Sheet 1 bioanalysis
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This document contains 8 questions related to concepts in physics including: 1) Plank's quantum hypothesis and calculating frequency and wavelength from photon energy. 2) Calculating photon emission rate from a 100W lamp. 3) Calculating photon rate entering the eye at minimum intensity perception. 4) Experimental laws of blackbody radiation and proving Planck's formula satisfies them. 5) Calculating emissive power and wavelength of maximum emissive power for blackbodies at different temperatures. 6) Calculating temperature, emissive power, and total emissive power of the sun's surface using blackbody radiation. 7) Calculating characteristic wavelengths from absorption spectrum wavelengths of hydrogen gas. 8) Calculating
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Atomic spectroscopy
There are two types of atomic spectroscopy: atomic emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Atomic emission spectroscopy observes light of particular wavelengths emitted from excited atoms, while atomic absorption spectroscopy observes results against a bright background. Atomic spectroscopy works by exciting atoms and observing the wavelengths emitted or absorbed during electron transitions between closely spaced energy levels, according to selection rules. Instruments heat samples to volatilize atoms so they can emit or absorb monochromatic radiation.
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Raman scattering involves the inelastic scattering of photons by phonons in a crystal. When a photon interacts with a crystal, it may be scattered with no change in energy (Rayleigh scattering), or a change in energy may occur through the creation or annihilation of a phonon (Raman scattering). The intensity ratio of anti-Stokes to Stokes Raman lines depends on temperature and can be used to determine phonon population. Raman spectroscopy provides information about phonon modes in crystals through observation of Raman peaks and their intensities and temperature dependence.
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Preeti Choudhary
Chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
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https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
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https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
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Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
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Group Name : Red Devils
Member Name & ID
Nusrat Isalm Setu -182-47-736
Md.Nazmul Hasan -182-47-722
Mohammad Imran Bhuiyan -182-47-742
Shafiul Alam -182-47-763
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DEFINITION: • The Compton effect (also called Compton scattering) is the result of a high-energy photon colliding with a target, which releases loosely bound electrons from the outer shell of the atom or molecule .
• The scattered radiation experiences a wavelength shift that cannot be explained in terms of classical wave theory, thus lending support to Einstein's photon theory.
• Probably the most important implication of the effect is that it showed light could not be fully explained according to wave phenomena.
APPLICATIONS:• Compton scattering is of prime importance to radiobiology, as it happens to be the most probable interaction of high energy X rays with atomic nuclei in living beings and is applied in radiation therapy.
• In material physics, Compton scattering can be used to probe the wave function of the electrons in matter in the momentum representation.
• Compton scattering is an important effect in gamma spectroscopy which gives rise to the Compton edge, as it is possible for the gamma rays to scatter out of the detectors used. Compton suppression is used to detect stray scatter gamma rays to counteract this effect.
equation of Compton effect:
THE EXPERIMENT: A graphite target was bombarded with monochromatic x-rays and the wavelength of the scattered radiation was measured with a rotating crystal spectrometer. The intensity was determined by a movable ionization chamber that generated a current proportional to the x-ray intensity. Compton measured the dependence of scattered x-ray intensity on wavelength at three different scattering angles of 45o 90o ,and 135o
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This document provides an overview of spectroscopy. It discusses how spectroscopy disperses an object's light into its component colors/energies, allowing inference of the object's physical properties. It describes how different light wavelengths correspond to different energies and colors. Spectroscopy is useful because interactions between light and matter determine what we observe in the universe - different telescopes probe different physical conditions by observing different wavelengths. Spectroscopy studies emission, absorption, transmission, reflection and scattering of light. Specific types of spectra like continuous, emission and absorption spectra are discussed.
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Fluorescence as a phenomenon is part of a larger family of related luminescent processes in which a susceptible substance absorbs light, only to reemit light (photons) from electronically excited states after a given time.
Photo luminescent processes that are generated through excitation, whether this is via physical, mechanical, or chemical mechanisms, can generally be subdivided into fluorescence and phosphorescence. Absorption of a light quantum (blue) causes an electron to move to a higher energy orbit. After residing in this “excited state” for a particular time, the fluorescence lifetime, the electron falls back to its original orbit and the fluorochrome dissipates the excess energy by emitting a photon (green).
Compounds that display fluorescent properties are generally termed fluorescent probes or dyes. Often ‘fluorochrome’ and ‘fluorophore’ are used interchangeably. The term ‘fluorophore’ refers to fluorochromes that are conjugated covalently or through adsorption to biological macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids, or proteins. Fluorochromes come in different flavors and include organic molecules (dyes), inorganic ions (e.g., lanthanide ions such as Eu, Tb, Yb, etc.)fluorescent proteins (e.g., green fluorescent protein) atoms (such as gaseous mercury in glass light tubes).
