This document provides procedures for safely handling sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas which is used as an insulator in electrical equipment. It discusses the properties of SF6 gas and associated hazards. The procedures cover filling, removing, and disposing of SF6 gas from equipment, as well as handling any hazardous decomposition byproducts that may be present. Personal protective equipment requirements are specified when potential exposures to hazardous byproducts exist. The document aims to minimize venting and emissions of SF6 to protect the environment due to its high global warming potential.
Earthing is the process of connecting metallic electrical equipment to the earth using a low resistance wire. This serves several important purposes: to protect human life from electric shock by providing an alternative path for fault currents, to protect buildings and machinery under fault conditions, to safely dissipate lightning and short circuit currents, and to maintain a stable voltage for sensitive electronic equipment. Traditionally, earthing involved digging a pit and burying a metal plate or pipe surrounded by charcoal and salt, which required regular maintenance and watering.
This document describes the operating principles and components of an ESP rectifier transformer. It discusses:
1) How the SCR controller varies the conduction angle to control voltage and current output.
2) Key components like the transformer, rectifier bridge, resistance board and insulating oil.
3) Operating modes like uni-pulse and semi-pulse that control sparking and dust collection efficiency.
4) Factors that affect performance like dust properties, temperature and moisture content.
Installation Operation & Maintenance of 33kV & 11kV SwitchgearSheikh Nazmul Islam
In-Country Training On Operation, Maintenance, Protection & Control of 33/11 kV Substation Project Name: Design, Supply, Installation, Testing & Commissioning of 33/11 kV sub-stations with source end feeder bays. Contract No: BREB/UREDS/W-01A-001/02/2016-2017 BREB/UREDS/W-01A-002/03/2016-2017 BREB/UREDS/W-01A-004/04/2016-2017
So this is a power point I made. It is free for you to use as you see fit. It is to help prepare one and all for the proposed changes to the British Standard 7671 IET wiring regulations.
The content is based on the Draft for Public Comment (DPC) and all changes may not occur in the final published copy.
The presentation is in two parts, the first being the history of the IET and wiring regulations, the second being a summary (not all) of the proposed changes.
This document discusses electrical grounding and earthing systems. It begins by introducing grounding and earthing, and distinguishing between ground and neutral conductors. It then describes different types of earthing systems according to the IEC standard, including TN, TT, and IT networks. The document also covers different types of grounding used in radio communications, AC power installations, and lightning protection. It discusses the concept of virtual ground and multipoint grounding. Overall, the document provides an overview of electrical grounding and earthing systems, their uses, and important concepts.
Practical handbook-for-relay-protection-engineersSARAVANAN A
The ‘Hand Book’ covers the Code of Practice in Protection Circuitry including standard lead and device numbers, mode of connections at terminal strips, colour codes in multicore cables, Dos and Donts in execution. Also, principles of various protective relays and schemes including special protection schemes like differential,
restricted, directional and distance relays are explained with sketches. The norms of protection of generators, transformers, lines & Capacitor Banks are also given.
The document discusses different types of grounding systems used in electrical installations. It describes six common grounding systems: equipment grounds, static grounds, system grounds, maintenance grounds, electronic grounds, and lightning grounds. It provides details on each type, including their objectives and how they are implemented. The document also discusses factors to consider when designing grounding systems and recommendations for proper grounding practices.
Earthing is the process of connecting metallic electrical equipment to the earth using a low resistance wire. This serves several important purposes: to protect human life from electric shock by providing an alternative path for fault currents, to protect buildings and machinery under fault conditions, to safely dissipate lightning and short circuit currents, and to maintain a stable voltage for sensitive electronic equipment. Traditionally, earthing involved digging a pit and burying a metal plate or pipe surrounded by charcoal and salt, which required regular maintenance and watering.
This document describes the operating principles and components of an ESP rectifier transformer. It discusses:
1) How the SCR controller varies the conduction angle to control voltage and current output.
2) Key components like the transformer, rectifier bridge, resistance board and insulating oil.
3) Operating modes like uni-pulse and semi-pulse that control sparking and dust collection efficiency.
4) Factors that affect performance like dust properties, temperature and moisture content.
Installation Operation & Maintenance of 33kV & 11kV SwitchgearSheikh Nazmul Islam
In-Country Training On Operation, Maintenance, Protection & Control of 33/11 kV Substation Project Name: Design, Supply, Installation, Testing & Commissioning of 33/11 kV sub-stations with source end feeder bays. Contract No: BREB/UREDS/W-01A-001/02/2016-2017 BREB/UREDS/W-01A-002/03/2016-2017 BREB/UREDS/W-01A-004/04/2016-2017
So this is a power point I made. It is free for you to use as you see fit. It is to help prepare one and all for the proposed changes to the British Standard 7671 IET wiring regulations.
The content is based on the Draft for Public Comment (DPC) and all changes may not occur in the final published copy.
The presentation is in two parts, the first being the history of the IET and wiring regulations, the second being a summary (not all) of the proposed changes.
This document discusses electrical grounding and earthing systems. It begins by introducing grounding and earthing, and distinguishing between ground and neutral conductors. It then describes different types of earthing systems according to the IEC standard, including TN, TT, and IT networks. The document also covers different types of grounding used in radio communications, AC power installations, and lightning protection. It discusses the concept of virtual ground and multipoint grounding. Overall, the document provides an overview of electrical grounding and earthing systems, their uses, and important concepts.
