Retrospective application of SAFEMODE risk models to maritime accident invest...Yasser B. A. Farag
My presentation at the first International Maritime Human Factors Symposium, held in Glasgow in 2022. The presentation shows how barrier-based risk models could be used retrospectively in analysing accidents and incident data.
Retrospective application of SAFEMODE risk models to maritime accident invest...Yasser B. A. Farag
My presentation at the first International Maritime Human Factors Symposium, held in Glasgow in 2022. The presentation shows how barrier-based risk models could be used retrospectively in analysing accidents and incident data.
- Complexity of climate systems
- Climate modelling
- The need for modelling
- System thinking
- Analytical vs Numerical modeling
- Mathematical models
- Modeling process and model selection
- Model Uncertainty
- Modeling application and tools
The prevention of air pollution from ships-Marpol Annex VIYasser B. A. Farag
Annex VI of MARPOL convention for air pollution prevention from international shipping. The presentation includes an introductory information about:
Includes:
Regulation 12 - Emissions from Ozone depleting substances from refrigerating plants and fire fighting equipment
Regulation 13 - Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions from diesel engines
Regulation 14 - Sulphur Oxide (SOx) emissions from ships
Regulation 15 - Volatile Organic compounds
Regulation 16 - Emissions from shipboard incinerators
Regulation 18 - Fuel Oil quality.
Regulations 19 – Energy Efficiency on ships
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Ship common systems
1. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Marine Engineering UE231
2. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Valves
3. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Globe Valve
VALVE DISC
VALVE STEM
HANDWHEEL
BONNET
VALVE SEAT
STUFFING
BOX
VALVE
STEMLOCKING
NUT
VALVE
DISC
Valve Disc and Stem
FULLY OPEN
SHUT
PARTILY OPEN
(THROTTLED)
521
4. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Globe Valve
522
5. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Non-rising stem gate valve
523
6. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Rising stem handwheel assembly
STEM
BUSHING
HANDWHEEL
FIXED TO STEM
BUSHING
COLLARS ON BUSHING
PREVENTS UP OR DOWN
MOVEMENT OF
HANDWHEELROTATION OF THREAD
IN THE STEM BUSHING
CAUSES IT TO MOVE
VERTICALLY
LEFT HAND
THREAD
HANDWHEEL
SECURING NUT
YOKE
VALVE
OPEN
VALVE
CLOSED
COLLAR ON STEM TO
PREVENT UP OR DOWN
MOVEMENT
LEFT HAND THREAD
NUT
OPEN
CLOSE
524
7. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Rising stem handwheel assembly
STEM BUSHING
HANDWHEEL FIXED
TO STEM BUSHING
COLLARS ON BUSHING
PREVENTS UP OR DOWN
MOVEMENT OF
HANDWHEELROTATION OF THREAD IN
THE STEM BUSHING
CAUSES IT TO MOVE
VERTICALLY
LEFT HAND THREAD
HANDWHEEL
SECURING NUT
YOKE
525
8. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Swing Check Valve
VALVE COVER
PIVOT PIN
PIVOT ARM
VALVE SEAT FACE
VALVE DISC ASSEMBLY
VALVE BODY
ANGLE PLUG
FLOW
526
9. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Swing Check Valve Operation
NO FLOW FULL FLOW
REDUCED FLOW WRONG FLOW
VALVE IN SHUT POSITION
(UNDER GRAVITY)
VALVE IN OPEN POSITION
VALVE IN SHUT POSITION
(UNDER PRESSURE)
VALVE IN PART-OPEN POSITION
527
10. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
SDNR Valve in Closed Position
SDNR Valve Stem
Open, Disc Closed
SDNR Valve in
Closed Position
SDNR Stem
Open, Disc
Open
SDNR Stopping Back-Flow
Screw Down Non-Return Valve
528
11. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Direct acting relief valve
SEAT
BALL OR
POPPET
SPRING
O-RING SEAL
LOCKNUT
THREAD
RETURN TO OIL
TANK
FROM PUMP
DISCHARGE
RELIEF VALVE
INLET Port
OIL TO SYSTEM
ADJUSTMENT
KNOB
529
12. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Plug Valve
HANDLE
GLAND FOLLOWER
STEM
PACKING
VALVE BONNET
VALVE BODY
VALVE PLUG
VALVE PORT
VALVE CLOSED VALVE OPEN
530
13. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
4-Way Valve
PLUG ROTATES TO
START, DIVERT OR
STOP FLOW
TAPERED PLUG
STEM
PORT
VALV PLUG AND BODY
531
14. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Butterfly & Ball Valve
BALL
STEM
HANDLE
FLOW CAN
BE IN EITHER
DIRECTION
VALVE BODY
HANDLE
OPEN/CLOSE
D INDICATOR
VALVE DISC
NEOPRENE
INSERT
Ball Valve Butterfly Valve
532
15. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Fuel Tank Shut Off Valve
VALVE STEM
NUT
DISC
SEAT
STEM MOVEMENT ON
OPERATION
HYDRAULIC
PRESSURE
RELEASE
PISTON
LATCH
MOVEMENT
RESET HANDLE (TO
OPEN VALVE)
533
16. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
17. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Comparison
535
18. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Central Cooling System
19. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Central Cooling System
The system can be divided into three main parts:
1. sea water circuit
2. high temperature circuit
3. low temperature circuit.