Recently, inorganic luminescent semiconducting nanoparticles, quantum dots, have been introduced as labels for biological assays, bio-imaging applications, and theragnostic purposes (the combination of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in one and the same particle).
Fluorescence microscopy provides an efficient and unique approach to study fixed and living cells because of its versatility, specificity, and high sensitivity.
Fluorescence microscopes can both detect the fluorescence emitted from labeled molecules in biological samples as images or photometric data from which intensities and emission spectra can be deduced. By exploiting the characteristics of fluorescence, various techniques have been developed that enable the visualization and analysis of complex dynamic events in cells, organelles, and sub-organelle components within the biological specimen.
The most common techniques are
Fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching (FRAP)
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The document discusses fluorescence and phosphorescence. It begins by explaining the quantum nature of energy levels in molecules and electrons. It then defines fluorescence as the emission of light from excited singlet states, and describes the absorption and emission processes. Phosphorescence is defined as emission from triplet excited states, which have longer lifetimes than fluorescence. Examples are given of materials that exhibit fluorescence or phosphorescence, as well as applications in various fields such as analytical chemistry, life sciences, and displays.
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The Compton effect
Group Name : Red Devils
Member Name & ID
Nusrat Isalm Setu -182-47-736
Md.Nazmul Hasan -182-47-722
Mohammad Imran Bhuiyan -182-47-742
Shafiul Alam -182-47-763
Kazi Hasibul Hasan -182-47-795
*FIRST INTRODUCED The Compton effect was first demonstrated in 1923 by Arthur Holly Compton (for which he received a 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics) Compton's graduate student, Y.H. Woo, later verified the effect.
DEFINITION: • The Compton effect (also called Compton scattering) is the result of a high-energy photon colliding with a target, which releases loosely bound electrons from the outer shell of the atom or molecule .
• The scattered radiation experiences a wavelength shift that cannot be explained in terms of classical wave theory, thus lending support to Einstein's photon theory.
• Probably the most important implication of the effect is that it showed light could not be fully explained according to wave phenomena.
APPLICATIONS:• Compton scattering is of prime importance to radiobiology, as it happens to be the most probable interaction of high energy X rays with atomic nuclei in living beings and is applied in radiation therapy.
• In material physics, Compton scattering can be used to probe the wave function of the electrons in matter in the momentum representation.
• Compton scattering is an important effect in gamma spectroscopy which gives rise to the Compton edge, as it is possible for the gamma rays to scatter out of the detectors used. Compton suppression is used to detect stray scatter gamma rays to counteract this effect.
equation of Compton effect:
THE EXPERIMENT: A graphite target was bombarded with monochromatic x-rays and the wavelength of the scattered radiation was measured with a rotating crystal spectrometer. The intensity was determined by a movable ionization chamber that generated a current proportional to the x-ray intensity. Compton measured the dependence of scattered x-ray intensity on wavelength at three different scattering angles of 45o 90o ,and 135o
The Experimental intensity vs wavelength plots observed by Compton for the three scattering angles show two peaks , one at the wavelength λ of the incident X-rays and the other at a longer wavelength λ’
HOW COMPTON EFFECT WORKS
Poster
This document summarizes research on using the enhanced electric field generated by surface plasmons on gold nanoparticles to non-resonantly excite photochromic molecules. The researchers coated gold nanospheres with a photochromic molecule called DAE1 and showed that 800nm light, which does not normally convert DAE1, was able to do so in the presence of the nanoparticles. They varied experimental conditions like nanoparticle size and structure. Images were also taken of plasmonic antennas made of nanorods that generate even stronger electric fields and could potentially induce conversion at even longer wavelengths than 800nm.
Photoluminescence
Photoluminescence is light emission from matter after absorbing photons. Following photon absorption, various relaxation processes occur where photons are re-emitted. Photoluminescence can be classified by excitation energy relative to emission energy. Resonant excitation involves equivalent absorption and emission photon energies, while fluorescence involves energy loss so emitted photons have lower energy. Phosphorescence also involves energy loss but through a spin-forbidden transition, making it a slower process. Photoluminescence is used to measure semiconductor purity and disorder.
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Plasmons are quanta of plasma oscillations that can be excited by light under certain conditions. They involve collective oscillations of free electrons in metals or at metal surfaces. The plasma frequency determines the frequency of bulk plasmon oscillations and depends on the electron density. Surface plasmons involve charge density oscillations confined to the metal surface and have a lower frequency than bulk plasmons. When metal nanoparticles are illuminated by light, the light exerts a force on the conduction electrons, causing them to oscillate at the plasmon resonant frequency. The mean free path of electrons in metals determines how far they can travel before losing energy, with plasmons being a major source of energy loss that limits the mean free path.
