This document discusses organizing and summarizing qualitative and quantitative data through various methods. It begins by explaining how to organize qualitative data into frequency distributions and tables. Next, it describes how to create bar graphs and pie charts to visualize qualitative data. The document then covers organizing discrete and continuous quantitative data into tables and histograms. It provides examples of constructing each of these data displays and discusses how to identify the shape of a distribution.
This document discusses measures of central tendency and dispersion for summarizing data. It covers the key concepts of mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation. The mean is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the total number. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. The mode is the most frequent value. The range is the difference between highest and lowest values. Standard deviation measures how spread out values are from the mean. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating each measure from raw data sets.
EXTRACTING USEFUL RULES THROUGH IMPROVED DECISION TREE INDUCTION USING INFORM...ijistjournal
Classification is widely used technique in the data mining domain, where scalability and efficiency are the immediate problems in classification algorithms for large databases. We suggest improvements to the existing C4.5 decision tree algorithm. In this paper attribute oriented induction (AOI) and relevance analysis are incorporated with concept hierarchy’s knowledge and HeightBalancePriority algorithm for construction of decision tree along with Multi level mining. The assignment of priorities to attributes is done by evaluating information entropy, at different levels of abstraction for building decision tree using HeightBalancePriority algorithm. Modified DMQL queries are used to understand and explore the shortcomings of the decision trees generated by C4.5 classifier for education dataset and the results are compared with the proposed approach.
EXTRACTING USEFUL RULES THROUGH IMPROVED DECISION TREE INDUCTION USING INFORM...ijistjournal
Classification is widely used technique in the data mining domain, where scalability and efficiency are the immediate problems in classification algorithms for large databases. We suggest improvements to the existing C4.5 decision tree algorithm. In this paper attribute oriented induction (AOI) and relevance analysis are incorporated with concept hierarchy’s knowledge and HeightBalancePriority algorithm for construction of decision tree along with Multi level mining. The assignment of priorities to attributes is done by evaluating information entropy, at different levels of abstraction for building decision tree using HeightBalancePriority algorithm. Modified DMQL queries are used to understand and explore the shortcomings of the decision trees generated by C4.5 classifier for education dataset and the results are compared with the proposed approach.
This document discusses how banks create money through the fractional reserve banking system. It explains that when the Federal Reserve provides fresh reserves to banks, for example through purchasing a government bond, this increases the banks' excess reserves which they can then lend out. Each new loan creates new deposits, 10% of which must be held as reserves, with the remainder available for new lending. This allows the money supply in the economy to multiply up to 10 times the original injection of reserves through repeated lending. The document provides examples of banks' balance sheets at each step of this money creation process.
There is a lot more to nature below sea level than most people can imagine, and scuba diving and snorkeling are two of the most interesting ways to know more about it.
The document discusses how economists track and measure the U.S. economy using gross domestic product (GDP). It explains that GDP represents the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year. GDP is measured using both expenditure and income approaches to obtain the same value. It also describes how GDP accounts for price changes over time using price indices and discusses some limitations of GDP as a measure of economic activity.
This document discusses six organizational change models: Evolutionary, Teleological, Social Cognition, Political, Cultural, and Life Cycle. For each model, it outlines the reasons for change according to the model, the outcomes of change, and the benefits of the model. The models view organizational change through different lenses such as environmental adaptation, planned change, sensemaking, power dynamics, cultural shifts, and progression through life stages. Overall, the models provide varied perspectives on why and how organizations change.
The music video for Taylor Swift's "The Story of Us" takes place in a school library and tells a story through both performance and narrative scenes. It was directed by Noble Jones, who often combines narrative and performance elements. The video aims to appeal to Taylor Swift's core audience of teenage girls by depicting typical teenage experiences like romance and schoolwork. It uses techniques like close-up shots, panning camera movements, and styling to portray the emotions in Taylor Swift's breakup song. The student creators attempted to recreate elements of the video but faced challenges with syncing audio, recreating lighting, and achieving smooth camera movements.
This document discusses measures of central tendency and dispersion for summarizing data. It covers the key concepts of mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation. The mean is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the total number. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. The mode is the most frequent value. The range is the difference between highest and lowest values. Standard deviation measures how spread out values are from the mean. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating each measure from raw data sets.
