This document discusses gender and sex differences from multiple perspectives. It defines gender and sex, and notes there is a difference between the two. Gender roles are learned behaviors influenced by both nature and nurture. Studies show atypical gender roles in males are influenced more by environment, while atypical roles in females show more heritability. Children are rewarded for gender-typical behaviors starting at a young age. Homosexuality may be linked to left-handedness, older siblings, and gender atypical behaviors as a child. Treatment for gender identity disorder in children aims to address psychological issues without changing sexual identity.
The document discusses the differences between sex and gender. Sex refers to biological attributes that distinguish males and females, such as reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. Gender refers to cultural attributes that arise from biological sex differences, such as gender roles, behaviors, and styles of dress. The document then examines gender differences in various societies, including divisions of labor between males and females, as well as cultural rules around sexual behavior and taboos such as incest. Possible explanations for gender norms, such as compatibility with childcare responsibilities, are also explored.
Sex, gender, and sexuality are distinct but related concepts. Sex refers to biological traits, gender includes identity, presentation and roles, and sexuality is about attraction and expression. Gender is determined by both biology and culture through socialization. Transgender people identify with a gender not associated with their sex assigned at birth. Some societies recognize third genders in addition to men and women. Sexual orientation refers to patterns of attraction, and thinking of it as heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual is a recent concept from the late 19th century.
The document discusses various topics related to human sexuality and desire, including:
- Biological factors like hormones and arousal, and how they interact with social/cultural influences
- Competing approaches to understanding sexual desire, such as biological/evolutionary explanations versus social constructionism
- How societies construct and control sexuality through norms, taboos, and gender roles
- The influence of culture and environment in shaping what behaviors are seen as normal versus deviant
- Debates around topics like sex education and how much biological hardwiring versus socialization impacts human sexuality
The overall perspective is that both biological and social/cultural factors are important for understanding human sexual desire, and an integrative approach is needed to
This document discusses the biological and cultural foundations of gender and kinship. It begins by defining sex as physical attributes and gender as cultural attributes derived from sex. It then covers primary and secondary sex characteristics of males and females. The document also discusses gender roles and restrictions on sexual behavior such as incest taboos. It examines explanations for gender divisions of labor, including differences in physical strength and compatibility with childcare responsibilities.
The document summarizes some key biological factors involved in human sexuality. It discusses how sexual behavior in humans serves purposes beyond reproduction, shaped by both biological and cultural influences. While culture has powerful effects, biological factors related to sexual arousal and response remain fundamental to understanding human sexuality. It then describes the processes of sexual differentiation into male and female, including the roles of sex chromosomes and genes in developing either testes or ovaries which influence further physical and neurological sexual differentiation. Areas of overlap between male and female development are also noted.
The document discusses the concept of biological sex as a spectrum rather than a binary, citing evidence of individuals who are intersex - with sexual characteristics that are not exclusively male or female. It argues that there are at least five sexes when considering intersex conditions like hermaphroditism. However, Western culture insists on recognizing only two sexes, often surgically altering intersex infants to fit into male or female categories.
From a Black and White to a Technicolor View of Gender: A Discussion on Gende...Aimee Beardslee
This document provides an overview of a discussion on gender identity and gender variance. It covers topics such as the differences between sex and gender, what intersex and transgender mean, gender development theories, and examples of gender variance across cultures. The discussion aims to move from a black and white view of gender to a more nuanced technicolor perspective that acknowledges there exists a spectrum of gender identities and expressions.
A first blush, it probably seems easy to define what we're talking about when we talk about gender. It's just men and women, and the differences between them, right? But things are not so simple, and explaining what actually constitutes gender is surprisingly difficult.
The document discusses the differences between sex and gender. Sex refers to biological attributes that distinguish males and females, such as reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. Gender refers to cultural attributes that arise from biological sex differences, such as gender roles, behaviors, and styles of dress. The document then examines gender differences in various societies, including divisions of labor between males and females, as well as cultural rules around sexual behavior and taboos such as incest. Possible explanations for gender norms, such as compatibility with childcare responsibilities, are also explored.