Practical handbook-for-relay-protection-engineersSARAVANAN A
The ‘Hand Book’ covers the Code of Practice in Protection Circuitry including standard lead and device numbers, mode of connections at terminal strips, colour codes in multicore cables, Dos and Donts in execution. Also, principles of various protective relays and schemes including special protection schemes like differential,
restricted, directional and distance relays are explained with sketches. The norms of protection of generators, transformers, lines & Capacitor Banks are also given.
The document discusses different types of grounding systems used in electrical installations. It describes six common grounding systems: equipment grounds, static grounds, system grounds, maintenance grounds, electronic grounds, and lightning grounds. It provides details on each type, including their objectives and how they are implemented. The document also discusses factors to consider when designing grounding systems and recommendations for proper grounding practices.
This document discusses the basics of earthing systems. It begins by defining important terminology related to earthing. It then discusses the disadvantages of unearthed systems and the different types of earthing including system, equipment, and reference earthing. The document outlines the basic principles and methods of system earthing, including how fault currents flow. It provides details on the earthing schemes adopted in process plants, including the voltage levels and earthing methods used. Finally, it includes an earthing conductors schedule with requirements for equipment body and instrument earthing connections.
Dear All,
Here i glad to introduced with a basics of Design Electrical which is helpfull to understand the concept of electrical.
I hope you like these concept & prefered the same.
Thanks& Regards,
Pankaj V. Chavan
( 95615 73214 )
Guide for the operation of self contained fluid filled cable systemsPower System Operation
This document provides guidelines for operating self-contained fluid filled (SCFF) cable systems. SCFF cables represent a significant portion of installed high voltage cables. The document discusses key aspects of SCFF cable systems including hydraulic design considerations for ensuring proper fluid pressures. It also covers maintenance, leak detection, repair techniques, and strategies for extending the life of SCFF cable systems. Maintaining technical knowledge and skills for working on SCFF cables is important as this technology matures and cable suppliers may discontinue support.
Gas insulated substations (GIS) provide a compact alternative to traditional air insulated substations. GIS assemblies contain various electrical components housed in metal enclosures filled with sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas, which serves as the primary insulating medium. SF6 has superior dielectric properties and allows GIS to operate at high voltages in a small footprint. While more expensive initially, GIS occupy one-tenth the space of air insulated substations, making them preferable for urban areas with limited space. However, SF6 is a potent greenhouse gas so future GIS may utilize alternative insulating gases or mixtures.
As the AIS (Air-Insulated Substation) is having more limitations, More and more people are going for the Gas-Insulated Substation which is environment friendly as well.
In these presentation, We discussed about theoritical and technological advancement and advantages related to GIS as compared to other substations.
We discussed different parts of the GIS as well as their operations and advantages.
By going through this presentation, you will have idea regarding comparative advantages and disadvantages of both substations.
This document discusses insulation coordination, which involves selecting insulation levels for electrical system components and arranging them rationally. Proper insulation coordination ensures reliability by minimizing failures from overvoltages while reducing costs. Key aspects covered include determining line and equipment insulation levels, selecting surge arrestors, and the ideal characteristics of protective devices to coordinate insulation withstand. The relationship between insulation, protective device characteristics, and location of surge arrestors is also examined.
The document discusses generator protection systems. It introduces the basic electrical quantities used for protection like current, voltage, phase angle and frequency. Protective relays use one or more of these quantities to detect faults. The document then discusses different types of relays and circuit breakers used for protection. It describes various protection zones like generator, transformer, bus, line and utilization equipment zones. The rest of the document elaborates on different protection schemes for generators including stator protection, rotor protection, loss of excitation protection and reverse power protection.
The document discusses distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electricity from substations to consumers. It then classifies distribution systems based on factors like voltage level (primary vs secondary), current type (AC vs DC), construction method (overhead vs underground), and connection scheme (radial vs loop). The key components of distribution lines are identified as feeders, distributors, and service mains. AC and DC distribution are further explained, including methods to obtain 3-wire DC systems. Various connection schemes like radial, loop and interconnected are also summarized along with their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses gas insulated substations (GIS), which use sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas as an insulating medium within an enclosed metal housing. This allows GIS to be more compact than conventional air insulated substations. The key components of a GIS include gas insulated buses, circuit breakers, disconnectors, and other equipment housed in modular metal enclosures filled with SF6 gas. GIS offer advantages over air insulated substations such as requiring less space, being more reliable and maintenance-free. However, they also have drawbacks such as high costs and potential for excessive damage if an internal fault occurs.
IS : 3043 -1987 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR EARTHING(REACTANCE GROUNDING)Mayank Velani
This document provides information on earthing practices as outlined in the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthing from 1987. It discusses different earthing methods including reactance grounding and arc suppression coil grounding. Reactance grounding works by inserting a reactance between the neutral and ground to limit earth fault current. Arc suppression coil grounding uses an iron-cored coil connected between neutral and earth to balance out capacitive currents and limit fault current. The document explains how to determine the capacitance of a system and design an appropriately sized arc suppression coil to achieve resonant grounding conditions.
A complete slide to teach you about basics of electrical power transmission with a lot of images. Including basic definition, one-line diagram, economy, various types of conductors, towers, poles, insulators and problems regarding transmission system. It also includes questions and discussions to clear the concept. Whole slides is written in point form, so you can catch the main concept about transmission system easily
In-Country Training
On
Operation, Maintenance, Protection & Control of 33/11 kV Substation
Project Name: Design, Supply, Installation, Testing & Commissioning of 33/11 kV sub-stations with source end feeder bays.