1. SEA WATER CIRCUIT
• The main and stand-by pumps would be of the double entry
centrifugal type .
• Main circulating pumps must have direct bilge suctions, for
emergency, with a diameter two thirds that of the main sea
water inlet.
• In motor ships a direct suction on another pump of the same
capacity is acceptable .
537
20. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
2. HIGH TEMPERATURE CIRCUIT
• Cooling water for the main engine and
auxiliary engines is circulated by the pumps
on the left .
• At the outlet, the water is taken to the fresh
water distiller and the heat used for
evaporation of sea water.
• From the outlet of the fresh water distiller
the water is led back to the suction of the
high temperature pump through a control
valve (C) which is governed by engine inlet
temperature.
• The control valve mixes the low and high
temperature steams to produce the required
inlet figure-about 62°C. Outlet is about
70°C.
538
Central Cooling System
21. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
3. LOW TEMPERATURE CIRCUIT
• Temperature of the water leaving the central
coolers is governed by the control valve (F).
• Components of the system are arranged in
parallel or series groups as required .
• The pressure control valve works on a by-
pass. Temperature of the water after the
cooler may be 35 °C. and at exit from the
main engine oil coolers, it is about 45°C .
• Fresh water in both the high and low
temperature systems is treated chemically to
prevent corrosion in the pipes and coolers.
539
Central Cooling System
22. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021 540
Central Cooling System
23. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
ADVANTAGES
1. Provided that chemical treatment is maintained
correctly corrosion will be eliminated in the fresh
water system .
2. Pipes, valves and coolers in contact with only fresh
water, can be of cheaper materials.
3. The constant temperature level of the cooling
water means that control of engine coolers is easier
.
4. The number of sea water inlet valves is reduced
together with the filters that require cleaning
5. The higher water speeds possible in the fresh water
system result in reduced pipe dimensions and
installation cost .
541
24. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Fire, Bilge & Ballast Systems
25. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Fixed Fire System
The fire water supply system has to at least comply with international
requirements of SOLAS, II-2, Reg. 10
543
26. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
SOLAS requirements
544
27. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021 545
SOLAS requirements
28. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021 546
SOLAS requirements
29. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021 547
SOLAS requirements
30. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Fixed Fire System
548
31. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Emergency Fire Pump
549
32. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Pumping bilge rules >90m long
550
33. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021 551
Pumping bilge rules >90m long
34. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021 552
SOLAS Requirements
35. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021 553
SOLAS Requirements
36. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Bilge & Ballast system
554
37. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Bilge & Ballast system
Shaft tunnel
Ballast
Mud boxes
Non-return bilge valves
Non-return flap valves
Sounding pipes
Bilge level alarm
Bilge
SanitaryG.S.P
Recirculating
Pump
Bilge level alarm
Hold
Pumps
Engine
room
Bilge main
Hold
Hold
Hold
Direct suctionBilge injection
Aft. master v/v
Fwd. master v/v
To & from Fwd. holds
To & from
Aft. Holds
and tunnel
wells
555
38. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Bilge system – DNV GL
556
39. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Bilge system – DNV GL
557
40. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Bilge system – DNV GL
558
41. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Bilge system – DNV GL
559
42. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Bilge system – DNV GL
560
43. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Typical Bilge system
561
44. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Bilge & Ballast system
When the tank is full the screw lift ballast valve is shut and the line is blanked off until the tank requires
to be pumped out. When the tank is to be used for dry cargo the ballast line is blanked and the bilge line is
open. Great care is necessary to avoid any mistakes being made and a rigid routine is advised. Clear
explanatory notices are to be provided and all valves and fittings should be in good order and easily
accessible.