Sex, gender, and sexuality are distinct but related concepts. Sex refers to biological traits, gender includes identity, presentation and roles, and sexuality is about attraction and expression. Gender is determined by both biology and culture through socialization. Transgender people identify with a gender not associated with their sex assigned at birth. Some societies recognize third genders in addition to men and women. Sexual orientation refers to patterns of attraction, and thinking of it as heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual is a recent concept from the late 19th century.
The document discusses various topics related to human sexuality and desire, including:
- Biological factors like hormones and arousal, and how they interact with social/cultural influences
- Competing approaches to understanding sexual desire, such as biological/evolutionary explanations versus social constructionism
- How societies construct and control sexuality through norms, taboos, and gender roles
- The influence of culture and environment in shaping what behaviors are seen as normal versus deviant
- Debates around topics like sex education and how much biological hardwiring versus socialization impacts human sexuality
The overall perspective is that both biological and social/cultural factors are important for understanding human sexual desire, and an integrative approach is needed to
This document discusses the biological and cultural foundations of gender and kinship. It begins by defining sex as physical attributes and gender as cultural attributes derived from sex. It then covers primary and secondary sex characteristics of males and females. The document also discusses gender roles and restrictions on sexual behavior such as incest taboos. It examines explanations for gender divisions of labor, including differences in physical strength and compatibility with childcare responsibilities.
The document summarizes some key biological factors involved in human sexuality. It discusses how sexual behavior in humans serves purposes beyond reproduction, shaped by both biological and cultural influences. While culture has powerful effects, biological factors related to sexual arousal and response remain fundamental to understanding human sexuality. It then describes the processes of sexual differentiation into male and female, including the roles of sex chromosomes and genes in developing either testes or ovaries which influence further physical and neurological sexual differentiation. Areas of overlap between male and female development are also noted.
The document discusses the concept of biological sex as a spectrum rather than a binary, citing evidence of individuals who are intersex - with sexual characteristics that are not exclusively male or female. It argues that there are at least five sexes when considering intersex conditions like hermaphroditism. However, Western culture insists on recognizing only two sexes, often surgically altering intersex infants to fit into male or female categories.
From a Black and White to a Technicolor View of Gender: A Discussion on Gende...Aimee Beardslee
This document provides an overview of a discussion on gender identity and gender variance. It covers topics such as the differences between sex and gender, what intersex and transgender mean, gender development theories, and examples of gender variance across cultures. The discussion aims to move from a black and white view of gender to a more nuanced technicolor perspective that acknowledges there exists a spectrum of gender identities and expressions.
A first blush, it probably seems easy to define what we're talking about when we talk about gender. It's just men and women, and the differences between them, right? But things are not so simple, and explaining what actually constitutes gender is surprisingly difficult.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from a lecture on gender and sexuality in anthropology. It defines and distinguishes among sex, gender, and sexuality. It discusses how gender is a social and cultural elaboration of biological sex. Examples of gender systems like marriage, inheritance, and residence patterns are presented to show how they vary across cultures. The influence of sexual bonding and reproduction on the development of gender is also discussed.
The document discusses various topics related to stress, including:
1. Cognitive appraisal theories of stress proposed by Richard Lazarus which emphasize the role of perception and evaluation in the stress response.
2. Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome model of the body's nonspecific response to stressors.
3. Factors that can moderate the stress response like predictability, control, and social support.
4. Unhealthy and healthy coping strategies for dealing with stress.
Defines sex and gender; looks at human sexuality as basis of culture and society; discusses cultural restrictions on sexuality; honor killings and clitoridectomy are two sanctons relating to sexuality.
This document discusses the differences between sex and gender. Sex refers to biological characteristics, while gender refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors, and relationships. It provides examples of how gender is defined and expressed differently across cultures. Gender is influenced by social institutions and ideology, and is embodied through learned behaviors. The document discusses how understanding gender as a social construct, rather than being based solely on biology, can provide insights into related public health issues that have a gender dimension, such as maternal health, violence, and disease transmission.
