THE PURIFIER: Is correct size gravity disc or dam ring which is responsible for creating an interface between the oil and water.
THE CLARAFIER: Is clarifiers are settling tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation.
THE PURIFIER: Is correct size gravity disc or dam ring which is responsible for creating an interface between the oil and water.
THE CLARAFIER: Is clarifiers are settling tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation.
THE PURIFIER: Is correct size gravity disc or dam ring which is responsible for creating an interface between the oil and water.
THE CLARAFIER: Is clarifiers are settling tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation.
Barauni Refinery is the second Public Sector Refinery of Indian Oil Corporation built in collaboration with erstwhile USSR and limited participation of Romania. It is located near the northern bank of river Ganga in Begusarai district of Bihar. The refinery went on stream in the year 1964 and was formally inaugurated by Prof. Humayun Kabir, the then Union Minister for Petroleum & Chemicals, Govt. of India on 15th January,1965.
Determining Loss of Liquid from Different Types of Mud by Various Addictives ...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Filtration is used in many industries to separate water from the solid. It is important to find fluid loss in drilling, cementing, fracturing, and almost every other type of downhole treatment design. The filter cake characterization is very essential for well selection of drilling fluid problems and formation damage. Therefore this study is taken up to experimentally investigate the effect of different concentrations of CMC, Starch, Wood fibers, Soda ash, Caustic soda, Bentonite and Barite on filtration loss and formation damages. Three different samples are used in this study at different concentration and a comparison is made. Although the discussion presented here is confined to fluid loss during drilling. Water-based drilling mud’s including Bentonite is wellknown and is being widely used in the petroleum industry. Among the important functions of water-based drilling fluid were to form filter cake on the wall of the well bore, prevent water leakage, and maintain the stability of the well wall. The properties of the water-based drilling fluid, such as the rheology and filtration loss, are affected by the fluid loss additive. Polymers, which are nontoxic, degradable, and environment friendly, are the best choice to be used as drilling fluids additives.
Determination of Mud and Rheology of Biodiesel Using Xantan Gum and PAMIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- The idea behind the current work is to determining the mud and biodiesel rheology (surface
tension, viscosity) by using Xanthan Gum and PAM (polyacrylamide) (-CH2CHCONH2-).The mud used in this
work is barite and bentonites at different samples to know the difference in their specific gravity, viscosity,
surface tension, and PH of the samples when chemical additives are added. And comparing this value with the
oil based mud’s which is prepared with biodiesel to reduce the impact of toxicity and make the environment
friendly drilling fluids.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Separation
Separation as a means of removing impurities from a fuel
can be undertaken by means of gravity in a settling tank
or by means of centrifuging the fuel. Both methods work
on the same principles that by subjecting the fuel to a
constant force, the denser components of the fuel
i.e water and dirt will be separated from the lighter
components i.e. the fuel itself.
Gravity acting on the fuel as it passes slowly through the
tank will separate the denser components from the fuel
where they will accumulate at the bottom of the tank. The
contaminants can then be remove by separation of
sludge from the tank.
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Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
3. Principle of separation
If an oily water mix is placed into a tank then separation of
the two parts will begin with the lighter element rising to
the top. The rate the separation occurs is governed by
several factors including the difference in specific gravities
and the force of gravity acting upon it.
For mixes placed into a settling tank there is little that can
be done about the gravity but the difference in the specific
gravities can be increased by heating. This because water
density changes at a much reduced rate when compared to
oil.
A wide shallow tank will increase the rate of clarification
over a tall thin tank
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Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
4. Principles of Separation
When a volume of light oil is placed into a tank
contain a weir and a quantity of water the fluids will
tend to arrange themselves as shown above. The height
of the water in the weir rises to a point governed by the
volume (and thereby relative height) and specific
gravity of the light oil.
Knowing this it is possible to form a rudimentary
purification system.
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Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
5. Principle of separation
As a oil/water mix is fed into the tank separation begins
with heavy particulates falling to the base of the tank along
with water which joins the other water excess overflowing
the heavy phase weir. Hopefully clear oil passes over the
light phase weir. The problem arises that to ensure their is
suffcient time to allow for full (separation of the oily mix
the flow would have to be very small relative to the size of
the tank.
