Shivam yadav
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Linkage refers to two genes located on the same chromosome. Genes that are close together on a chromosome are tightly linked. Crossing over is the process where homologous chromosomes exchange equal segments during genetic recombination. There are two theories that describe the mechanism of crossing over - the contact-first theory proposes the chromosomes first touch and break at the contact point before recombining, while the breakage-first theory states the chromosomes first break independently before recombining their segments. A three-point test cross can identify eight phenotypic classes through their frequencies or altered gene arrangements.
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Genetics ;genes, chromosomes and crossin over
This document discusses genetics and chromosomes. It states that genetics deals with heredity and variation, and chromosomes carry genes and transfer characteristics from one generation to the next. It describes that chromosomes exist in pairs and come in different types depending on the position of the centromere. Each species has a constant number of chromosomes maintained through meiosis. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins and determine traits. Crossing over occurs during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange segments, producing genetic variation in populations.
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Linkage
The document discusses the concept of linkage, where genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. It notes that in a test cross of genes A and C located on the same chromosome, the F1 individual would only produce two types of gametes - those containing the parental combinations or those containing recombinant combinations, with parental combinations making up more than 50% of gametes. Linkage results in the formation of more parental phenotypes in the F2 generation compared to unlinked genes, which assort independently and produce recombinant phenotypes at a rate of 50%.
Chromosomal theory of inheritance in relation to cell division
This document describes the chromosomal theory of inheritance proposed by Sutton and Boveri in 1903. They concluded that chromosomes contain genes which govern the transmission of characters from parents to offspring, establishing chromosomes as the physical basis of inheritance. The theory was supported by evidence including sex chromosomes, sex linkages, and structural chromosomal changes observed through experiments in grasshoppers. The document then provides details about cell division, the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and compares the key differences between mitosis and meiosis.
LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER
Linkage and crossing over , discovery of linked genes,types of crossing over,significance and difference between linkage and crossing over, complete presentation with suitable examples and figures
Linkage and crossing over
The document discusses linkage and crossing over in genetics. It defines linkage as two or more genes staying together on the same chromosome during inheritance. Crossing over refers to the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis. There are two main types of linkage - complete linkage where no crossing over occurs, and incomplete linkage where crossing over does occur, resulting in both parental and recombinant offspring types. The document also outlines the mechanism of crossing over and factors that can influence its frequency.
linkage and crossing over
This document discusses linkage and crossing over in genetics. It begins by defining linkage as genes located on the same chromosome staying together during inheritance. Linkage is discovered when genes are inherited together more often than expected by chance. Crossing over occurs when genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes, allowing for new combinations of genes. The document then discusses different aspects of linkage and crossing over, including how they were discovered, characteristics, mechanisms, factors that affect them, and differences between the two concepts. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like complete versus incomplete linkage.
Linkage and crossing over
1. Linkage occurs when genes located on the same chromosome fail to assort independently during meiosis. This causes traits to be inherited together in offspring.
2. Bateson and Punnett first reported linkage in 1906 while studying flower color and pollen shape in peas. They observed a deviation from expected Mendelian ratios, indicating linkage between the genes.
3. Morgan's studies of fruit flies provided the first evidence that linkage is due to genes being located on the same chromosome. Crossing over during meiosis can lead to new combinations of linked genes.
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Genetics ;genes, chromosomes and crossin over
This document discusses genetics and chromosomes. It states that genetics deals with heredity and variation, and chromosomes carry genes and transfer characteristics from one generation to the next. It describes that chromosomes exist in pairs and come in different types depending on the position of the centromere. Each species has a constant number of chromosomes maintained through meiosis. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins and determine traits. Crossing over occurs during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange segments, producing genetic variation in populations.
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Linkage and crossing over , discovery of linked genes,types of crossing over,significance and difference between linkage and crossing over, complete presentation with suitable examples and figures
Linkage and crossing over
The document discusses linkage and crossing over in genetics. It defines linkage as two or more genes staying together on the same chromosome during inheritance. Crossing over refers to the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis. There are two main types of linkage - complete linkage where no crossing over occurs, and incomplete linkage where crossing over does occur, resulting in both parental and recombinant offspring types. The document also outlines the mechanism of crossing over and factors that can influence its frequency.
linkage and crossing over
This document discusses linkage and crossing over in genetics. It begins by defining linkage as genes located on the same chromosome staying together during inheritance. Linkage is discovered when genes are inherited together more often than expected by chance. Crossing over occurs when genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes, allowing for new combinations of genes. The document then discusses different aspects of linkage and crossing over, including how they were discovered, characteristics, mechanisms, factors that affect them, and differences between the two concepts. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like complete versus incomplete linkage.