This document provides an overview of understanding the needs of transgender clients. It begins with a personal sharing from the author about their experience transitioning from male to female. It then covers terminology, history, etiquette, rights, and current standards of care for transgender individuals. The goal is to educate people on working respectfully with transgender clients and promoting equality.
This document provides an introduction to concepts related to gender identity, gender expression, and biological sex. It defines these terms and discusses their differences. It also addresses the prevalence of intersex individuals, myths and misconceptions, and theoretical considerations for counselors. Gender identity refers to one's internal gender, gender expression is one's outward presentation, and biological sex refers to physical characteristics. These do not always align. The document aims to educate on this topic which is important for multicultural counseling.
Human sexuality is influenced by genetic, biological, psychosocial, and cultural factors. It involves behaviors, relationships, gender identity, sexual orientation, and other expressions that begin developing in childhood. Sexual issues can include paraphilias (abnormal sexual interests), dysfunctions (problems with sexual arousal, desire, or orgasm), and disorders of gender identity or sexual pain. Treatment may involve psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, medication, or surgery depending on the specific issue.
This document discusses a lecture on human sex and sexuality. It begins by covering key facts about sexual reproduction, including how it creates more variety than asexual reproduction and allows for faster evolution. It then discusses different types of sexual reproduction in species, including sequential hermaphrodites and simultaneous hermaphrodites. The document emphasizes that biology does not determine gender, as gender is a social and cultural construct, and different cultures interpret human biology in various ways. It also notes that biological sex exists on multiple levels and is not strictly binary, as some individuals are intersex.
Gender and gender roles can be complex topics with biological, social, and cultural components. Biologically, sex is determined by genetic or anatomical characteristics, while gender refers to social and cultural roles associated with being male or female. Gender identity develops from a combination of biological and environmental factors. Traditional Western views emphasized polar masculine and feminine traits and roles, but modern perspectives recognize more fluidity and diversity in gender expressions. Conditions like intersexuality or transgenderism also show that biological sex and gender identity do not always align.
The document discusses sex, gender, and culture. It defines sex as biological differences between males and females, such as physical characteristics. Gender is defined as socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes that are seen as masculine or feminine. The document examines differences in male and female physiology and possible evolutionary explanations. It also discusses gender roles versus sex roles, and how gender roles are learned behaviors that can vary across cultures, while sex roles are based on biological functions. The roles of males and females in subsistence activities and political leadership are also analyzed.
Pansexuality, bisexuality and genderfluidity powerpointJosh Hopper
A brief and simplistic explanation of pansexuality, bisexuality, gender-fluidity and the "gender binary" - apologies if there is any incorrect information.
The document discusses several topics related to gender across cultures, including:
1) Recurrent patterns show females dominating domestic activities while males dominate extra-domestic activities, with women typically being primary caregivers.
2) Gender roles and the division of labor vary between societies, though foraging societies generally assign hunting to males due to size/strength while some females assist, and horticultural societies range from male-dominated to more equal.
3) Industrialization led to the idea of separate gender roles with women in the home, contributing to the feminization of poverty in some societies.
The document covers several topics related to gender and sexuality including important distinctions between sex and gender, gender socialization and expectations, theories of gender stratification and sexuality, variations in human sexual attitudes and behaviors across time and cultures, controversies around the legislation of morality and sexuality, and the history of understanding and discussing sexuality from the 17th century to present day.
The document is from a PowerPoint presentation on human sexuality that covers several topics:
- It defines human sexuality and discusses how it is studied from various academic perspectives.
- It explores how values and critical thinking influence attitudes toward sexuality.
- It presents various historical, biological, evolutionary, sociological, and psychological perspectives on understanding human sexuality.
- It discusses perspectives from feminism, queer theory, and how multiple perspectives provide a richer understanding of human sexuality.