[Gerd keiser] optical_fiber_communications(book_fi.org)
This document discusses the physical principles of photodiodes. It explains that photodiodes work by generating electron-hole pairs when photons with energy greater than the material's band gap absorb in the semiconductor. These carriers then act as photocurrent when they flow through the external circuit. The document also discusses absorption coefficient, diffusion length, carrier lifetime, and how the band gap determines the upper wavelength cutoff for a photodiode material.
Photo luminescence
The document discusses photoluminescence, which is the emission of light from a material when it absorbs photons. There are three main steps in the photoluminescence process: excitation, relaxation, and emission. Excitation occurs when photons are absorbed and electrons are lifted to a higher energy state. Relaxation follows as electrons lose energy non-radiatively. Emission is the radiative decay of electrons as they return to the ground state, emitting photons of lower energy than those absorbed. The two main types of photoluminescence are fluorescence, which is a rapid emission, and phosphorescence, which is a slower emission.
Photochem basics
1) Light has both particle and wave properties. It can behave as particles called photons, with energy determined by Planck's constant and wavelength or frequency.
2) The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from gamma rays to radio waves, ordered by decreasing wavelength and increasing energy.
3) Different regions of the EM spectrum, such as visible light, x-rays, and infrared waves, have distinct applications including vision, medical imaging, heating food, and more due to their energy levels and ability to penetrate or be absorbed by matter.
Mossbauer spectroscopy
Mossbauer spectroscopy involves the resonant absorption and emission of gamma rays between atomic nuclei bound in a solid material. It can provide information about the chemical and electronic environment of atomic nuclei. The document discusses the basic principles, instrumentation, and analysis of Mossbauer spectroscopy. Key applications include determining chemical shifts, quadrupole splitting, magnetic properties, and using these parameters to study chemical bonding, structure, and biochemical systems.
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Deactivation process in Molecular luminescence
An excited molecule can return to its ground state by combination of several steps.
Fluoroscenece and phoshoresence involve emission of a photon of radiation.
Other deactivation steps,indicated by wavy arrow are radiationless processes.
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The document discusses x-rays and their production and spectra. It begins by defining x-rays as electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths than UV produced when high-energy electrons bombard atoms. It then discusses how x-rays are produced in an x-ray tube through two mechanisms: characteristic x-rays produced via electron transitions in atoms, and continuous x-rays produced when electrons are decelerated. The document outlines the key components of an x-ray tube and the factors that influence x-ray spectra such as voltage, current and target material. It also compares x-ray emission spectra to optical atomic emission spectra.
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This document discusses fluorescence, including its history, types, principles, and factors that influence it. Fluorescence occurs when a substance emits light as electrons in an excited state return to the ground state. There are three main types: fluorescence spectroscopy, phosphorescence spectroscopy, and chemiluminescence spectroscopy. The principles of fluorescence include Stokes shift, mirror image rule, and exceptions like violations of Kasha's rule. Factors that influence fluorescence intensity include the intrinsic structure of a molecule and its environmental conditions.
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Module 3 Engg Phys.pptx
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Thesis on the masses of photons with different wavelengths.pdf
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where I was able to create two experimental calculations to explain the measurements of the masses of the photons.
and I hope that this thesis competes with others, in order to obtain a physics prize.
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This document discusses UV-visible spectrophotometry and how it can be used for pharmaceutical analysis. It provides an overview of how light interacts with matter, describing atomic and molecular absorption. It also defines key terms like chromophores, auxochromes, and discusses the different types of electronic transitions that can occur. The document aims to explain the fundamentals of UV-visible spectrophotometry and its applications in quality control for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Electromagnetic radiation is produced by the oscillation of electric and magnetic fields residing on atoms. They are characterized by their wavelength, frequency, or wave number and travel at the speed of light. When visible light passes through a prism, it disperses into the colors of the visible spectrum corresponding to different wavelengths. In absorption spectroscopy, when radiation of a certain wavelength range passes through a substance, specific wavelengths are absorbed, producing a dark-line absorption spectrum corresponding to the wavelengths absorbed.
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This document contains exam questions for a biomedical engineering midterm on analytical instrumentation. It includes questions on:
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well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
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Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
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◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
* Registration is currently open *
Call for Research Papers!!!
Free – Extended Paper will be published as free of cost.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
July 13 ~ 14, 2024, Virtual Conference
Webpage URL: https://aiad2024.org/index
Submission Deadline: June 22, 2024
Submission System URL:
https://aiad2024.org/submission/index.php
Contact Us:
Here's where you can reach us : aiad@aiad2024.org (or) aiadconference@yahoo.com
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