EXTRACTING USEFUL RULES THROUGH IMPROVED DECISION TREE INDUCTION USING INFORM...ijistjournal
Classification is widely used technique in the data mining domain, where scalability and efficiency are the immediate problems in classification algorithms for large databases. We suggest improvements to the existing C4.5 decision tree algorithm. In this paper attribute oriented induction (AOI) and relevance analysis are incorporated with concept hierarchy’s knowledge and HeightBalancePriority algorithm for construction of decision tree along with Multi level mining. The assignment of priorities to attributes is done by evaluating information entropy, at different levels of abstraction for building decision tree using HeightBalancePriority algorithm. Modified DMQL queries are used to understand and explore the shortcomings of the decision trees generated by C4.5 classifier for education dataset and the results are compared with the proposed approach.
EXTRACTING USEFUL RULES THROUGH IMPROVED DECISION TREE INDUCTION USING INFORM...ijistjournal
Classification is widely used technique in the data mining domain, where scalability and efficiency are the immediate problems in classification algorithms for large databases. We suggest improvements to the existing C4.5 decision tree algorithm. In this paper attribute oriented induction (AOI) and relevance analysis are incorporated with concept hierarchy’s knowledge and HeightBalancePriority algorithm for construction of decision tree along with Multi level mining. The assignment of priorities to attributes is done by evaluating information entropy, at different levels of abstraction for building decision tree using HeightBalancePriority algorithm. Modified DMQL queries are used to understand and explore the shortcomings of the decision trees generated by C4.5 classifier for education dataset and the results are compared with the proposed approach.
This document discusses how banks create money through the fractional reserve banking system. It explains that when the Federal Reserve provides fresh reserves to banks, for example through purchasing a government bond, this increases the banks' excess reserves which they can then lend out. Each new loan creates new deposits, 10% of which must be held as reserves, with the remainder available for new lending. This allows the money supply in the economy to multiply up to 10 times the original injection of reserves through repeated lending. The document provides examples of banks' balance sheets at each step of this money creation process.
There is a lot more to nature below sea level than most people can imagine, and scuba diving and snorkeling are two of the most interesting ways to know more about it.
The document discusses how economists track and measure the U.S. economy using gross domestic product (GDP). It explains that GDP represents the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year. GDP is measured using both expenditure and income approaches to obtain the same value. It also describes how GDP accounts for price changes over time using price indices and discusses some limitations of GDP as a measure of economic activity.
This document discusses six organizational change models: Evolutionary, Teleological, Social Cognition, Political, Cultural, and Life Cycle. For each model, it outlines the reasons for change according to the model, the outcomes of change, and the benefits of the model. The models view organizational change through different lenses such as environmental adaptation, planned change, sensemaking, power dynamics, cultural shifts, and progression through life stages. Overall, the models provide varied perspectives on why and how organizations change.
The music video for Taylor Swift's "The Story of Us" takes place in a school library and tells a story through both performance and narrative scenes. It was directed by Noble Jones, who often combines narrative and performance elements. The video aims to appeal to Taylor Swift's core audience of teenage girls by depicting typical teenage experiences like romance and schoolwork. It uses techniques like close-up shots, panning camera movements, and styling to portray the emotions in Taylor Swift's breakup song. The student creators attempted to recreate elements of the video but faced challenges with syncing audio, recreating lighting, and achieving smooth camera movements.
This document provides an excerpt from a textbook chapter on sampling distributions. It discusses the distribution of the sample mean and sample proportion. For the sample mean, it explains that the sampling distribution is approximately normal for large sample sizes based on the Central Limit Theorem, even if the population is not normally distributed. It gives examples of estimating sampling distributions through simulation. For the sample proportion, it defines the point estimate of a population proportion from a sample and describes how the sampling distribution of the sample proportion becomes approximately normal as the sample size increases. It provides formulas for the mean and standard deviation of sampling distributions.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917 but still face colonial status without full representation. Both groups experience higher poverty and unemployment than white Americans.
Nearly 32 million Hispanics in the US are of Mexican descent, and the majority worry about deportation. Latino identity encompasses terms like Hispanic, Latino, and country of origin, and preferences vary across generations and locations. The borderlands region shares cultural aspects between the US and Mexico due to immigration, trade, and other factors. Central and South Americans have diverse backgrounds but little shared identity beyond language in some cases, and their future assimilation or economic prospects remain uncertain.
How effective is the combination of your main product and ancillary texts?ShannonCJ
Our products for an artist link together through a consistent blue and grey color scheme, desaturated photos with a blue hint, and by showing the artist's signature dark, tattooed style. Fonts were chosen to match the digipack for the website as closely as possible while the website font was slightly different due to website limitations, and hand-drawn style text was used for headings on both products to further connect the visual identity. Professional details like barcodes, copyright and merchandise links present a polished image across all materials.