This document discusses various topics related to human sexuality including: definitions of sexuality, influences on sexuality like gender and culture, categories of sexual orientation, stereotypes associated with gender roles, relationship dynamics, virginity and abstinence, masturbation, fantasy and role-playing, criticism of how some activities are portrayed, and the impact of disability on sexuality. Key influences mentioned are gender, physicality, religion, family, and cultural norms. A wide range of human sexual behaviors and experiences are covered.
Gender identity refers to a person's internal sense of their own gender, whether male, female, neither, or both. It is distinct from biological sex and gender roles. Gender identity is self-identified and involves both inherent and environmental factors. Gender roles refer to societal expectations of masculine and feminine characteristics and behaviors. There are various gender identities including cisgender, transgender, non-binary, and agender.
Sex refers to biological characteristics, gender refers to cultural understandings of masculinity and femininity, and sexuality refers to how we understand ourselves as sexual beings. While most societies demonstrate some degree of patriarchy where men dominate socially and have more authority than women, truly matriarchal societies where women hold more power are not considered to exist by most anthropologists. Anthropologist Margaret Mead observed that in nearly all societies, men's work was valued more highly than women's work, regardless of the type of work performed.
1. The document discusses key concepts related to gender including that gender is a social construct distinct from sex, and refers to behaviors and traits that a society considers masculine or feminine.
2. Key terms discussed include gender fluidity, gender identity, gender roles, and gender stereotypes.
3. The document also discusses scholars like Robert Stoller who introduced concepts of transsexuality, and how gender is interpreted differently across cultures.
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity And Adolescent Health 10.6.07Knoll Larkin
This document provides an overview of key terms and definitions related to sexual orientation and gender identity, with a focus on the experiences and health issues faced by LGBT youth. It discusses concepts like coming out, preferred language, challenges LGBT youth face in schools, homes, and healthcare settings, and health concerns including substance abuse, violence, HIV risk, and mental health issues. The document concludes with standards of care recommendations and resources for creating inclusive environments and supporting LGBT youth.
Este documento propone un convenio marco de colaboración entre la Universidad de Granada y la Universidad Internacional de Andalucía para promover la cooperación académica y científica entre las dos instituciones a través del intercambio de profesores, personal e investigadores, así como proyectos conjuntos de investigación y publicaciones.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from a lecture on gender and sexuality in anthropology. It defines and distinguishes among sex, gender, and sexuality. It discusses how gender is a social and cultural elaboration of biological sex. Examples of gender systems like marriage, inheritance, and residence patterns are presented to show how they vary across cultures. The influence of sexual bonding and reproduction on the development of gender is also discussed.
The document discusses various topics related to stress, including:
1. Cognitive appraisal theories of stress proposed by Richard Lazarus which emphasize the role of perception and evaluation in the stress response.
2. Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome model of the body's nonspecific response to stressors.
3. Factors that can moderate the stress response like predictability, control, and social support.
4. Unhealthy and healthy coping strategies for dealing with stress.
Defines sex and gender; looks at human sexuality as basis of culture and society; discusses cultural restrictions on sexuality; honor killings and clitoridectomy are two sanctons relating to sexuality.
This document discusses the differences between sex and gender. Sex refers to biological characteristics, while gender refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors, and relationships. It provides examples of how gender is defined and expressed differently across cultures. Gender is influenced by social institutions and ideology, and is embodied through learned behaviors. The document discusses how understanding gender as a social construct, rather than being based solely on biology, can provide insights into related public health issues that have a gender dimension, such as maternal health, violence, and disease transmission.
This document provides an overview of understanding the needs of transgender clients. It begins with a personal sharing from the author about their experience transitioning from male to female. It then covers terminology, history, etiquette, rights, and current standards of care for transgender individuals. The goal is to educate people on working respectfully with transgender clients and promoting equality.
This document provides an introduction to concepts related to gender identity, gender expression, and biological sex. It defines these terms and discusses their differences. It also addresses the prevalence of intersex individuals, myths and misconceptions, and theoretical considerations for counselors. Gender identity refers to one's internal gender, gender expression is one's outward presentation, and biological sex refers to physical characteristics. These do not always align. The document aims to educate on this topic which is important for multicultural counseling.
Human sexuality is influenced by genetic, biological, psychosocial, and cultural factors. It involves behaviors, relationships, gender identity, sexual orientation, and other expressions that begin developing in childhood. Sexual issues can include paraphilias (abnormal sexual interests), dysfunctions (problems with sexual arousal, desire, or orgasm), and disorders of gender identity or sexual pain. Treatment may involve psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, medication, or surgery depending on the specific issue.
This document discusses a lecture on human sex and sexuality. It begins by covering key facts about sexual reproduction, including how it creates more variety than asexual reproduction and allows for faster evolution. It then discusses different types of sexual reproduction in species, including sequential hermaphrodites and simultaneous hermaphrodites. The document emphasizes that biology does not determine gender, as gender is a social and cultural construct, and different cultures interpret human biology in various ways. It also notes that biological sex exists on multiple levels and is not strictly binary, as some individuals are intersex.
Gender and gender roles can be complex topics with biological, social, and cultural components. Biologically, sex is determined by genetic or anatomical characteristics, while gender refers to social and cultural roles associated with being male or female. Gender identity develops from a combination of biological and environmental factors. Traditional Western views emphasized polar masculine and feminine traits and roles, but modern perspectives recognize more fluidity and diversity in gender expressions. Conditions like intersexuality or transgenderism also show that biological sex and gender identity do not always align.
The document discusses sex, gender, and culture. It defines sex as biological differences between males and females, such as physical characteristics. Gender is defined as socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes that are seen as masculine or feminine. The document examines differences in male and female physiology and possible evolutionary explanations. It also discusses gender roles versus sex roles, and how gender roles are learned behaviors that can vary across cultures, while sex roles are based on biological functions. The roles of males and females in subsistence activities and political leadership are also analyzed.
Pansexuality, bisexuality and genderfluidity powerpointJosh Hopper
A brief and simplistic explanation of pansexuality, bisexuality, gender-fluidity and the "gender binary" - apologies if there is any incorrect information.
The document discusses several topics related to gender across cultures, including:
1) Recurrent patterns show females dominating domestic activities while males dominate extra-domestic activities, with women typically being primary caregivers.
2) Gender roles and the division of labor vary between societies, though foraging societies generally assign hunting to males due to size/strength while some females assist, and horticultural societies range from male-dominated to more equal.
3) Industrialization led to the idea of separate gender roles with women in the home, contributing to the feminization of poverty in some societies.
The document covers several topics related to gender and sexuality including important distinctions between sex and gender, gender socialization and expectations, theories of gender stratification and sexuality, variations in human sexual attitudes and behaviors across time and cultures, controversies around the legislation of morality and sexuality, and the history of understanding and discussing sexuality from the 17th century to present day.
The document is from a PowerPoint presentation on human sexuality that covers several topics:
- It defines human sexuality and discusses how it is studied from various academic perspectives.
- It explores how values and critical thinking influence attitudes toward sexuality.
- It presents various historical, biological, evolutionary, sociological, and psychological perspectives on understanding human sexuality.
- It discusses perspectives from feminism, queer theory, and how multiple perspectives provide a richer understanding of human sexuality.
This document discusses various topics related to human sexuality including: definitions of sexuality, influences on sexuality like gender and culture, categories of sexual orientation, stereotypes associated with gender roles, relationship dynamics, virginity and abstinence, masturbation, fantasy and role-playing, criticism of how some activities are portrayed, and the impact of disability on sexuality. Key influences mentioned are gender, physicality, religion, family, and cultural norms. A wide range of human sexual behaviors and experiences are covered.
Gender identity refers to a person's internal sense of their own gender, whether male, female, neither, or both. It is distinct from biological sex and gender roles. Gender identity is self-identified and involves both inherent and environmental factors. Gender roles refer to societal expectations of masculine and feminine characteristics and behaviors. There are various gender identities including cisgender, transgender, non-binary, and agender.