Linkage and crossing over
1. Linkage occurs when genes located on the same chromosome fail to assort independently during meiosis. This causes traits to be inherited together in offspring.
2. Bateson and Punnett first reported linkage in 1906 while studying flower color and pollen shape in peas. They observed a deviation from expected Mendelian ratios, indicating linkage between the genes.
3. Morgan's studies of fruit flies provided the first evidence that linkage is due to genes being located on the same chromosome. Crossing over during meiosis can lead to new combinations of linked genes.
Linkage & Crossing Over
1. Linkage refers to the tendency of genes located on the same chromosome to be inherited together. Linked genes remain in their original combination during inheritance.
2. Crossing over occurs during meiosis when exchange of genetic material occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of genes.
3. Recombination produces new variations in offspring through the formation of recombinant chromosomes from crossing over. This contributes to genetic variation and evolution.
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Gene linkage
Genes located physically close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis. This tendency is known as genetic linkage. There are two types of genetic linkage - complete and incomplete linkage. Complete linkage occurs when two genes are so close that they are never separated by crossing over during meiosis. Incomplete linkage means genes have some tendency to separate due to crossing over, resulting in both parental and recombinant progeny. Genetic linkage is significant for plant breeding as it prevents desirable traits from being easily combined into one variety and maintains linked characteristics over generations.
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This document discusses genetic linkage and crossing over during meiosis. It defines linkage as genes located near each other on the same chromosome tending to be inherited together. Crossing over occurs when non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material, producing new allele combinations and reducing linkage. The arrangement of alleles on homologous chromosomes, whether in coupling or repulsion phase, determines the outcome of crosses between linked genes. Recombination frequency is used to measure linkage and construct genetic maps showing gene order on chromosomes.
Crossing over
Crossing over was first discovered by Thomas Hunt Morgan. It occurs during meiosis-I and involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting in recombinant chromosomes. The percentage of crossing over between two genes is directly proportional to the distance between them, with closer genes having a lower chance of crossing over than more distant genes. Crossing over contributes to genetic variation in offspring by recombining parental alleles on chromatids.
LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER
Genetic linkage occurs when alleles located near each other on a chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis. Genes located closer together are less likely to undergo chromosomal crossover and become separated, making them more likely to be inherited together. The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the chance that a crossover will occur between them. Crossing over during meiosis can lead to new combinations of genes on homologous chromosomes. The frequency of crossing over depends on the distance between genes, with genes farther apart having a greater chance of crossover.
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
This theory proposes that hereditary traits are transmitted from one generation to the next through chromosomes and gametes. Gametes contain only one set of chromosomes and fuse during fertilization to restore the paired chromosome condition. Chromosomes are replicated and passed from parents to offspring, behaving in accordance with Mendel's laws of inheritance and explaining the mechanism of inheritance. Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, which can be of the XX-XY, ZZ-ZW, or XX-XO types.
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This document discusses linkage and pedigree analysis. It defines linkage as genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together. There are different types of linkage based on crossing over and chromosomes. Pedigree analysis uses family trees to study inheritance patterns of traits. Key things to examine in a pedigree include whether a trait is dominant or recessive and autosomal or sex-linked. Autosomal traits affect both sexes equally, while sex-linked traits have distinctive patterns of inheritance depending on if they are X-linked or Y-linked. Pedigree analysis can determine genotypes and predict future inheritance.
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The document discusses the discovery of genetic linkage and crossing over. It notes that Morgan discovered that genes are located linearly on chromosomes. Linkage occurs when genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. There are two types of linkage: complete and incomplete. Incomplete linkage occurs when genes are far apart on a chromosome and can be separated during meiosis due to crossing over, where segments are exchanged between homologous non-sister chromatids. Crossing over increases with physical distance between genes and allows the construction of genetic maps.
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A briefly discussion on Genetic Linkage and Crossing Over which is considered as basic of Classical Genetics.