562
45. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Emergency Bilge Pump
• The function of this pump is to drain compartments
adjacent to a damaged compartment.
• The pump is capable of working when completely submerged
• The pump is a standard centrifugal pump with reciprocating
or rotary air pumps.
• The motor is enclosed in an air bell so that even with the
compartment full of water the compressed air in the bell
prevents water gaining access to the motor.
• The motor is usually dc operated by a separate remote
controlled electric circuit which is part of the vessels
emergency essential electric circuit.
• The pump is designed to operate for long periods without
attention and is also suitable for use as an emergency fire
pump.
• This design is particularly suited for use in large passenger
vessels giving outputs of about 216 t/hr.
563
46. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Domestic Fresh water system
47. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Automatic Domestic Water Supply System
• consists of a tank or reservoir for water supply. The pump discharge is
led in and out of the bottom of the tank on its way to the piping
system.
• The tank containing the water has an air space provided above the
water. As the water is used up the pressure of air will drop.
• A pressure switch is connected to the tank, this switch is almost
identical to that described in the refrigeration section so that when
air pressure falls to say 2 bar the lead from the tank to the bellows
serves to operate the switch so starting the pump. The pump builds up
water quantity in the tank until the air pressure is say 4 bar when the
pressure switch serves to shut off the pump.
• The differential for cut in and out can be adjusted for reasonable
running periods whilst maintaining a satisfactory pressure on sanitary
and/or fresh water fittings.
565
48. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Reason for distillate treatment
• The low operating temperature of the evaporator described, is not sufficient to sterilize the product.
Despite precautions near the coast, harmful organisms may enter with the sea water and pass through
to the domestic water tank and system.
• Additionally there is a likelihood that while in the domestic tank, water may become infested with
bacteria, due to a build up of a colony of organisms from some initial contamination.
• Sterilization by the addition of chlorine, is recommended in Merchant Shipping Notice M1214.
• Another problem with distilled water is that having none of the dissolved solids common in fresh
water it tastes flat.
• It also tends to be slightly acidic due to its ready absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2). This condition
makes it corrosive to pipe systems and less than beneficial to the human digestive tract.
566
49. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Fresh water treatment system
For domestic purposes the water used must be:
1. Slightly alkaline,
2. Sterilized,
3. Clear and
4. Pleasant tasting.
• To give alkalinity and to improve the taste of insipid distilled water,
carbonates of calcium and magnesium are used as a filter bed in a
neutralizer.
• To sterilize the water chlorine is used, this would normally be
solutions of hypochlorite or possibly the powder calcium chloride.
About 0.25 to 1 kg of chlorine would be required for every
1,000,000 kg of water.
• To produce clear water it can be passed through a sand bed filter.
• To improve taste a de-chlorination process is used. Chlorinated
water is passed through an activated carbon filter bed which will
absorb excess chlorine. Neutralizer, sand bed filter and carbon bed
filter can all have their flows reversed for cleaning purposes
567
50. M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g K n o w l e d g e U E 2 3 1 | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G1 January 2021
Fresh water Sterilization
Silver Ion Sterilization:
• The device works by releasing Silver ions, or charged particles into
the water line before the water reaches the storage tank.
• The Silver ions act to eliminate bacteria.
• The amount of metal released to the water passing through the
unit is controlled be the current setting
• The silver content of the water in the domestic system should not
exceed 0.08 ppm.
• This concentration must be checked by laboratory annually.
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Fresh water Sterilization
Ultra Violet light – UV treatment
• Simple and save technology without the use of chemicals
• For the purpose of killing bacteria UV light is employed.
• This is generated by low pressure mercury lamps that are
designed to produce optimal UV wavelength in water to
achieve maximum effect.
• Normally fitted downstream of the filters normally a 5 micron
is used
• Water enters the unit and flows in annular space between the
quartz sleeve and the outside chamber.
• The flow rate is important to ensure complete effectiveness
• The lamp should be replaced every 12 months.
• Direct eye contact with the UV light should be avoided.
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FW System maintenance
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FW System maintenance