Sex refers to biological characteristics, gender refers to cultural understandings of masculinity and femininity, and sexuality refers to how we understand ourselves as sexual beings. While most societies demonstrate some degree of patriarchy where men dominate socially and have more authority than women, truly matriarchal societies where women hold more power are not considered to exist by most anthropologists. Anthropologist Margaret Mead observed that in nearly all societies, men's work was valued more highly than women's work, regardless of the type of work performed.
1. The document discusses key concepts related to gender including that gender is a social construct distinct from sex, and refers to behaviors and traits that a society considers masculine or feminine.
2. Key terms discussed include gender fluidity, gender identity, gender roles, and gender stereotypes.
3. The document also discusses scholars like Robert Stoller who introduced concepts of transsexuality, and how gender is interpreted differently across cultures.
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity And Adolescent Health 10.6.07Knoll Larkin
This document provides an overview of key terms and definitions related to sexual orientation and gender identity, with a focus on the experiences and health issues faced by LGBT youth. It discusses concepts like coming out, preferred language, challenges LGBT youth face in schools, homes, and healthcare settings, and health concerns including substance abuse, violence, HIV risk, and mental health issues. The document concludes with standards of care recommendations and resources for creating inclusive environments and supporting LGBT youth.
Este documento propone un convenio marco de colaboración entre la Universidad de Granada y la Universidad Internacional de Andalucía para promover la cooperación académica y científica entre las dos instituciones a través del intercambio de profesores, personal e investigadores, así como proyectos conjuntos de investigación y publicaciones.
Implementering av velferdsteknologi i kommunane i Sogn og Fjordane
Ein konferanse om erfaringar med planlegging og implementering
av velferdsteknologi i kommunane i Sogn og Fjordane
Skei Hotell, 11. februar 2016
kl. 10.00 – 16.00
In this report we'll describe how to germinate our Old Amsterdam seeds. We'll show both on cotton and in the open ground. We choose plastic pots and (unglazed) pottery because they tend to make the soil dry quickly.
Døme på arbeid med velferdsteknologi i fylket
Planlegging av velferdsteknologi i Eid kommune, Torfinn Myklebust, prosjektleiar Eid. Velferdsteknologi for kommunane i Sogn og Fjordane
SKEI HOTELL, 10. desember 2014 kl. 10.00 – 16.10
Eit seminar om status for velferdsteknologi nasjonalt og i Sogn og Fjordane, og om framtidig satsing og samarbeid i fylket
Kvifor skal vi engasjere oss i velferdsteknologi?
Kva behov finst i kommunane og korleis kan vi kartlegge behova? Kompetanse? Marta Strandos, leiar for Utviklingssenter for sjukeheim og heimetenester i Sogn og Fjordane
Velferdsteknologi for kommunane i Sogn og Fjordane
SKEI HOTELL, 10. desember 2014 kl. 10.00 – 16.10
Eit seminar om status for velferdsteknologi nasjonalt og i Sogn og Fjordane, og om framtidig satsing og samarbeid i fylket
Ove Anfinn Bjørlo, rektor ved Eid vidaregåande skule. Kompetanseutvikling i fylket. Velferdsteknologi for kommunane i Sogn og Fjordane
SKEI HOTELL, 10. desember 2014 kl. 10.00 – 16.10
Eit seminar om status for velferdsteknologi nasjonalt og i Sogn og Fjordane, og om framtidig satsing og samarbeid i fylket
Building a WiFi Hotspot with NodeJS: Cisco Meraki - ExCap APICisco DevNet
This document discusses building a WiFi hotspot using Node.js and the Cisco Meraki ExCap API. It describes using Node.js and Express to create web services that handle click-through, sign-on, and social login splash pages. Sessions are stored in MongoDB. Templates are rendered using Handlebars. The API provides parameters like login URLs and splash page URLs. Code examples show routing and passport authentication strategies for social logins.
The document discusses four major theories of gender typing: psychoanalytic theory, social learning theory, cognitive development theory, and gender schema theory. Psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud suggests that gender typing results from the psychosexual stages of development. Social learning theory emphasizes that children learn gender roles through reinforcement and modeling of same-gender parents and peers. Cognitive development theory such as Kohlberg's suggests children actively work to understand gender concepts and construct their own gender identity. Gender schema theory proposes that children form mental frameworks for processing information based on their gender.
This document discusses various psychological disorders involving gender and sexuality. It begins by outlining disorders involving sexual identity and atypical sexual interests or behaviors that cause distress. It then defines key terms such as gender, gender identity, and sex. It proceeds to explain the concepts of gender dysphoria and transgender identity. It also describes sex reassignment surgery and theoretical perspectives on transgender identity development. The document then discusses various sexual dysfunctions involving problems with sexual interest, arousal, orgasm, and pain during intercourse. It outlines psychological, biological, and sociocultural perspectives on the development of sexual dysfunctions.
This document discusses gender, gender roles, sex roles, and gender issues. It defines gender as social norms and expectations of how women and men should behave, which are learned through various influences. Sex is defined as the biological differences between men and women. Gender roles are socially prescribed roles for males and females that vary by culture, while sex roles are universal biological functions. Gender issues arise from perceived differences in roles, responsibilities and opportunities between women and men. The document then provides examples of ascribed gender roles and the effects of gender inequalities on both men and women. It discusses how gender biases relate to increased HIV risk for women due to lack of empowerment, decision making ability, and ability to negotiate safer sex. Finally, it
This document summarizes sexual disorders as defined by the DSM-IV. It discusses the human sexual response cycle and notes that homosexuality is no longer considered a disorder. It describes the differences between sexual dysfunctions and disorders. Sexual dysfunctions include problems with sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, and pain that cause distress. Paraphilias involve recurrent urges or fantasies involving non-consensual acts or harm. Common paraphilias include fetishism, voyeurism, exhibitionism, pedophilia, sadism, and masochism. The document also discusses gender identity disorder and various treatments for sexual disorders.
This document discusses gender and gender roles from biological, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives. It defines key concepts like sex, gender, gender identity and explains theories around gender development and socialization. Specific topics covered include gender variation and ambiguity, masculinity and femininity, as well as changing and contemporary views of gender roles.
This document summarizes current research on mate selection in humans from an evolutionary psychology perspective. It discusses that past research has largely focused on heterosexual relationships and chimpanzee behavior, ignoring factors like same-sex relationships, gender fluidity in females, environmental influences, and the role of male power in shaping mating patterns. The document argues for a more comprehensive, feminist approach to evolutionary psychology that examines diverse species like bonobos and centers females, in order to develop theories that more fully explain human mate selection behaviors.
The document discusses several key ideas from evolutionary psychology and human sociobiology, including:
1) E.O. Wilson's 1975 book introduced sociobiology and sparked controversy over the influence of biology vs culture on human behavior.
2) Evolutionary psychology views the mind as composed of specialized modules adapted for survival in our ancestral environment.
3) Studies provide evidence that human mate preferences, jealousy, and other behaviors may reflect evolutionary adaptations related to reproductive success.
4) Parental investment varies based on the certainty of biological parenthood.
This document summarizes key topics related to sex and gender, including:
1) It defines sex as biological makeup (XX or XY chromosomes) while gender refers to behaviors, characteristics, roles, and appearance that are largely culturally defined.
2) It discusses early fetal development and factors like hormones that determine sex.
3) It lists common sexual dysfunctions and health issues for both men and women, including screening recommendations.
4) It briefly outlines gender roles and stereotypes that children learn at an early age, influenced by culture and media.
The document defines sexual orientation as an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. It is traditionally defined as heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, with asexuality as a possible fourth category. The document also states that most people experience little to no choice in their sexual orientation, and that efforts to change orientation are unlikely to be successful. Biological factors like genetics, prenatal hormone levels, and birth order may influence sexual orientation.
The document discusses gender dysphoria and related concepts. It provides information on the prevalence of gender dysphoria, biological and psychosocial theories of causation, and diagnostic criteria according to the DSM-5 which includes a strong and persistent cross-gender identification and discomfort with one's sexual characteristics. The document also outlines various treatment approaches and covers related conditions such as transsexualism, dual-role transvestism, and gender identity disorder of childhood.