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The document discusses sexual reproduction and genetics. It covers meiosis, which reduces chromosome number and involves two divisions. Meiosis produces four haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes. The document also discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his principles of dominance, segregation and independent assortment. It introduces concepts like genes, alleles, genotypes and phenotypes. Punnett squares are used to predict offspring ratios from genetic crosses. The document notes that linked genes on the same chromosome may not assort independently, and polyploidy involves extra sets of chromosomes.
linkage
This document provides an overview of linkage in genetics. It discusses how Sutton and Boveri proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance, where genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. It then summarizes Bateson and Punnett's pioneering experiments in 1906 that first discovered linkage between genes controlling flower color and pollen shape in sweet peas. The document outlines different phases and types of linkage, how linkage can be detected through test crosses, and the significance of linkage for plant breeding and genetics research.
Cytological proof for crossing over
Curt Stern provided the first cytological evidence of genetic crossing over in 1931 through experiments with Drosophila. He used a female fly with two distinct X chromosomes - one normal and one broken into segments. These chromosomes contained different alleles for eye color and shape. His analysis of offspring from crosses showed recombinant chromosome types could only arise through exchange of segments between homologous non-sister chromatids, proving that genetic crossing over involves an actual exchange of chromosome segments. Similar results were later found in maize by Creighton and McClintock, firmly establishing the cytological basis of genetic recombination.
Mitosis, meiosis and inheritance
Mitosis and meiosis are both forms of cell division. Mitosis produces two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent cell, while meiosis ensures the chromosome number remains the same between generations by reducing the number in reproductive cells. Walter Flemming described mitosis and chromosomes in 1882, while Theodor Boveri described meiosis in 1914, though they did not connect these observations to Mendel's inheritance concepts. Later, Walter Sutton proposed chromosomes were the carriers of inheritance, passing traits between generations, which was proven by T.H. Morgan's experiments demonstrating traits were linked to specific chromosomes.
10.1 meiosis
Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division that results in four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate and non-sister chromatids may exchange DNA through crossing over. This leads to new combinations of parental alleles in offspring. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four unique gametes. Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis contributes further to genetic variation between offspring.
Basics of genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. It examines how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Genetics has four main subdivisions: classical genetics studies trait inheritance, molecular genetics examines DNA and proteins, population genetics analyzes genetic differences within/between populations, and quantitative genetics uses mathematics to study gene-trait relationships. Key terms include chromosomes, genes, alleles, SNPs, recombination, linkage analysis, and linkage disequilibrium. Chromosomes carry genetic material in the form of genes. Genes contain DNA and code for traits. Alleles are variant forms of genes that determine genotypes. SNPs are single nucleotide substitutions that can influence disease susceptibility.
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covers basic points in linkage and recombination was prepared from books like sinster and simmions, bd singh and tamrind book. self understandable.
Crossing Over.pptx
Crossing over refers to the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis. This leads to new combinations of genes on chromosomes. There are two main theories that explain the relationship between crossing over and chiasma formation - the classical two-plane theory and the widely accepted one-plane or chiasma type theory. The mechanism of crossing over involves synapsis of homologous chromosomes, formation of tetrads, exchange of chromatid segments at chiasmata, and terminalization. Crossing over is significant because it generates genetic variability and plays an important role in evolution and plant breeding.
Crossing Over.pptx
Crossing over refers to the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis. This leads to new combinations of genes on chromosomes. There are two main theories that explain the relationship between crossing over and chiasma formation - the classical two-plane theory and the widely accepted one-plane or chiasma type theory. The mechanism of crossing over involves synapsis of homologous chromosomes, formation of tetrads, exchange of chromatid segments at chiasmata, and terminalization. Crossing over is significant as it generates genetic variability and plays an important role in evolution and plant breeding.
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Linkage & Crossing Over
1. Linkage refers to the tendency of genes located on the same chromosome to be inherited together. Linked genes remain in their original combination during inheritance.
2. Crossing over occurs during meiosis when exchange of genetic material occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of genes.
3. Recombination produces new variations in offspring through the formation of recombinant chromosomes from crossing over. This contributes to genetic variation and evolution.
Cytological proof of crossing over
Cytological proof of crossing over
Stern's Experiment (Drosophila)
Stern's experiment to demonstrate cytological crossing over
Factors affecting Crossing over
Significance of crossing over in plant breeding
coincidence
Coefficient of Coincidence
Interference
Gene linkage
Genes located physically close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis. This tendency is known as genetic linkage. There are two types of genetic linkage - complete and incomplete linkage. Complete linkage occurs when two genes are so close that they are never separated by crossing over during meiosis. Incomplete linkage means genes have some tendency to separate due to crossing over, resulting in both parental and recombinant progeny. Genetic linkage is significant for plant breeding as it prevents desirable traits from being easily combined into one variety and maintains linked characteristics over generations.