Contract No: BREB/UREDS/W-01A-001/02/2016-2017
BREB/UREDS/W-01A-002/03/2016-2017
BREB/UREDS/W-01A-004/04/2016-2017
This document provides guidelines for properly installing an earthing system. It describes the working process which includes 1) checking materials and tools, 2) excavating for cable installation, 3) fitting earth rods and connecting them with cables using appropriate joining methods, 4) checking connections and resistance values, and 5) backfilling. Key points emphasized are using the correct accessories sizes, placing earth points at least 10 feet apart, and creating new points if resistance is more than 10% of requirements. Following the outlined process helps ensure a high quality, code-compliant earthing system installation.
Types of wires, three phase system earthing wasim shaikh
The document discusses various topics related to electrical systems and illumination in buildings including:
- Basics of electricity including electrical charge, voltage, electric current, and electrical resistance.
- Single phase and three phase electric power systems including their definitions, components, and comparisons.
- Earthing (grounding) systems including their objectives, importance, types (neutral and equipment earthing), and construction according to Indian standards.
- Types of wires used in electrical systems including their considerations and common varieties like triplex, feeder, panel, non-metallic sheathed, cleat, wood casting, CTS, conduit, and metal/lead sheathed wires.
This document provides definitions and information about electrical wiring accessories. It discusses different types of wiring systems used in residential and commercial buildings like cleat wiring, casing and capping wiring, conducting wiring, and C.T.S. or T.R.S. wiring. It also covers wiring accessories required for domestic wiring, curriculum for house wiring, types of conducting wiring, and advantages and disadvantages of different wiring methods. The document concludes with a summary of the electrical accessories market trends.
Since the loads having the trends towards growing density. This requires the better appearance, rugged construction, greater service reliability and increased safety. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service. The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
Electrical safety is important to prevent accidents and protect lives. The document discusses several key points:
1. Electrical accidents are common in India, causing 15-16 deaths per day from electrocution. Improper electrical safety also causes fires and loss of production.
2. Federal OSHA regulations in the US (1910.301-399) address electrical safety topics like live parts, grounding, electrical box covers, and flexible cord protection which have resulted in hundreds of citations each year.
3. Proper electrical safety involves protecting operating personnel, equipment, electrical components, and property from emergencies through compliance with regulations and safety practices.
This document provides information about substations, including:
1. Substations are facilities used to change characteristics of electric power supply like voltage, frequency, or converting AC to DC. They are located between generation/transmission and distribution.
2. Substations are classified by their function (transformer, switching, power factor correction etc.) and construction (indoor, outdoor, underground etc.).
3. Key equipment in substations includes transformers, busbars, circuit breakers, insulators, and protection devices. Instrument transformers like PTs and CTs are also used.
4. Distribution systems distribute power from substations to consumers using feeders, distributors, and service mains. Distribution systems are classified by supply type
This document discusses generator protection techniques. It begins by explaining why protective systems are needed to protect expensive power system elements like generators. It then describes different types of generator faults and various protection schemes. These include stator protection using differential protection and its modifications. Rotor faults and their protections like rotor earth fault protection are also explained. The document provides details on other protections like overcurrent, overvoltage, vibration and overheating protections. It concludes by stating that protective devices help detect faults, notify maintenance, and disconnect faulty elements to ensure continuous and safe operation of power systems.
There are three common methods to dry pipelines after pressure testing with water: hot air drying, nitrogen purge drying, and vacuum drying. Hot air drying uses heated air to evaporate water which is then carried out by the flowing air. Nitrogen purge drying uses inert nitrogen gas instead of air. Vacuum drying seals the pipeline and uses a vacuum system to extract air and water vapor over time. Completion of the drying process for all methods can be determined by monitoring the air or gas dewpoint at the outlet with a hygrometer.
This document outlines Mobile Paperboard Corp.'s dust control program. It discusses dust assessments that have been completed which found dust does not present an explosion hazard due to factors like humidity but could present a flammability issue. It describes plant assessments done to identify potential dust accumulation areas and equipment modifications made. The program also details fugitive dust control and housekeeping procedures, documentation of dust control activities, and employee training requirements on dust hazards.
This document discusses the basics of earthing systems. It begins by defining important terminology related to earthing. It then discusses the disadvantages of unearthed systems and the different types of earthing including system, equipment, and reference earthing. The document outlines the basic principles and methods of system earthing, including how fault currents flow. It provides details on the earthing schemes adopted in process plants, including the voltage levels and earthing methods used. Finally, it includes an earthing conductors schedule with requirements for equipment body and instrument earthing connections.
Dear All,
Here i glad to introduced with a basics of Design Electrical which is helpfull to understand the concept of electrical.
I hope you like these concept & prefered the same.
Thanks& Regards,
Pankaj V. Chavan
( 95615 73214 )
Guide for the operation of self contained fluid filled cable systemsPower System Operation
This document provides guidelines for operating self-contained fluid filled (SCFF) cable systems. SCFF cables represent a significant portion of installed high voltage cables. The document discusses key aspects of SCFF cable systems including hydraulic design considerations for ensuring proper fluid pressures. It also covers maintenance, leak detection, repair techniques, and strategies for extending the life of SCFF cable systems. Maintaining technical knowledge and skills for working on SCFF cables is important as this technology matures and cable suppliers may discontinue support.