The document discusses feedback from a test screening of the opening to a student film. The audience, aged 16-18, responded positively and wanted to see more. They found the flashbacks interesting and creepy, creating suspense. Males seemed more interested than females, possibly because the female role is an attractive blonde woman. However, one viewer was confused by the role of an older male character at the end and didn't realize he was a detective, which could negatively impact their willingness to watch more. Overall, the film attracted its target audience through its thrilling narrative, characters, and use of effects and sound.
This document discusses fiscal policy and its effects on the economy. It provides an overview of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy tools and how governments can use changes in spending, taxes, and borrowing to stimulate or contract aggregate demand. The document also reviews the history of fiscal policy approaches, including the classical laissez-faire view, Keynesian policies developed during the Great Depression, and the use of automatic stabilizers to smooth economic fluctuations.
This document discusses externalities and the environment. It addresses renewable and exhaustible resources, and the common pool problem that can arise for open-access renewable resources when there are no property rights. It then discusses how government regulation can help resolve the common pool problem by restricting output or taxing usage to achieve socially optimal usage rates. The document also examines how to determine the optimal level of pollution when there are external costs, and how changes in technology or benefits can shift these curves and impact the optimal level.
The document analyzes a website created for an indie artist. It discusses how the website uses and challenges conventions of real music artist websites. Key features included on the website are a news page with stories about the artist, a videos page with a music video and outtakes, and a gallery with behind the scenes photos. The website also includes common pages like the store and tour dates. Overall, the website incorporates standard pages and features of other indie artists' websites while also challenging conventions through additional pages and merchandise choices.
Ma ch 01 the art and science of economic analysisUconn Stamford
The document outlines key concepts in economics including scarcity, resources, economic decision makers, and the circular flow model. It discusses that economics studies how people use scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. Resources include labor, capital, natural resources, and entrepreneurship. Households supply resources and demand goods while firms demand resources and supply goods.
CTC Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible - Community Profile and Action PlanCameron Price
This document summarizes the results of a youth survey conducted as part of a Communities That Care initiative in Warrnambool, Australia. The survey found concerning rates of substance use, antisocial behavior, and depression among youth. It identified several risk and protective factors to target, including low school commitment, lack of school opportunities for prosocial involvement, and attitudes favorable to substance use. The report recommends implementing evidence-based prevention programs in the community, school, family, and peer domains to address the priority factors and improve outcomes for youth.
This document discusses hypothesis testing, including defining the null and alternative hypotheses, types of errors that can occur in hypothesis testing, and examples of forming hypotheses for different claims. Specifically, it covers:
- The null hypothesis is a statement of no change and is assumed true, while the alternative hypothesis is what is being tested for.
- There are two types of errors - a Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true, while a Type II error is failing to reject the null when the alternative is true.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate how to set up the null and alternative hypotheses for claims about a population proportion, mean, and standard deviation. The document also discusses what Type
This document is a reflection from a student named Nicholas Currie on their ODT 201403 course. It asks the student questions about whether the course helped confirm their degree pursuit, an assignment that was particularly helpful, something they would add to the course, and something not useful that could be removed. The student is then asked to summarize their overall reflections.
The G-Post is the Official Student Publication of Galgotias University, Greater Noida. In November 2011, founder Dean Dr. D.K. Jha started the newsletter
with the aim of providing information and bringing a collection of the finest articles, the most delicate and sensitive poems, reviews, recommended places,
and a lot more. Alongside, the publication provided students the much-needed canvas to unleash their creativity. Seven editions have been published till
now and every month around 2000 copies are published and distributed in different colleges.Currently, a team of enthusiastic students including Student Head,
Rahul Kapoor lead the Columnists, News Reporters, Artists and Photographers of the G-Post Team.
This document contains a chapter from a statistics textbook on the normal probability distribution. It includes objectives, examples, and explanations of key concepts regarding the normal distribution, such as:
- The properties of the normal distribution curve including that it is symmetric and bell-shaped.
- How to standardize a normal random variable and find areas under the standard normal curve using z-scores and tables of normal probabilities.
- Interpreting the area under the normal curve as probabilities or proportions for real-world examples like IQ scores and weights of animals.
The document provides information about a multimedia project created by Adam Finch and other students. It includes 5 questions they investigated about various topics. Question 1 discusses their group trip to Bankstown, Australia and activities during their visit. Question 2 includes a video interview with a man who immigrated to Australia from Iran. Question 3 discusses the commodity chain for Nespresso coffee capsules. Question 4 presents information about calculating water footprints for two students and strategies to reduce their footprints. Question 5 provides information about a hip hop artist from Melbourne and influences on his music style.
This document discusses measures of relative standing such as z-scores, percentiles, quartiles, and boxplots. It defines z-scores as the number of standard deviations a value is from the mean. Percentiles and quartiles divide a data set into percentile groups or quartile groups. A boxplot graphically displays the five-number summary of a data set. The document also discusses outliers, which are values far from most other values, and how they are handled in modified boxplots.
This document discusses estimating population standard deviations and variances from sample data. It introduces the chi-square distribution and how it can be used to construct confidence intervals for population standard deviation and variance. The key steps are: 1) use the sample standard deviation or variance as a point estimate, 2) determine the chi-square critical values based on sample size and confidence level, 3) use these values to calculate the confidence interval bounds for the population standard deviation or variance. Sample size tables can also be used to determine the required sample size needed to estimate the population standard deviation or variance within a given level of precision.
This document compares different supervised learning approaches for word sense disambiguation (WSD), including Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, and Decision List classifiers. An experiment is conducted using a dataset of 15 words and their senses from WordNet. The Decision List approach achieves the highest accuracy at 69.12%, followed by Naive Bayes at 58.32% and Decision Tree at 45.14%. While no single approach performed best for all words, overall Decision List provided the most accurate WSD and is presented as the best performing method for this problem among the three approaches studied.
The document presents a comparative study of different supervised learning approaches for word sense disambiguation (WSD), including Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, and Decision List classifiers. An experiment is conducted using a dataset of 15 words and their senses from WordNet to evaluate the performance of the three classifiers. The results show that the Decision List classifier achieved the highest accuracy at 69.12% for WSD, performing better than the Naive Bayes and Decision Tree classifiers.
This document provides an excerpt from a textbook chapter on sampling distributions. It discusses the distribution of the sample mean and sample proportion. For the sample mean, it explains that the sampling distribution is approximately normal for large sample sizes based on the Central Limit Theorem, even if the population is not normally distributed. It gives examples of estimating sampling distributions through simulation. For the sample proportion, it defines the point estimate of a population proportion from a sample and describes how the sampling distribution of the sample proportion becomes approximately normal as the sample size increases. It provides formulas for the mean and standard deviation of sampling distributions.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917 but still face colonial status without full representation. Both groups experience higher poverty and unemployment than white Americans.
Nearly 32 million Hispanics in the US are of Mexican descent, and the majority worry about deportation. Latino identity encompasses terms like Hispanic, Latino, and country of origin, and preferences vary across generations and locations. The borderlands region shares cultural aspects between the US and Mexico due to immigration, trade, and other factors. Central and South Americans have diverse backgrounds but little shared identity beyond language in some cases, and their future assimilation or economic prospects remain uncertain.
How effective is the combination of your main product and ancillary texts?ShannonCJ
Our products for an artist link together through a consistent blue and grey color scheme, desaturated photos with a blue hint, and by showing the artist's signature dark, tattooed style. Fonts were chosen to match the digipack for the website as closely as possible while the website font was slightly different due to website limitations, and hand-drawn style text was used for headings on both products to further connect the visual identity. Professional details like barcodes, copyright and merchandise links present a polished image across all materials.
The document discusses feedback from a test screening of the opening to a student film. The audience, aged 16-18, responded positively and wanted to see more. They found the flashbacks interesting and creepy, creating suspense. Males seemed more interested than females, possibly because the female role is an attractive blonde woman. However, one viewer was confused by the role of an older male character at the end and didn't realize he was a detective, which could negatively impact their willingness to watch more. Overall, the film attracted its target audience through its thrilling narrative, characters, and use of effects and sound.
This document discusses fiscal policy and its effects on the economy. It provides an overview of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy tools and how governments can use changes in spending, taxes, and borrowing to stimulate or contract aggregate demand. The document also reviews the history of fiscal policy approaches, including the classical laissez-faire view, Keynesian policies developed during the Great Depression, and the use of automatic stabilizers to smooth economic fluctuations.
This document discusses externalities and the environment. It addresses renewable and exhaustible resources, and the common pool problem that can arise for open-access renewable resources when there are no property rights. It then discusses how government regulation can help resolve the common pool problem by restricting output or taxing usage to achieve socially optimal usage rates. The document also examines how to determine the optimal level of pollution when there are external costs, and how changes in technology or benefits can shift these curves and impact the optimal level.
The document analyzes a website created for an indie artist. It discusses how the website uses and challenges conventions of real music artist websites. Key features included on the website are a news page with stories about the artist, a videos page with a music video and outtakes, and a gallery with behind the scenes photos. The website also includes common pages like the store and tour dates. Overall, the website incorporates standard pages and features of other indie artists' websites while also challenging conventions through additional pages and merchandise choices.
Ma ch 01 the art and science of economic analysisUconn Stamford
The document outlines key concepts in economics including scarcity, resources, economic decision makers, and the circular flow model. It discusses that economics studies how people use scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. Resources include labor, capital, natural resources, and entrepreneurship. Households supply resources and demand goods while firms demand resources and supply goods.
CTC Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible - Community Profile and Action PlanCameron Price
This document summarizes the results of a youth survey conducted as part of a Communities That Care initiative in Warrnambool, Australia. The survey found concerning rates of substance use, antisocial behavior, and depression among youth. It identified several risk and protective factors to target, including low school commitment, lack of school opportunities for prosocial involvement, and attitudes favorable to substance use. The report recommends implementing evidence-based prevention programs in the community, school, family, and peer domains to address the priority factors and improve outcomes for youth.
This document discusses hypothesis testing, including defining the null and alternative hypotheses, types of errors that can occur in hypothesis testing, and examples of forming hypotheses for different claims. Specifically, it covers:
- The null hypothesis is a statement of no change and is assumed true, while the alternative hypothesis is what is being tested for.
- There are two types of errors - a Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true, while a Type II error is failing to reject the null when the alternative is true.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate how to set up the null and alternative hypotheses for claims about a population proportion, mean, and standard deviation. The document also discusses what Type
This document is a reflection from a student named Nicholas Currie on their ODT 201403 course. It asks the student questions about whether the course helped confirm their degree pursuit, an assignment that was particularly helpful, something they would add to the course, and something not useful that could be removed. The student is then asked to summarize their overall reflections.
The G-Post is the Official Student Publication of Galgotias University, Greater Noida. In November 2011, founder Dean Dr. D.K. Jha started the newsletter
with the aim of providing information and bringing a collection of the finest articles, the most delicate and sensitive poems, reviews, recommended places,
and a lot more. Alongside, the publication provided students the much-needed canvas to unleash their creativity. Seven editions have been published till
now and every month around 2000 copies are published and distributed in different colleges.Currently, a team of enthusiastic students including Student Head,
Rahul Kapoor lead the Columnists, News Reporters, Artists and Photographers of the G-Post Team.
This document contains a chapter from a statistics textbook on the normal probability distribution. It includes objectives, examples, and explanations of key concepts regarding the normal distribution, such as:
- The properties of the normal distribution curve including that it is symmetric and bell-shaped.
- How to standardize a normal random variable and find areas under the standard normal curve using z-scores and tables of normal probabilities.
- Interpreting the area under the normal curve as probabilities or proportions for real-world examples like IQ scores and weights of animals.
The document provides information about a multimedia project created by Adam Finch and other students. It includes 5 questions they investigated about various topics. Question 1 discusses their group trip to Bankstown, Australia and activities during their visit. Question 2 includes a video interview with a man who immigrated to Australia from Iran. Question 3 discusses the commodity chain for Nespresso coffee capsules. Question 4 presents information about calculating water footprints for two students and strategies to reduce their footprints. Question 5 provides information about a hip hop artist from Melbourne and influences on his music style.
This document discusses measures of relative standing such as z-scores, percentiles, quartiles, and boxplots. It defines z-scores as the number of standard deviations a value is from the mean. Percentiles and quartiles divide a data set into percentile groups or quartile groups. A boxplot graphically displays the five-number summary of a data set. The document also discusses outliers, which are values far from most other values, and how they are handled in modified boxplots.
This document discusses estimating population standard deviations and variances from sample data. It introduces the chi-square distribution and how it can be used to construct confidence intervals for population standard deviation and variance. The key steps are: 1) use the sample standard deviation or variance as a point estimate, 2) determine the chi-square critical values based on sample size and confidence level, 3) use these values to calculate the confidence interval bounds for the population standard deviation or variance. Sample size tables can also be used to determine the required sample size needed to estimate the population standard deviation or variance within a given level of precision.
This document compares different supervised learning approaches for word sense disambiguation (WSD), including Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, and Decision List classifiers. An experiment is conducted using a dataset of 15 words and their senses from WordNet. The Decision List approach achieves the highest accuracy at 69.12%, followed by Naive Bayes at 58.32% and Decision Tree at 45.14%. While no single approach performed best for all words, overall Decision List provided the most accurate WSD and is presented as the best performing method for this problem among the three approaches studied.
The document presents a comparative study of different supervised learning approaches for word sense disambiguation (WSD), including Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, and Decision List classifiers. An experiment is conducted using a dataset of 15 words and their senses from WordNet to evaluate the performance of the three classifiers. The results show that the Decision List classifier achieved the highest accuracy at 69.12% for WSD, performing better than the Naive Bayes and Decision Tree classifiers.
This document provides information on presenting data through textual, tabular, and graphical methods. It discusses preparing stem-and-leaf plots and frequency distribution tables to organize and summarize data. Frequency distribution tables include elements like class intervals, frequencies, relative frequencies, and cumulative frequencies. The document also introduces contingency tables for enumerating data by cell across rows and columns. The overall purpose is to teach students the various ways of organizing and presenting numerical data through different visual and textual methods.
This document discusses various types of statistical graphs and how they can be used to effectively represent data. It covers graphs like scatterplots, histograms, bar graphs and pie charts. The document also discusses how some graphs can be misleading if they distort or exaggerate the data, for example by not starting the axes at zero. It emphasizes that the best graphs clearly and accurately reveal the true nature of the data without distracting elements.
1. Frequency distributions organize and summarize large data sets by partitioning data into categories and listing the frequency of data values in each category.
2. They allow us to analyze the nature of data and provide a basis for constructing important graphs.
3. Elements of a frequency distribution include class limits, frequencies, relative frequencies, and cumulative frequencies.
This document discusses methods for making inferences about two independent population means based on sample data. It presents three methods: (1) when the two population standard deviations are unknown and not assumed to be equal, (2) when the two population standard deviations are both known, and (3) when the two population standard deviations are unknown but assumed to be equal. It recommends using the first method which uses a t-test and does not assume the standard deviations are equal, as this approach is most realistic. Examples are provided to illustrate hypothesis testing and constructing confidence intervals for the difference between two means.
This chapter introduces the basic concepts and terminology of statistics. It discusses two main branches of statistics - descriptive statistics which involves collecting, organizing and summarizing data, and inferential statistics which allows drawing conclusions about populations from samples. The chapter also covers variables, populations, samples, parameters, statistics and how to organize and visualize data through tables, charts and graphs. It emphasizes that statistics helps turn data into useful information for decision making in business.
This document provides an introduction to statistics and its uses in business. It outlines two main branches of statistics - descriptive statistics which involves collecting, summarizing and presenting data, and inferential statistics which uses data from a sample to draw conclusions about a larger population. The document then discusses key statistical concepts like variables, data, populations, samples, parameters and statistics. It explains how descriptive and inferential statistics are used to summarize data, draw conclusions, make forecasts and improve business processes. Finally, it introduces the DCOVA process for examining and concluding from data which involves defining variables, collecting data, organizing data, visualizing data and analyzing data.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics including:
- Defining statistics and statistical thinking as collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions.
- Explaining the process of statistics involves identifying a research question, collecting data from a sample or population, organizing and summarizing the data, and drawing conclusions.
- Distinguishing between qualitative and quantitative variables, discrete and continuous variables, and different levels of measurement for variables. Examples are provided to demonstrate classifying different types of variables.
Workshop session 4 - Optimal sample designs for general community telephone s...The Social Research Centre
Social Research Centre workshop - Telephone Surveying in the Post-Modern Era, held Thursday 10 October 2019. Presentation by Dina Neiger - Chief Statistician (Social Research Centre)
This document discusses frequency distributions and how they can be used to summarize and analyze large data sets. It defines key terms related to frequency distributions such as class limits, boundaries, midpoints, and width. It also describes how to construct a basic frequency distribution and discusses relative and cumulative frequency distributions. The document emphasizes that frequency distributions provide an overview of data and a basis for important graphs while removing the need to work with raw data.
Intelligent system for sTudent placementFemmy Johnson
This document describes a proposed intelligent system for student placement in Nigeria using fuzzy logic. It outlines the country's educational system and related works on student placement prediction. The proposed system would use fuzzy logic and linguistic variables to analyze student data like academic performance, psychomotor skills, and department choices. Membership functions would be assigned to variables and an inference engine would apply fuzzy rules to generate placement recommendations to either the science, arts, or repeat a class. The goal is to help schools accurately place students in a timely manner to improve performance and outcomes.
Widening Access and Participation Dashboards for Data Informed Decision Makin...SEDA
This document summarizes a discussion paper presented at SEDA on using data dashboards to inform decisions about widening access and participation at universities. It discusses how Ulster University collects and analyzes student data to guide educational interventions and support students. Examples of data sources and visualization dashboards are provided at the university, faculty, school, and student levels. The session promoted sharing practices for making evidence-based, data-informed decisions to improve access, participation, and student outcomes.
Data Clustering in Education for StudentsIRJET Journal
This document discusses using k-means clustering to analyze student behavior and performance based on factors like exam scores, assignments, tests, and attendance. The goal is to evaluate students accurately and help professors reduce failure rates and improve performance. It provides background on data clustering and how it can be applied in education. A proposed model is described that uses students' previous grades, quiz scores, assignment completion, lab performance, class test scores and attendance to predict their final grades. The k-means clustering algorithm is explained and results are presented showing how students were clustered into groups based on GPA and whether they passed or failed. The clustering aims to identify weaker students before exams to help improve their performance.
M-Learners Performance Using Intelligence and Adaptive E-Learning Classify th...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning classification algorithms to predict student performance based on educational data. It compares the performance of five classification algorithms - J48, Naive Bayes, Bayes Net, Backpropagation Network, and Radial Basis Function Network - in predicting student academic achievement using attributes like demographic information, test scores, and academic factors. The experiment found that the Radial Basis Function Network algorithm achieved the highest accuracy, correctly classifying 100% of instances, compared to 75-95% accuracy for the other algorithms. Convolutional neural networks are also discussed as a powerful tool for image and language processing in educational data mining.
This document section discusses estimating population means from sample data. It presents methods for constructing confidence intervals for the population mean using the sample mean and standard deviation. Whether the t-distribution or normal distribution is used depends on whether the population standard deviation is known. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating margins of error and interpreting confidence intervals. The key requirements are that the sample be randomly selected and the population be normally distributed or the sample size be greater than 30.
The document discusses aggregate supply and how it relates to the price level and output in an economy. It defines aggregate supply as the relationship between the price level and the quantity of output firms are willing to supply. Aggregate supply depends on factors like resource prices, technology, and production incentives. Labor is a key resource, and the supply of labor depends on the size of the workforce and preferences for work versus leisure. The price level affects real wages, which impacts the quantity of labor supplied. The document also discusses short-run and long-run aggregate supply curves and how shocks can shift these curves, impacting price levels and output.
The document discusses the history and experiences of Jewish Americans. It notes that the United States has the second largest Jewish population in the world, around 5 million people. While anti-Semitism has existed, discrimination is less severe than in Europe where two-thirds of Jews were killed in the Holocaust between 1933-1945. Today, Jewish Americans continue traditions but also assimilate aspects of American culture, with identity expressed through religion, family, education, organizational involvement and support for Israel. Debates remain around maintaining Jewish identity and traditions while participating fully in American society.
1) Muslim and Arab Americans are diverse minority groups that overlap, but are distinct - Arabs are an ethnic group and Muslims define a religious group, so one cannot assume an Arab is necessarily Muslim.
2) Arab Americans have a population of up to 3 million with origins in various Middle Eastern countries, exhibiting diversity in arrival times, origins, and religious traditions.
3) Muslim Americans number over 3 million and are growing through immigration and conversion, with origins across Africa, Asia, and the Arab world. They strive to balance religious and cultural identities with their status as American residents.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917 but still face issues of unequal representation and economic dependence on the US. Both groups experience higher levels of poverty and unemployment than white Americans.
Immigration patterns in the US have fluctuated over time due to changing government policies. Settlement has been uneven, concentrated in certain regions and cities, and the source of immigrants has shifted from Europeans to Latin Americans. Immigration policies have restricted some groups, like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, while family reunification and protecting US labor are goals of the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act. Illegal immigration and its economic and social impacts remain controversial issues today.
This document provides an overview of immigration to the United States throughout history. It discusses several key points:
1) Immigration has been driven by push and pull factors and has occurred in waves, with the largest sources of immigrants changing over time from Northern and Western Europe to Latin America and Asia.
2) Attitudes toward immigrants have fluctuated from acceptance to restriction based on fears around job competition and xenophobia, with discriminatory policies enacted against certain groups like the Chinese and Japanese.
3) Today, about 12% of the US population is foreign-born, primarily from Latin America, though debates continue around topics like illegal immigration, economic impacts, and the roles of women immigrants.
Nearly 32 million Hispanics in the US are of Mexican descent, and the majority worry about deportation. Latino identity encompasses terms like Hispanic, Latino, and country of origin, and preferences vary across generations and locations. The borderlands region shares cultural exchange between the US and Mexico due to immigration, trade, and media. Central and South Americans have diverse backgrounds but little shared identity beyond language, though they have increased US presence in recent decades.
This document contains multiple choice questions about Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans. It asks about 19th century legislation prohibiting Chinese immigration, characteristics of Chinatowns, roles of women in Chinatowns, acculturation among Chinese American families, terminology for Japanese immigrants, a 1913 California land act impacting Japanese farmers, the president who ordered Japanese American internment in WWII, the order that led to internment, the group that received reparations in 1988, and comparisons of educational attainment and jobs between Japanese Americans and whites.
The document appears to be a chapter from a textbook about Asian American growth and diversity. It contains multiple choice questions about Asian American demographics, stereotypes, and experiences immigrating to the United States. Specifically, it asks about the "model minority" stereotype applied to Asian Americans, their portrayal as high-achieving minorities, and the implicit critique of other minorities in the model minority framework. It also contains questions about the experiences of specific ethnic groups like Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Vietnamese, and Hmong Americans.
Ma ch 13 money and the financial system (1)Uconn Stamford
This document discusses the history and functions of money. It begins by explaining how barter systems worked and the origins of commodity money. Commodities like grains, salt, shells and metals were some of the earliest forms of money. The document then outlines the three main functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. It also discusses the ideal properties of money and gives examples. The document provides details on banking history and the development of paper money and fiat currency not backed by gold. It also describes the underground economy that developed in U.S. prisons using commodities like cigarettes and canned mackerel as currency.
This document discusses banking and the money supply. It begins by asking several questions about how banks create money and why banking is important. It then defines different money aggregates (M1 and M2) and describes what types of assets and liabilities are included in each measure. The document also discusses how banks work as financial intermediaries, taking in deposits and issuing loans, and how they aim to balance liquidity and profitability. It provides examples of bank balance sheets and reserve requirements. Overall, the document provides an overview of key concepts regarding how banks operate and influence the money supply.
This document contains review questions about the making of African Americans in white America. It asks multiple choice questions about topics like:
- The status of the children of early African indentured servants in colonial America.
- What slave codes referred to and how they defined the social position of slaves.
- How Christianity was used to stress obedience and damnation for slaves.
- Key events and movements in the history of slavery and civil rights like the Emancipation Proclamation and abolitionism.
- Court cases that upheld racial segregation and denied voting rights to African Americans.
- Apologies that the U.S. government has and has not issued for injustices.
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The document appears to be a chapter from a textbook about African Americans today that contains multiple choice review questions covering various topics. The questions address issues such as factors contributing to inadequate schooling for blacks, types of school segregation, barriers to black progress in higher education, causes of high unemployment among young blacks, salary disparities between black and white men in prestigious jobs, definitions of set-asides in government contracts, similarities between the rhythm-and-blues and rap music industries, characteristics of black family life, common family structures for two-parent black families, and findings about racial disparities in death penalty cases.
The document summarizes key population trends among the U.S. foreign-born population based on Census Bureau data. It finds that as of 2002, 32 million people (12% of the U.S. population) were foreign-born, with the largest numbers coming from Latin America. Over the past decade, the foreign-born population has grown significantly in many Southern and Western states. The American Community Survey provides annually updated data that allows for more detailed analysis of immigrant populations than previous data sources.
This document provides an overview of immigration to the United States throughout history. It discusses several key points:
1) Immigration has been driven by push and pull factors and has occurred in waves, with the largest sources of immigrants changing over time from Northern and Western Europe to Latin America and Asia.
2) Attitudes toward immigrants have fluctuated from acceptance to restriction based on fears around job competition and xenophobia, with discriminatory policies enacted against specific ethnic groups like the Chinese and Japanese.
3) Today, about 12% of the US population is foreign-born, primarily from Latin America, though debates continue around topics like illegal immigration, economic impacts, and the challenges faced by women immigrants.