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Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
6. Centrifuging
Centrifuging is the process by which the effects of
gravity can be amplified by the use of centrifugal
force to the extent that the separation process
becomes rapid and continuous. Centrifuges work by
rapidly spinning a bowl containing the liquid, thus
producing the required centrifugal force to produce
separation.
The principle of operation of the centrifuge is simple.
When a bowl containing impure fuel is rotated,
centrifugal forces will throw any item with density
greater than the fuel oil density (solids and free
water) to the periphery of the bowl.
4/8/2014 6
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
7. Centrifuging
Centrifugal separators used for the separation of two
liquids of different densities (fuel and water) are
known as purifiers and those used for separating
solid impurities are known as clarifiers. Purifiers will
also remove some solids and clarifiers will also
remove small quantities of water.
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Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
8. Principle of seperation in centrifuge containing
angled plate stack
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Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
9. Fluid moving between two plates has a velocity
greatest at mid point and minimum approaching
the plates.
a particle entering into the plates will tend to be
pushed upwards by the fluid flow. All the time
centrifugal force tends to retard the horizontal
component of the movement causing the partical
to approach the underside of the top disc. As it
approaches the fluid flow velocity reduces.
4/8/2014 9
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
10. The centrifugal force eventually overcomes the
force acting on the particle due to fluid
movement and the particle starts to move
towards the outer rim. The centrifugal force
acting on a particle is proportional to its mass
therefore a small particle will tend to move
further under the influence of fluid flow. Indeed a
particle small enough will be carried through the
plates and out with the discharge. In this way it
can be seen that reducing the flow rate to a
purifier will tend to increase the quality of the
output.
4/8/2014 10
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
11. Types of Centrifuge:
There are normally two types based on the
application:
1) Clarifier &
2) Purifier
1) Clarifier:
When a centrifugal is arranged to remove only impurities
and small amount of water, it is called as clarifier. Since
it is used mainly for that fluid where mostly solid
impurities are to be removed, gravity disc is not used in
clarifier; instead a sealing ring is used to keep the
impurities intact unless desludged.
4/8/2014 11
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
12. Clarifier
The particle is pushed upwards with the oil stream
towards the centre while the centrifugal force directs it
to the periphery. The residual force on denser particles
(impurities) will drive them towards the periphery, while
the less dense particles (oil) will be directed towards
the centre of the bowl and raise to the outlet
connection.
4/8/2014 12
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
14. 2) Purifier:
When a centrifuge is arranged for separating two liquids
of different densities, for e.g. water from oil, it is known
as a purifier. The main component of purifier is correct
size gravity disc or dam ring which is responsible to
create interface between the oil and water.
The basic operations of clarifier and purifier are:
- It contains stack of disk numbering up to 150 and are
separated from each other by very small gap. A series
of holes are aligned in each disk near the outside edge
which permits the entry of dirty oil.
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Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
15. - Due to difference in gravity and centrifugal force, the
heavier impure liquid (water) and particles moves outside
and lighter clean oil flows inwards and get separated.
- The collected sludge and impurity can be discharged
continuously or at a time intervals, depending upon the
construction, automation and system incorporated.
4/8/2014 15
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
16. Purifier
When a centrifuge is set up as a purifier, a second
outlet pipe is used for discharging water as shown. In
the fuel oil purifier, the untreated fuel contains a
mixture of oil, solids and water, which the centrifuge
separates into three layers. While in operation, a
quantity of oil remains in the bowl to form a complete
seal around the underside of the top disc and, because
of the density difference, confines the oil within the
outside diameter of the top disc.
4/8/2014 16
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
17. Purifier
As marine fuel oil normally contains a small
quantity of water, it is necessary to prime the
bowl each time that it is run, otherwise all the oil
will pass over the water outlet side to waste. The
water outlet is at greater radius than that of the
fuel. Within the water outlet there is a gravity
disc, which controls the radial position of the fuel
water interface
4/8/2014 17
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
18. Purifier
A set of gravity discs is supplied with each machine
and the optimum size to be fitted depends on the
density of the untreated oil. When the fuel centrifuge
is operating, particulate matter will accumulate on the
walls of the bowl. If the centrifuge is set as a clarifier,
the particulate matter will be a combination of water
and solid material.