Gas insulated substations (GIS) provide a compact alternative to traditional air insulated substations. GIS assemblies contain various electrical components housed in metal enclosures filled with sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas, which serves as the primary insulating medium. SF6 has superior dielectric properties and allows GIS to operate at high voltages in a small footprint. While more expensive initially, GIS occupy one-tenth the space of air insulated substations, making them preferable for urban areas with limited space. However, SF6 is a potent greenhouse gas so future GIS may utilize alternative insulating gases or mixtures.
As the AIS (Air-Insulated Substation) is having more limitations, More and more people are going for the Gas-Insulated Substation which is environment friendly as well.
In these presentation, We discussed about theoritical and technological advancement and advantages related to GIS as compared to other substations.
We discussed different parts of the GIS as well as their operations and advantages.
By going through this presentation, you will have idea regarding comparative advantages and disadvantages of both substations.
This document discusses insulation coordination, which involves selecting insulation levels for electrical system components and arranging them rationally. Proper insulation coordination ensures reliability by minimizing failures from overvoltages while reducing costs. Key aspects covered include determining line and equipment insulation levels, selecting surge arrestors, and the ideal characteristics of protective devices to coordinate insulation withstand. The relationship between insulation, protective device characteristics, and location of surge arrestors is also examined.
The document discusses generator protection systems. It introduces the basic electrical quantities used for protection like current, voltage, phase angle and frequency. Protective relays use one or more of these quantities to detect faults. The document then discusses different types of relays and circuit breakers used for protection. It describes various protection zones like generator, transformer, bus, line and utilization equipment zones. The rest of the document elaborates on different protection schemes for generators including stator protection, rotor protection, loss of excitation protection and reverse power protection.
The document discusses distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electricity from substations to consumers. It then classifies distribution systems based on factors like voltage level (primary vs secondary), current type (AC vs DC), construction method (overhead vs underground), and connection scheme (radial vs loop). The key components of distribution lines are identified as feeders, distributors, and service mains. AC and DC distribution are further explained, including methods to obtain 3-wire DC systems. Various connection schemes like radial, loop and interconnected are also summarized along with their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses gas insulated substations (GIS), which use sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas as an insulating medium within an enclosed metal housing. This allows GIS to be more compact than conventional air insulated substations. The key components of a GIS include gas insulated buses, circuit breakers, disconnectors, and other equipment housed in modular metal enclosures filled with SF6 gas. GIS offer advantages over air insulated substations such as requiring less space, being more reliable and maintenance-free. However, they also have drawbacks such as high costs and potential for excessive damage if an internal fault occurs.
IS : 3043 -1987 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR EARTHING(REACTANCE GROUNDING)Mayank Velani
This document provides information on earthing practices as outlined in the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthing from 1987. It discusses different earthing methods including reactance grounding and arc suppression coil grounding. Reactance grounding works by inserting a reactance between the neutral and ground to limit earth fault current. Arc suppression coil grounding uses an iron-cored coil connected between neutral and earth to balance out capacitive currents and limit fault current. The document explains how to determine the capacitance of a system and design an appropriately sized arc suppression coil to achieve resonant grounding conditions.
A complete slide to teach you about basics of electrical power transmission with a lot of images. Including basic definition, one-line diagram, economy, various types of conductors, towers, poles, insulators and problems regarding transmission system. It also includes questions and discussions to clear the concept. Whole slides is written in point form, so you can catch the main concept about transmission system easily
In-Country Training
On
Operation, Maintenance, Protection & Control of 33/11 kV Substation
Project Name: Design, Supply, Installation, Testing & Commissioning of 33/11 kV sub-stations with source end feeder bays.
Contract No: BREB/UREDS/W-01A-001/02/2016-2017
BREB/UREDS/W-01A-002/03/2016-2017
BREB/UREDS/W-01A-004/04/2016-2017
This document provides guidelines for properly installing an earthing system. It describes the working process which includes 1) checking materials and tools, 2) excavating for cable installation, 3) fitting earth rods and connecting them with cables using appropriate joining methods, 4) checking connections and resistance values, and 5) backfilling. Key points emphasized are using the correct accessories sizes, placing earth points at least 10 feet apart, and creating new points if resistance is more than 10% of requirements. Following the outlined process helps ensure a high quality, code-compliant earthing system installation.
Types of wires, three phase system earthing wasim shaikh
The document discusses various topics related to electrical systems and illumination in buildings including:
- Basics of electricity including electrical charge, voltage, electric current, and electrical resistance.
- Single phase and three phase electric power systems including their definitions, components, and comparisons.
- Earthing (grounding) systems including their objectives, importance, types (neutral and equipment earthing), and construction according to Indian standards.
- Types of wires used in electrical systems including their considerations and common varieties like triplex, feeder, panel, non-metallic sheathed, cleat, wood casting, CTS, conduit, and metal/lead sheathed wires.
This document provides definitions and information about electrical wiring accessories. It discusses different types of wiring systems used in residential and commercial buildings like cleat wiring, casing and capping wiring, conducting wiring, and C.T.S. or T.R.S. wiring. It also covers wiring accessories required for domestic wiring, curriculum for house wiring, types of conducting wiring, and advantages and disadvantages of different wiring methods. The document concludes with a summary of the electrical accessories market trends.
Since the loads having the trends towards growing density. This requires the better appearance, rugged construction, greater service reliability and increased safety. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service. The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
Electrical safety is important to prevent accidents and protect lives. The document discusses several key points:
1. Electrical accidents are common in India, causing 15-16 deaths per day from electrocution. Improper electrical safety also causes fires and loss of production.