Meiosis, linkage and crossing over
This document discusses genetic linkage and crossing over during meiosis. It defines linkage as genes located near each other on the same chromosome tending to be inherited together. Crossing over occurs when non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material, producing new allele combinations and reducing linkage. The arrangement of alleles on homologous chromosomes, whether in coupling or repulsion phase, determines the outcome of crosses between linked genes. Recombination frequency is used to measure linkage and construct genetic maps showing gene order on chromosomes.
Crossing over
Crossing over was first discovered by Thomas Hunt Morgan. It occurs during meiosis-I and involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting in recombinant chromosomes. The percentage of crossing over between two genes is directly proportional to the distance between them, with closer genes having a lower chance of crossing over than more distant genes. Crossing over contributes to genetic variation in offspring by recombining parental alleles on chromatids.
LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER
Genetic linkage occurs when alleles located near each other on a chromosome tend to be inherited together during meiosis. Genes located closer together are less likely to undergo chromosomal crossover and become separated, making them more likely to be inherited together. The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the chance that a crossover will occur between them. Crossing over during meiosis can lead to new combinations of genes on homologous chromosomes. The frequency of crossing over depends on the distance between genes, with genes farther apart having a greater chance of crossover.
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
This theory proposes that hereditary traits are transmitted from one generation to the next through chromosomes and gametes. Gametes contain only one set of chromosomes and fuse during fertilization to restore the paired chromosome condition. Chromosomes are replicated and passed from parents to offspring, behaving in accordance with Mendel's laws of inheritance and explaining the mechanism of inheritance. Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, which can be of the XX-XY, ZZ-ZW, or XX-XO types.
Linkage and pedigree analysis
This document discusses linkage and pedigree analysis. It defines linkage as genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together. There are different types of linkage based on crossing over and chromosomes. Pedigree analysis uses family trees to study inheritance patterns of traits. Key things to examine in a pedigree include whether a trait is dominant or recessive and autosomal or sex-linked. Autosomal traits affect both sexes equally, while sex-linked traits have distinctive patterns of inheritance depending on if they are X-linked or Y-linked. Pedigree analysis can determine genotypes and predict future inheritance.
Linking and-crossing-over
The document discusses the discovery of genetic linkage and crossing over. It notes that Morgan discovered that genes are located linearly on chromosomes. Linkage occurs when genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. There are two types of linkage: complete and incomplete. Incomplete linkage occurs when genes are far apart on a chromosome and can be separated during meiosis due to crossing over, where segments are exchanged between homologous non-sister chromatids. Crossing over increases with physical distance between genes and allows the construction of genetic maps.
Genetic linkage and crossing over
A briefly discussion on Genetic Linkage and Crossing Over which is considered as basic of Classical Genetics.
Crossing over
Crossing over occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, forming recombinant chromosomes. It increases genetic variation in offspring by producing chromosomes with recombined alleles that are different from the parents. Crossing over involves two reciprocal breaks and reunions between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. This leads to offspring that have different combinations of genes and alleles than their parents.
Mendelian genetic
Mendelian Genetics discusses Gregor Mendel's principles of heredity and genetics. It defines key terms like phenotype, genotype, dominant and recessive alleles. It explains Mendel's two laws: 1) The Law of Segregation, which states that alleles segregate and only one allele is passed on from each parent during gamete formation. 2) The Law of Independent Assortment, which demonstrates that inheritance of different traits occurs independently through random assortment and separation of alleles during meiosis. Mendel tested these laws through pea plant experiments to predict inheritance patterns of traits.
Crossing over
Crossing over is an important phenomena during meiosis. In this presentation I'm trying to explain crossing over with pictures.