4/8/2014 18
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
19. Purifier
If it is set as a purifier, the free water is continuously
discharged, therefore, the particulate matter will
consist of solid material. In older machines it is
necessary to stop the centrifuge to manually clean the
bowl and disc stack, however, the majority of
machines today can discharge the bowl contents while
the centrifuge is running.
4/8/2014 19
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
22. The following factors are of importance when
understanding the function of the purifier
Increasing the sg of the oil will tend to push the
interface outlet and cause overflow from the heavy
phase outlet untill the equilibrium is restored. Should
the interface be moved so far as to breach the dam oil
will be issued from the heavy phase outlet and an
alarm will sound.The ideal position for the interface is
to lie over the distribution holes
Reducing the sg of the oil will tend to bring the
interface towards the axis, this reduces the force of
separation on the oil mix and reduces the efficiency of
the unit possibly leading to contaminants and water
carryover with the light phase outlet
4/8/2014 22
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
23. - The "gravity" disc are changeable on virtually all
purifers. Their centre bore is governed by the sg
of the oil being centrifuged. The largest bore
should be used without risking overflow.
- The flow rate of a purifer should be set to
optimise removal of whole system impurities. The
lower the oil feed the greater the time for
impurity removal and the more efficient the
purification. The higher the rate the greater the
amount of system oil is treated per unit of time.
4/8/2014 23
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
25. The graph shown above is one typical of one found in a
purifier instruction book for selecting appropriate gravity
disc size. Shown on the diagram is an example of an oil
of sg 0.93 at 0'C. The sg at 15'C for use with this graph is
found by projecting along a horizontal line to 15'C. This
step would be omitted if the sg at 15'C was already
known. A line is then drawn parallel to the pre-drawn
sloping lines. Where the drawn sloping line cuts the
appropriate oil supply temperature isothermal then This
becomes the selection point for the disc. This is found
simply by ascertaining which size band the point lies in.
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Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
26. PARTS OF A PURIFIER
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Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
27. Basic components of the centrifuge are as follows:
Exterior framework:
The exterior frame work is normally made up of caste iron
which supports the internal bowl and disk parts and
carries water line, feed line and outlet line connections.
Bowl and disk:
There are bowls inside the frame, which can be a solid
assembly operating non continuous and have space
enough to retain the separated sludge. There can also be
an arrangement in which the upper and lower parts are
separate for discharging the accumulated sludge by a
continuous operation. These parts are normally made up
of high tension stainless steel.
4/8/2014 27
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
28. Vertical shaft:
The Vertical shaft is used to transform the electrical motor output into
rotational motion for rotating the bowl in high speed through spur
gear and horizontal shaft or belt. material used for vertical shaft
construction is an alloy of steel.
Horizontal shaft or belt drive:
The electrical motor drives the horizontal shaft through clutch pads
and is used for transmitting the rotational motion to bowl assembly. A
special belt having elastic character is used in some models in place
of horizontal shaft, thus removing the use of the gear assembly. The
horizontal shaft material is a special alloy of steel.
Attached Gear pump:
A general construction of centrifuge consists of a horizontal shaft
driven attached supply or discharge gear pump. In some system an
external supply pump may be installed in place of the attached
pump.4/8/2014 28
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
29. Spur gear:
A spur gear is placed between the horizontal and vertical
shafts for the transfer of rotational motion. These gears are
manufactured by special aluminum bronze material.
Clutch or friction pads:
An electric motor will get overloaded if it is connected directly
to the bowl assembly for the rotation of the same as the
complete assembly is very heavier. To avoid this, clutch or
friction pads and drum assembly are installed on the
horizontal shaft. Normally the number of pads varies from 2
to 4 depending upon the frequency supply to the motor.
As the motor starts, the pads inside the drum moves out
gradually due to centrifugal force and cause friction in the
internal wall of the drum resulting in rotation of the shaft and
the bowl gradually without overloading and damaging the
motor and gears.4/8/2014 29
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh