature D. all of these
5. What type of metamorphism is caused by high temperature and high pressure imposed over a
large volume of crust?
A. burial B. cataclastic C. contact D. regional
6. Which of the following processes will cause metamorphism?
A. a change in the chemical environment C. an increase in pressure
B. an increase in temperature D. all of these
7. What causes the increased temperature and pressure in regional metamorphism?
A. increase in temperature with increasing depth of burial
B. due to increased rate of radioactive decay
C. local intrusive heat source
D. impact metamorphism
8. What kind of rock is formed when lava cools and solidifies?
A. igneous extrusive C. metamorphic
B. ineous intrusive D. sedimentary
9. What is composition in the formation of varities of igneous rocks? It refers to the
____________.
A. elements in the magma that directly affect the kind of mineral that is formed
when magma cools
B. general appearance of an igneous rock
C. property of a rock to emit lights
D. hardness of rocks
10.How does contact metamorphism differ from regional metamorphism?
A.Contact metamorphism happens when a magma intrudes into the upper part of
the crust while regional metamorphism happens along convergent tectonic margins.
B.Contact metamorphism happens at the bottom of the crust while regional
metamorphism happens in the upper part of the crust.
C. Contact metamorphism happens in the upper part of the crust while regional
metamorphism happens at the bottom of the crust
D.both A and B
11.What type of volcanic rock contains a large number of bubbles that form when gases
escape from it?
A.basalt B.granite C.obsidian D.pumice

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12.Which of the following pairs of intrusive and extrusive rocks have the same mineral
composition?
A.granite and andesite C.gabbro and basalt
B.pumice and scoria D.diorite and basalt
13.Which of the following best describes a granite?
A. a light-colored, coarse-grained igneous rock poor in silica
B. light-colored, coarse-grained igneous rock rich in silica
C. a light-colored, fine-grained igneous rock poor in silica
D. light-colored, fine-grained igneous rock rich in silica
14.How does a magma make space for itself in order to rise through the crust?
A.by breaking off large blocks that sink into the magma chamber
B. by wedging open the overlying rock
C. by melting the surrounding rocks
D. all of these
15.How can a sill be distinguished from a lava flow?
A. The rocks above and below a sill will show evidence of heating but only the rocks
below a lava will show evidence of heating.
B. Sills generally do not have vesicles while lava generally have vesicles.
C. A sill is generally coarser-grained than a lava flow.
D.All of these
References
Bucher, K., & Grapes, R. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, 8th Edition.
Springer. 2011
Salandanan, Gloria G. Ph.D,et.al. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School.
Lorimar Publishing, Inc. 2016
Web Sources
https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/10-3-types-of-metamorphism-and-where-
they-occur-2/
https://www.google.com/search?q=metamorphism&oq=met&aqs=chrome.1.69i59l3j46j69i59j0j6
9i60j69i61.3438j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock#:
~:text=Metamorphic%20rocks%20arise%20from%20the,means%20%22change%20in%20form
%22.&text=They%20may%20be%20formed%20simply
https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chap3mult.html

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Answer Key
What’s
New
1.
Dynamic
2.
Contact
3.
Regional
4.
Extrusive
5.
Igneous
rock
6.
Plutonic
7.
Granite
8.
Gabbro
9.
Volcanic
10.Metamorphism
11.
Intrusive
12.
Basalt
13.Textures
14.
Composition
15.
Lava
What’s
More
1.Contact
metamorphism
2.
D,
E
3.Marble
and
Quartz
4.Position
1:
Contact
Metamorphism
Position
2:
Regional
Metamorphism
5.
Contact
metamorphism
happens
when
a
body
of
magma
intrudes
into
the
upper
part
of
the
crust
while
regional
metamorphism
happens
to
continental
crust
along
convergent
tectonic
margins
where
plate
collides.

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