Bio. Ch. 10
The document discusses sexual reproduction and genetics. It covers meiosis, which reduces chromosome number and involves two divisions. Meiosis produces four haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes. The document also discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his principles of dominance, segregation and independent assortment. It introduces concepts like genes, alleles, genotypes and phenotypes. Punnett squares are used to predict offspring ratios from genetic crosses. The document notes that linked genes on the same chromosome may not assort independently, and polyploidy involves extra sets of chromosomes.
linkage
This document provides an overview of linkage in genetics. It discusses how Sutton and Boveri proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance, where genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. It then summarizes Bateson and Punnett's pioneering experiments in 1906 that first discovered linkage between genes controlling flower color and pollen shape in sweet peas. The document outlines different phases and types of linkage, how linkage can be detected through test crosses, and the significance of linkage for plant breeding and genetics research.
Cytological proof for crossing over
Curt Stern provided the first cytological evidence of genetic crossing over in 1931 through experiments with Drosophila. He used a female fly with two distinct X chromosomes - one normal and one broken into segments. These chromosomes contained different alleles for eye color and shape. His analysis of offspring from crosses showed recombinant chromosome types could only arise through exchange of segments between homologous non-sister chromatids, proving that genetic crossing over involves an actual exchange of chromosome segments. Similar results were later found in maize by Creighton and McClintock, firmly establishing the cytological basis of genetic recombination.
Mitosis, meiosis and inheritance
Mitosis and meiosis are both forms of cell division. Mitosis produces two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent cell, while meiosis ensures the chromosome number remains the same between generations by reducing the number in reproductive cells. Walter Flemming described mitosis and chromosomes in 1882, while Theodor Boveri described meiosis in 1914, though they did not connect these observations to Mendel's inheritance concepts. Later, Walter Sutton proposed chromosomes were the carriers of inheritance, passing traits between generations, which was proven by T.H. Morgan's experiments demonstrating traits were linked to specific chromosomes.
10.1 meiosis
Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division that results in four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate and non-sister chromatids may exchange DNA through crossing over. This leads to new combinations of parental alleles in offspring. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four unique gametes. Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis contributes further to genetic variation between offspring.
Basics of genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. It examines how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Genetics has four main subdivisions: classical genetics studies trait inheritance, molecular genetics examines DNA and proteins, population genetics analyzes genetic differences within/between populations, and quantitative genetics uses mathematics to study gene-trait relationships. Key terms include chromosomes, genes, alleles, SNPs, recombination, linkage analysis, and linkage disequilibrium. Chromosomes carry genetic material in the form of genes. Genes contain DNA and code for traits. Alleles are variant forms of genes that determine genotypes. SNPs are single nucleotide substitutions that can influence disease susceptibility.
Basics of linkage and recombination
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Crossing over refers to the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis. This leads to new combinations of genes on chromosomes. There are two main theories that explain the relationship between crossing over and chiasma formation - the classical two-plane theory and the widely accepted one-plane or chiasma type theory. The mechanism of crossing over involves synapsis of homologous chromosomes, formation of tetrads, exchange of chromatid segments at chiasmata, and terminalization. Crossing over is significant because it generates genetic variability and plays an important role in evolution and plant breeding.
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Crossing over refers to the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during meiosis. This leads to new combinations of genes on chromosomes. There are two main theories that explain the relationship between crossing over and chiasma formation - the classical two-plane theory and the widely accepted one-plane or chiasma type theory. The mechanism of crossing over involves synapsis of homologous chromosomes, formation of tetrads, exchange of chromatid segments at chiasmata, and terminalization. Crossing over is significant as it generates genetic variability and plays an important role in evolution and plant breeding.
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Crossing over refers to the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It results in new combinations of genes and genetic variation. Crossing over occurs via the formation of chiasmata, where segments are exchanged between chromatids. It can involve two, three, or all four chromatids, and can be single, double, or multiple. Factors like temperature, radiation, age, and nutrition can influence the rate of crossing over. Its significance includes providing evidence for gene order and creating genetic variation important for breeding programs.
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Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell to allow for fertilization and the combination of genetic material from two parents. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I separates homologous chromosome pairs, and Meiosis II separates sister chromatids. This process, along with independent assortment and crossing over of chromosomes, introduces genetic variation among gametes to promote evolution of populations. Errors in meiosis can result in gametes with extra or missing chromosomes and cause conditions like Down syndrome if fertilization occurs.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a two-step cell division process that produces gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes. It consists of Meiosis I, which separates homologous chromosome pairs, and Meiosis II, which separates sister chromatids. This results in four haploid daughter cells from one original diploid cell. The document provides details on the stages of meiosis, including prophase I with chromosome pairing and crossing over, and discusses how meiosis contributes to genetic diversity.
10.1 meiosis
Meiosis involves two cell divisions which reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid. Genetic variation is produced through crossing over in prophase I and random orientation of homologous chromosomes in metaphase I. Crossing over involves the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids, while random orientation means each chromosome is randomly arranged towards the cell center. Together, these processes result in almost infinite genetic diversity among gametes. Mendel's law of independent assortment, which states genes on different chromosomes assort independently, is demonstrated through random orientation during meiosis.
Activity- Simulating meiosis 1- Cut out the chromosomes on the second.docx
Activity- Simulating meiosis 1. Cut out the chromosomes on the second to last page of this lab. One color of chromosomes is inherited from one parent, and the other is inherited from the other parent. Use a paper clip to keep identical sister chromatids together. 2. Use the circles representing cells provided on the last two pages. Meiosis I Prophase I 1. Put all four of the chromosomes that you cut out and place them in the large oval cell labeled A pole and B pole. 2. Bring the members of the homologous pairs together forming a tetrad- Why do you think these are called a tetrad? 3. Crossing-over is the exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes. It creates genetic recombination during meiosis. Simulate crossingover by cutting off one yellow and blue circle from two nonsister chromatids of a single homologous pair and reattaching the circles on with tape. Why did we exchange from nonsister and not from sister chromatids? MetaphaseI Move the homologous chromosome pairs to the equator (middle of the cell) in such a way that the members of each pair can be moved towards opposite sides of the cell AnaphaseI Separate the each member of the homologous pair, moving them toward opposite poles of the cell TelophaseI Do the 2 chromosomes inherited from the father have to stay together after meiosis I? So, what are two ways that meiosis can create genetic recombination? Interkinesis Interkinesis is the periods of time between meiosis I and meiosis II. Meiosis II Prophase II Choose the chromosomes from each pole to represent those in the new parental cell undergoing meiosis II. Place them inside the top two cells on the next page. Metaphase II Move the chromosomes (made out of the sister chromatids) to the equator of this cell. How many chromosomes are at this equator? Anaphase II Pull apart the two sister chromatids Telophase II Once the sister chromatids are apart they are now each called a chromosome. Move each chromosome to its separate pole. Now these chromosomes are in their own cell in a new nucleus. Conclusions Do the new nuclei contain a haploid or diploid chromosome number compared to the original cell? Suppose you had worked with both daughter cells after meiosis I. How many cells would be present when meiosis II was complete? How many chromosomes are in the parental cell undergoing meiosis II (at the beginning of meiosis II? How many chromosomes are in the daughter cell (at the end of meiosis II)? How is this possible? Explain below. To summarize meiosis: the original parent cell has the diploid ( 2 n ) number of chromosomes, and the daughter cells at the end of meiosis II have the number of chromosomes. Meiosis is cell division in which the chromosome number does what?
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Meiosis in celular division
Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, resulting in two cells each with one chromosome from each homologous pair. Sister chromatids remain attached. In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid cells, each with an independent assortment of chromosomes. This process of meiosis and random fertilization leads to genetic variation between offspring.
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Shivam yadav
- 1. Linkage and Crossing over Presented by - shivam yadav Presented to Head of department - Shree Ashok sir Msc ag 1st sem Genetics and plant breeding
- 2. Linkage :- Linkage refers to the precense of two different gene on the same chromosome. Two gene gene that occur on the same chromosome are said to be linked, and those that occur very closed together are tightly linked. Crossing over :- process in genetic by which the two chormosome of a homologus pair exchange equal segment with each other.
- 3. Coupling :- The conditioin of having the dominant allels for both genes of the parental chromosome , with both recessive on the other parental chromosome, is called coupling. Repulsion :- The opposite condition the having one dominant and one recessive on each parental chromosome is called repulsion
- 4. Theories of crossing over :- (i)Contact fist theory : According to this theory the inner to chromatids of the homologus chromosomes under going crossing over ,first touch each other and then cross over .At the point of contact breakage occurs. The broken segments again unite to from new combination . (ii)The breakage –first theory : According to this theory the chromatids under going crossing over , first of all break into two without any crossing over and after that the broken segments reunite to form the new combination
- 5. Three point test cross : In a three point test cross eight different phenotypic classes are obtaind these eight classes are indentified in two different ways, viz., 1 by phenotypic frequencies and 2. by altration of gene