Sex and Gender by Irene Santiago
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Feminism: Defining equal rights and opportunities for young women By: Ms. Irene M. Santiago, Chair Emerita and CEO, Mindanao Commission on Women
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This document discusses gender as a social and cultural construct rather than being based solely on sex. It defines gender studies as the analysis of gender discrimination and disadvantages faced by different genders, particularly women, in various fields in Pakistan. The aims of gender studies are to promote open-mindedness about issues faced by both genders and to provide equity and equality. Key areas of focus include problems faced by disadvantaged genders in formal paid labor sectors as well as informal domestic work, and how understanding gender can help address challenges for minorities, the disadvantaged, oppressed, impoverished, and victims of violence.
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2. Explanations for this gender difference include women having a lower tolerance for risk, and socialization in patriarchal households leading women to be more religious.
3. Many religions have historically supported gender inequality and associated women with notions like sinfulness. However, Jesus treated women more positively. Debates over practices like the hijab often relate more to power and culture than religion.
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SOC/100 v8
Reading Guide: Deviance, Social Stratification, and Inequality
SOC/100 v8
Page 2 of 2
Reading Guide: Deviance, Social Stratification, and Inequality
This reading guide covers Chapters 7, 9, 11, and 12 in your textbook:
Griffiths, H., Keirns, N., Strayer, E., Cody-Rydzewski, S., Scaramuzzo, G., Sadler, T., Vyain, S., Bry, J., & Jones, F. (2015). Introduction to sociology (2nd ed.). OpenStax College, Rice University.
Review these notes to assist with your assignment this week.
DevianceDeviance and Social Control
Deviance: behavior that does not conform with cultural norms or social standards
· Deviance depends on a person’s culture and subculture; deviant actions may not be considered deviant in a different place or time.
· For example, actions such as smoking indoors, playing loud music, or being nude in public can be considered deviant or not, depending on when and where they happen. Deviance and Crime: Formal and Informal Sanctions
Informal sanctions: forms of punishment for mild violations of social norms
· Examples of mild violations: cutting in line, eating with your fingers at a nice restaurant, texting during a film in a movie theater
· Examples of informal sanctions: nasty looks, rude comments, isolation from social groups
Formal sanctions: forms of punishment for serious violations of social norms that are written laws
· Examples of serious violations: murder, rape, theft, speeding
· Examples of sanctions: fines, jail time, criminal recordTheoretical Perspectives on Deviance
· Functionalist perspective
· A functional society needs deviance to reaffirm current social norms and to set boundaries for social control and morality.
· Conflict theorist perspective
· Deviance and crime are caused by social and economic factors created by a wealthy elite class of people in power who maintain the status quo in society, decide what is deviant, and determine who gets criminalized for deviant behavior.
· Symbolic interactionist perspective
· Deviance is behavior that is learned from social interactions with other people, either as a response to others’ reactions or by modeling their deviance.
Social Stratification
Social stratification: society’s way of categorizing people by socioeconomic status, ranked by tiers based on factors that reflect an unequal distribution of resources
· Sociologists recognize that social stratification is a society-wide system that makes inequalities apparent.
Class system: a way of describing the level of someone’s social standing based on their individual accomplishments and social factors
· Examples of class systems in the U.S.: lower, middle, and higher income
· Primary characteristics of each class serve as social boundaries between them.
· Socioeconomic status (SES) in a class system determines individuals’ life outcomes.
Wealth: the value of assets owned by a household
· Wealth enhances one’s life chances by creating opportunities and desired stature, command over labor and businesses, and the abil.
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- 5. What is gender ? What is sex? Gender is very much related to sex and many people are often confused about the distinction between sex and gender
- 7. DETERMINANTS OF SEX FEMALE MALE GENITALIA vagina, clitoris penis, scrotum INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS uterus, ovaries testes CHROMOSOMES XX XY HORMONES estrogen, progesterone testosterone
- 8. SEX GENDER What makes one male or female What is masculine or feminine Biologically- determined Socially-determined; culturally-defined Refers to physical characteristics Refers to learned behavior
- 9. SEX GENDER Constant across time Changes over time Constant/same across different societies and cultures May vary in different societies and cultures Gender differences are created, produced, reproduced & maintained by social institutions Gender is multi-dimensional, influencing economic, political & social interactions and needs
- 10. INSTITUTIONS THAT PERPETUATE GENDER POWER RELATIONS FAMILY SCHOOL CHURCH / RELIGION MEDIA BUSINESS MARKET STATE
- 11. Because of uneven and unjust GENDER POWER RELATIONS women and men are boxed into situations – which constrain their Capacity to do and to be
- 12. GENDER BIASES AGAINST MEN Inherently aggressive and violent Don’t feel pain/incapable of experiencing human relations Inherently expressive in their sexuality Don’t need closeness, reassurance and attention etc.
- 13. Gender issues & biases affect women more
- 14. VIOLENCE MARGINALIZAT ION SUBORDINATION MULTIPLE BURDEN GENDER STEREOTYPING Manifestations of gender biases NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON PERSONHOOD
Editor's Notes
- Marginalization (economic sphere) Not equal pay for work of equal value Women last hired, first fired No/little opportunities for career advancement (training available or accessible to men only) Work at home not given any economic value, not considered as work Work outside the home that are considered extension of their home roles are valued less Subordination (political sphere) Few women in decision-making (incl. At home) Glass ceiling for women – promotions slow, some leadership positions not for women - 10% women in most legislatures Politics too dirty for women – di masikmura ng women Gender Stereotyping “ kinakahon” – men’s place, role, work, dress, color, etc. not women’s place, role, dress, color, etc. From womb to tomb – malikot sa tiyan/baby boy, maganda ang nanay/baby girl – boy’s games & toys/girl’s games & toys Prevents women from full enjoyment of rights and expression of her talents Like the air we breath – oftentimes subtle so we are socialized into it without realizing it – defined by our songs, textbooks, church sermons, advertisements Multiple burden 8 hr. work outside the home – 8 hrs. housework required by defined gender roles – little time for rest & recreation Men not expected to do housework (some do housework, but only when they want to.e.g. pasikat sa friends na marunong magluto ng pasta) Violence against women Whole range of violent acts – green jokes, sexual innuendos, sexual harassment, acts of lasciviousness, rape Women treated as sex objects Men socialized into thinking than women are virgins (they expect of their girlfriend, wives, daughters) or vamps (the women who provide them sexual favors) Some places (parks, bars,etc. or work (night work, work that requires travel) not for women - No woman is safe until all women are safe. Negative effect on personhood Women develop low self-esteem, no self-confidence No control over their bodies Women set low expectations of themselves, will not want to achieve more, will not want to outshine her man Will feel that without a man, she is nothing (pressures for women to get married, when married – must keep her man at all costs)