2. Federal OSHA regulations in the US (1910.301-399) address electrical safety topics like live parts, grounding, electrical box covers, and flexible cord protection which have resulted in hundreds of citations each year.
3. Proper electrical safety involves protecting operating personnel, equipment, electrical components, and property from emergencies through compliance with regulations and safety practices.
This document provides information about substations, including:
1. Substations are facilities used to change characteristics of electric power supply like voltage, frequency, or converting AC to DC. They are located between generation/transmission and distribution.
2. Substations are classified by their function (transformer, switching, power factor correction etc.) and construction (indoor, outdoor, underground etc.).
3. Key equipment in substations includes transformers, busbars, circuit breakers, insulators, and protection devices. Instrument transformers like PTs and CTs are also used.
4. Distribution systems distribute power from substations to consumers using feeders, distributors, and service mains. Distribution systems are classified by supply type
This document discusses generator protection techniques. It begins by explaining why protective systems are needed to protect expensive power system elements like generators. It then describes different types of generator faults and various protection schemes. These include stator protection using differential protection and its modifications. Rotor faults and their protections like rotor earth fault protection are also explained. The document provides details on other protections like overcurrent, overvoltage, vibration and overheating protections. It concludes by stating that protective devices help detect faults, notify maintenance, and disconnect faulty elements to ensure continuous and safe operation of power systems.
There are three common methods to dry pipelines after pressure testing with water: hot air drying, nitrogen purge drying, and vacuum drying. Hot air drying uses heated air to evaporate water which is then carried out by the flowing air. Nitrogen purge drying uses inert nitrogen gas instead of air. Vacuum drying seals the pipeline and uses a vacuum system to extract air and water vapor over time. Completion of the drying process for all methods can be determined by monitoring the air or gas dewpoint at the outlet with a hygrometer.
This document outlines Mobile Paperboard Corp.'s dust control program. It discusses dust assessments that have been completed which found dust does not present an explosion hazard due to factors like humidity but could present a flammability issue. It describes plant assessments done to identify potential dust accumulation areas and equipment modifications made. The program also details fugitive dust control and housekeeping procedures, documentation of dust control activities, and employee training requirements on dust hazards.
This document provides an internship report on the Kandhkot Gas Field operated by Pakistan Petroleum Limited. It summarizes the key components and processes at the Kandhkot Gas Field Compression Station (KFGCS). The KFGCS receives gas through slug catchers which separate liquids before the gas enters filters and scrubbers to remove particles and droplets. The cleaned gas is then compressed in two stages by three centrifugal gas turbine driven compressors before being delivered to the dehydration plant. Safety protocols are strictly enforced to protect personnel and equipment at the gas field.
Fugitive emissions are unintended releases of gases from industrial equipment like pumps, compressors, and valves. This document discusses strategies for reducing fugitive emissions from oil and gas operations at the Jubilee Field in Ghana. It recommends developing a leak detection and repair program to monitor equipment for leaks. Selecting appropriate seals for equipment and following a direct inspection and maintenance process can minimize emissions. While flaring at the FPSO exceeds limits, substituting nitrile seals could help reduce emissions cost-effectively. Overall, a long-term commitment is needed using regulations, alternative energy, and improved management practices to significantly cut fugitive emissions.
This document provides instructions for properly selecting a fan or blower. It outlines 9 key steps to select the appropriate fan type, total airflow, static pressure, density, temperature, altitude, material handling considerations if applicable, ambient temperature range, and safety classification. The instructions describe factors to consider such as temperature and pressure corrections based on operating conditions. Cautions are provided about rotating equipment and ensuring proper guards are used.
This document provides guidelines for the safe storage, handling, use and disposal of compressed and liquefied gas cylinders. It outlines general requirements including proper cylinder storage, transporting cylinders safely, using cylinders and equipment appropriately, and handling specific hazard classes of gases. The guidelines are intended to inform employees of risks and ensure their protection when working with gas cylinders.
It is important to provide a clean zone together with an inert atmosphere for OLED applications.The experts at MBRAUN provide solutions for ‘clean zones’ in the production of OLEDs, which are reported to raise product quality and prevent particles from contaminating the substrates
This document provides guidance on good manufacturing practices for medicinal gases in the European Union. It outlines requirements for personnel, premises, equipment, production, and documentation for the manufacture of active substance gases and medicinal gases. Key points include defining the delineation between active substance and medicinal product manufacture, ensuring traceability of batches, and preventing contamination during filling, storage, transport and refilling of cylinders and vessels. The annex seeks to define clear manufacturing standards while allowing for the specific nature of gaseous medicinal products.
The document discusses a project to upgrade the ESPs at CPP-VAL to hybrid ESP-fabric filter systems in order to reduce emissions below 50 mg/Nm3. Each of the plant's 9 units was retrofitted by removing the last two ESP fields and installing bag filters. The project was completed on schedule by late 2011. Performance has improved with emissions consistently below 40 mg/Nm3 and a more stable and efficient operation.
CIGRE Position Paper on the Application of SF6
in Transmission and Distribution Networks
SF6 is essential for the transmission and distribution equipment and switchgear, because
of its excellent dielectric, arc quenching, heat transfer and chemical recombination
properties.
This has been successfully proven since the 1960s for high-voltage equipment and
since beginning of the 1980s for medium-voltage equipment. The size of equipment
and switchgear has been significantly reduced since the beginning of the SF6 technology.
Nowadays, SF6 technology is even more important to bring bulk power at high-voltage
level closer to the consumers as for mega cities.
Moreover, compact SF6 switchgear support applications such as offshore platforms or
wind power installations where small sizes and light weights are requested.
In spite of all the technical advantages of the SF6 technology, SF6 is a potent greenhouse
gas which is covered by the Kyoto Protocol [1]. Therefore SF6 must be managed within a
closed cycle, avoiding any deliberate release to the atmosphere. During the last 20 years, as
a consequence, significant effort has been undertaken to reduce SF6 emissions. The focus
for manufacturers and asset owners was on finding ways of increasing the tightness of
equipment and reducing handling losses.
PILOT Gaskets technical article on the importance of Fugitive Emissions Control in Process Refinery and Chemicals Plants to seal Valves, Pumps, Gland Packings, Flanges and Joints.
Standard practices for handling, storing, and transporting chlorine tonners/cylinders involve careful procedures due to safety hazards. Chlorine is transported over long distances by road in India. Training programs educate transporters, drivers, and cleaners on emergency procedures. Strict safety checks of vehicles and emergency response plans are required when transporting hazardous chemicals like chlorine.
This document discusses API piping plans for mechanical seal flushing arrangements. It provides descriptions and guidelines for 15 standardized API plans that are widely used in industry to circulate fluid for seal cooling and lubrication. The plans involve arrangements like internal and external recirculation lines, strainers, flow control orifices, heat exchangers, and dual seal barrier fluid systems. Caution is given about design considerations like pressure differentials, flow rates, and fluid compatibility for each plan.
API682 Mechanical Seal Plan and Requirements of Mechanical SealsElango Palaniappan
This document summarizes several standardized piping plans defined by API 682 4th edition for mechanical seal flushing arrangements. It describes 15 different piping plans that provide recirculation of process fluid to cool and vent the mechanical seal. Each plan includes a brief description of its features, typical uses, and important cautions. Customer-specific variants of the standardized plans are also possible. Contact information is provided for further details.
This document summarizes research comparing two methods for testing the air barrier in biological safety cabinets: the potassium iodide (KI) discus method and the aerosol liquid method. The research found that the aerosol liquid method provided a more effective and practical test that simulated operator movements and tested across the entire sash, while the KI discus method only tested a localized area. Testing of cabinets using both methods showed that maintaining the proper exhaust fan speed was key to preserving the air barrier and that lowering the main fan speed disrupted the barrier. The research concluded that the aerosol liquid method should be endorsed in Australian standards as a more informative qualitative test of a biological safety cabinet's air barrier performance.
The document summarizes an experiment using a HMT338 humidity probe to attempt to correlate vapor humidity readings from nitrogen drying of specialty ester batches with product moisture content measurements. No clear correlation was found due to confounding factors like sample exposure to atmosphere introducing moisture and humidity-dependent lab testing methods. Recommendations include investigating inert sampling methods, locking down tanks on weekends to minimize nitrogen use, and purchasing more reliable moisture testing equipment.
Review paper on study and implementation of steam trapsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the study and testing of a thermodynamic steam trap model FMTD64. It provides details on steam trap types, components of the FMTD64 trap, testing methods, CFD analysis of pressure distribution, and experimental results from testing the trap. Testing showed the trap operated within its specified pressure and temperature ranges. The manual testing process and results were acceptable for evaluating the trap's performance. Further automatic testing and evaluating other steam trap models could expand on this work.
200.22 monitoring airborne contaminants with the use of the drager accuro gas...No Kill Shelter Alliance
This document provides guidelines for using a Drager Accuro Gas Detector Pump to monitor airborne ammonia levels when responding to animal hoarding or other situations with large animal waste accumulations. Senior animal control officers trained in the pump's use will take readings to determine respiratory protection required for safety. Readings above 100 ppm require increased ventilation or HAZMAT assistance, while levels between 25-35 ppm allow limited exposure time. Proper documentation and safety precautions are outlined.
The document provides instructions for performing HVAC system service procedures, including refrigerant recovery, component replacement, and retrofitting older R-12 systems to newer R-134a systems. Key steps include properly evacuating the system, recovering refrigerant and oil, performing any necessary repairs, evacuating again, and recharging with the correct amount of refrigerant. Technicians are advised to inspect various components like condensers, evaporators, hoses and replace as needed.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
Sf6 handling procedure
1. EOP 430.51.4
Revision 03/28/05
Page 1 of 6
SF6 HANDLING PROCEDURE
PRINTED COPIES ARE NOT DOCUMENT CONTROLLED. FOR LATEST AUTHORIZED VERSION, PLEASE
REFER TO THE NATIONAL GRID’S INFONET SUBSTATION SERVICES WEB SITE
SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE
ELECTRICAL OPERATING PROCEDURE
A. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This procedure establishes safe working practices for handling sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas and release
minimization practices. This document also specifies methods for handling of SF6 gas and removal,
handling, and disposal of hazardous by-products.
B. REFERENCES
1. National Grid USA Safety rules and procedures
2. National Grid USA Environmental Policy
3. Confined Space Entry
4. EPRI Guidelines for Safe Handling of SF6
5. DOT CFR 49 Chapter 1 Subchapter C
C. PREREQUISITES / CAUTIONS
1. Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas
a. Clean SF6 gas is an inert, stable, colorless, odorless, nontoxic, nonflammable gas. It is
approximately five times heavier than air and will displace air in confined areas. SF6 gas
contains no oxygen and will not support life. Confined areas must be force-ventilated when
working with SF6 gas.
b. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulation on air contaminants,
29 CFR 1910.1000, establishes that SF6 gas has no adverse effects when inhaled in the air at
a Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 1000 ppm.
c. DOT regulations require equipment containing SF6 gas at pressures greater than 25 psig at
68° F. to be certified to transport compressed gas.
d. DOT regulations require cylinders of SF6 gas with a gross weight greater than 220 lbs. to
include a shipping paper. See Environmental Guidance 1110 document for additional
information.
e. The Environmental Protection Agency has identified Sulfur Hexafluoride as a greenhouse
gas, with a global warming potential 23,900 times the effect of an equal mass of Carbon
Dioxide, and an atmospheric lifetime of 3200 years. National Grid USA has entered into a
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the USEPA requiring monitoring and reporting
of annual usage and leakage (emissions) amounts. This procedure is consistent with the
National Grid USA Environmental Policy in that it will help protect the environment for
future generations by making our contribution to minimizing climate change.
f. The venting of SF6 shall be minimized as much as possible. If discharge of small quantities is
necessary for test purposes (i.e., contamination or moisture analysis, etc.), such discharge is
to be kept to the minimum required to obtain a reading.
2. Decomposition Gasses and Solid By-Products
2. EOP 430.51.4
Revision 03/28/05
Page 2 of 6
SF6 HANDLING PROCEDURE
PRINTED COPIES ARE NOT DOCUMENT CONTROLLED. FOR LATEST AUTHORIZED VERSION, PLEASE
REFER TO THE NATIONAL GRID’S INFONET SUBSTATION SERVICES WEB SITE
SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE
ELECTRICAL OPERATING PROCEDURE
a. When exposed to sustained or intense electrical arcs, SF6 gas decomposes to form sulfur-fluoride
gases and metal-fluorides, which are toxic. If moisture is present, the decomposition by-products
may also include sulfur-oxyfluorides, hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid. The presence of these
by-products can be readily detected by a white or gray powdery substance or a very pungent odor
similar to rotten eggs.
b. All in-service SF6 equipment shall be assumed to contain decomposition by-products, unless the
gas has been tested as safe. When handling gas containing SF6 arc byproducts or solid by-
products the following cautions are applicable:
i. Personnel are to wear the appropriate protective clothing / equipment.
ii. OSHA regulations on respiratory protective equipment, 29 CFR 1910.134, require that
personnel wearing respiratory protective equipment be properly trained in the use of this
equipment, medically qualified, and mask fit tested.
3. Definitions / Terminology --
a. Reclaimer - A gas-handling unit equipped with a vacuum pump, storage tank(s), and filtration
equipment necessary to recycle SF6 gas.
i. The storage tank(s) on these carts is either a large central reservoir or one or more DOT-
approved cylinders.
ii. Reservoir-equipped carts shall not be transported over public roadways if the gas pressure is
above 25 psig, unless the cart is properly certified for transportation of compressed gas.
b. Transfer Cart - A cart used to invert and / or heat gas cylinders when filling equipment to
ensure the cylinder is thoroughly emptied.
D. PROCEDURE
Section A -- Handling of Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas:
1. The amount of SF6 gas voluntarily discharged into the atmosphere shall be minimized.
2. The Person in Charge is responsible for recording the instances of equipment being filled with SF6.
3. These instances of filling shall be recorded and entered into the appropriate substation maintenance
priority system program. The number of times a piece of equipment is filled with SF6 due to a leak
will be used to help prioritize repair of the leak or replacement of the equipment.
Section B -- Filling or Topping with SF6 from a Cylinder:
1. For small volume SF6 equipment and for topping off purposes, it may be more practical to fill the
3. EOP 430.51.4
Revision 03/28/05
Page 3 of 6
SF6 HANDLING PROCEDURE
PRINTED COPIES ARE NOT DOCUMENT CONTROLLED. FOR LATEST AUTHORIZED VERSION, PLEASE
REFER TO THE NATIONAL GRID’S INFONET SUBSTATION SERVICES WEB SITE
SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE
ELECTRICAL OPERATING PROCEDURE
enclosure directly from certified SF6 cylinders instead of using a gas handling apparatus. Refer to
EOP 430.51.4 “Adding SF6 to Station Equipment Procedure” for more details.
2. To facilitate the transfer of SF6 gas store cylinders indoors and preheat cylinders with a blanket
heater of appropriate design.
3. Prior to topping off, all filling pipe work, valves, etc. should be clean and dry. Cap off all hoses
after use to maintain cleanliness and dryness.
4. Loosely connect hose to gas compartment valve.
5. Partially open the gas cylinder valve.
6. Allow SF6 to flow through the hose and purge the air.
7. Seal all fittings as soon as the air is purged.
8. Open gas compartment valve and fill to the appropriate pressure.
CAUTION: Do not invert the gas cylinders to speed up the transfer of SF6 gas, unless the
filling apparatus is designed for this purpose. The gas cylinders may contain particulate
metal oxides, which can result in failures if transferred into the gas enclosure. Also, by
inverting the cylinders, liquid SF6 could be forced into the enclosure which, upon
evaporation, will result in over-pressure. The pumps of gas carts are designed for transfer of
gas and some can be damaged if liquid is passed through them.
Section C -- Removal of Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas from In-Service Equipment:
1) Prior to removal of gas, check the gas compartment and associated devices for leaks using an
approved halogen leak detector. Test the gas for arc byproducts if there is a possibility of an
internal failure.
2) Identify any components that must be repaired while SF6 gas is evacuated from equipment.
3) Obtain replacement parts as necessary to repair leaks.
4) Attach the hose from the SF6 Processing Cart to the gas compartment valve.
5) Draw a vacuum on the hose to remove air and moisture. Check for leaks.
6) Open the gas compartment valve.
7) Remove SF6 gas from the gas compartment via the processing cart filtration system as described in
the processing cart operating / maintenance instruction booklet.
4. EOP 430.51.4
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SF6 HANDLING PROCEDURE
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REFER TO THE NATIONAL GRID’S INFONET SUBSTATION SERVICES WEB SITE
SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE
ELECTRICAL OPERATING PROCEDURE
8) Draw a vacuum on the gas compartment to complete the SF6 gas removal process. High level of
vacuums should not be drawn if equipment leaks will result contaminating the processing cart with
air.
9) Break vacuum with nitrogen or dry air as applicable.
10) SF6 Gas that is to be reused on the same equipment may be kept in the processing cart until
maintenance is complete.
a. If equipment is to be retired from use, SF6 gas must be transferred to DOT - approved
cylinders.
b. Reservoir - equipped gas carts must not be transported over public roadways if gas pressure
exceeds 25 psig at 68° F unless the cart is properly DOT certified for transportation of
compressed gas.
11) Clean interior of equipment in accordance with Section D prior to working on any internal parts.
12) When equipment is to be returned to service, seal all portholes and fittings.
13) Fill the equipment in accordance with Section E.
Section D -- Removal of Hazardous Solid By-Products:
1. After the SF6 gas has been removed from the gas compartment and prior to opening the gas
compartment's porthole(s), put on the following approved protective outerwear:
a. Clothing, protective, rainwear --
(In hot weather, a lighter weight poly-coated tyvek suit may be worn)
b. Glove, safety, disposable, polyethylene, large, clear
c. A supplied air respirator or a half-face or full-face reusable respirator, with two HEPA cartridges
for organic vapor / acid gas.
d. Goggles, chemical splash resistant, without vent, clear lens (if using half-face respirator) --
e. Disposable pullover boot.
2. Open the porthole(s) to gain access to the gas compartment.
3. Before entry, ventilate gas compartment with a 50 - cfm blower for at least one-half hour.
4. Test the compartment with an approved air monitor to verify a minimum of 20.9% oxygen
and no presence of combustible gases including carbon monoxide.
5. EOP 430.51.4
Revision 03/28/05
Page 5 of 6
SF6 HANDLING PROCEDURE
PRINTED COPIES ARE NOT DOCUMENT CONTROLLED. FOR LATEST AUTHORIZED VERSION, PLEASE
REFER TO THE NATIONAL GRID’S INFONET SUBSTATION SERVICES WEB SITE
SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE
ELECTRICAL OPERATING PROCEDURE
5. Using an approved halogen leak detector, perform checks at various low points within the
gas compartment to determine any presence of SF6 gas.
6. Continue ventilation in low point areas until the detector indicates that SF6 gas has been
purged.
7. Continue ventilation while work is being performed.
8. Remove contaminated powdery deposits using an approved vacuum cleaner equipped with
High-Efficiency Particle Arresting (HEPA) filters. NOTE: These deposits must be
removed promptly once the gas compartment is opened, since they readily absorb
moisture, becoming corrosive and sticky, and making their removal more difficult.
9. After using the vacuum, clean up any powdery residue using approved wipes.
10. Place powdery deposits contained in the vacuum cleaner disposal bag along with any wipes
and other contaminated materials in a plastic waste bag.
11. Upon completion of repair and/or maintenance work, seal all portholes of the gas compartment.
12. Remove protective outerwear.
13. Place disposable coveralls, gloves, boots, and respirator cartridges, and any other contaminated
materials in the plastic waste bag.
14. Secure bag with filament tape.
15. Place plastic waste bag in an appropriately sized container, such as a 55 - gallon drum or a 5 -
gallon can. SF6 by-products are corrosive and should not be placed directly in contact with a metal
storage container.
16. Wash face and hands following completion of work and before eating or drinking.
17. In the states of Massachusetts and New York the waste shall be labeled as non-hazardous waste. In
Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont the waste shall be labeled as hazardous waste. The
label shall be filled out with the date and contents. In all states the same personnel protective
equipment shall be worn by employees since the waste is a corrosive solid and is regulated by
OSHA in the same manner in each state.
Section E Filling Equipment with Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas after servicing using a Gas
Handling Apparatus:
1. Obtain an SF6 gas reclaimer.
6. EOP 430.51.4
Revision 03/28/05
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SF6 HANDLING PROCEDURE
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REFER TO THE NATIONAL GRID’S INFONET SUBSTATION SERVICES WEB SITE
SUBSTATION MAINTENANCE
ELECTRICAL OPERATING PROCEDURE
2. Connect hose to gas compartment valve and tighten all fittings.
3. Evacuate hose using vacuum pump. Check for leaks.
4. Evacuate equipment to the level and for the time specified by the manufacturer.
5. Break vacuum using SF6 gas.
6. Open gas compartment valve.
7. Fill and pressurize the equipment per manufacturer’s instructions.
8. Close gas compartment valve.
9. Using the vacuum pump and gas compressor reclaim the SF6 from the hose back into the
gas cart.
10. Disconnect hose from gas compartment valve and cap hose fitting.