Creating effective learning environmentAssignment How Will .docxvanesaburnand
Creating effective learning environment
Assignment: How Will You Respond? Grade k-3
Imagine you are the grade level team leader and one of your colleagues is Mr. Willard.
Response to the following questions. Using APA style helpful reference or other reference. (150-300 words)
1. Explains the advice you would provide Mr. Willard using the response to behavior strategies you read about this week or other reference?
2. Three strategies he could implement when these behaviors occur with student is blurting out and being off task.
3. At least two strategies you feel would not be best for handling student behavior.
Helpful Reference
Long, N. J. (2015). Perspectives on conflict in the classroom after fifty years. Reclaiming Children & Youth, 24(1), 9–14.
Szwed, K., & Bouck, E. C. (2013). Clicking away: Repurposing student response systems to lessen off-task behavior. Journal of Special Education Technology, 28(2), 1–12.
Reinke, W. M., Herman, K. C., & Stormont, M. (2013). Classroom-level positive behavior supports in schools implementing SW-PBIS: Identifying areas for enhancement. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 15(1), 39–50.
Chapter 5
Gender and Gender Roles
Sex, Gender, and Gender RolesSex: whether one is biologically female, male, or intersexGenetic sex: chromosomal and hormonal sex characteristicsAnatomical sex: our physical sex; gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, or penisGender: social and cultural characteristics associated with being male or femaleGender identity: gender one believes self to be
2
Sex and Gender IdentityAssigned genderBased on anatomical appearanceGender variationsGender identityInternalized feeling of femaleness or malenessGender roleThe attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that society associates with each sexInfluenced by culture, age, ethnicity, other factors
3
Gender-RolesGender-role stereotype: A rigidly-held oversimplified belief concerning all males or all femalesGender-role attitude:The belief one has for self and others concerning what’s appropriate for male or female traitsGender-role behavior:Activities or behaviors a person engages in as a female or male
4
Masculinity and FemininitySexes seen as polar opposites in traditional Western view, e.g. “opposite sex”Different qualities associated with different gendersSexismSome qualities are biologically based, some culturally based
Gender and Sexual OrientationGender, gender identity, and gender role are conceptually independent of sexual orientationHowever, many assume they are closely relatedHeterosexuality has been assumed to be part of masculinity and femininityTherefore, some believe that gay men can’t be masculine and lesbian women can’t be feminine.
Gender and Sexual OrientationStudies show a link between individuals’Negative attitudes towards gay and lesbian peopleAnd those individuals’ adherence to traditional gender roles
Gender TheoryWhat is our relationship between our biological sex as male o.
Homosexuality, birth order, and evolutionTeresa Levy
This article proposes that homosexuality can be explained by a polygenetic trait influenced by multiple genes. During development, these genes shift male brain development in a more feminine direction. While single alleles may produce homosexuality, carriers of these alleles who are heterosexual tend to be better fathers and more attractive mates. This balanced polymorphism allows alleles that contribute to homosexuality to survive by offsetting their negative reproductive impacts through positively impacting heterosexual carriers. A similar effect is proposed to exist for genes that could produce lesbianism in females.
This is a short report about the sexual self through the interrelation of biology, psychology, and social factors. Some pages would not make sense as they only consist of images where I explained concepts verbally. Peace. I hope you find this still informative.
Learn why the biblical binary sexual system is unnatural! A physiologist’s perspective on core sexuality: sexual identity, sexual orientation, sex versus gender, anthropological observations. “Disordered or Just Different” culminates with a scientific indictment of the (pseudo)medical practitioners who are too quick to classify the merely different as disordered and who continue to harm gay, lesbian, transsexual, and intersex peoples.
This document discusses gender identity disorders and gender dysphoria. It defines key terms and describes the prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment according to the ICD and DSM classification systems. Regarding diagnosis, it outlines the criteria for diagnosing gender dysphoria in children and adolescents/adults in the DSM-5. It also discusses differential diagnosis, biological and psychosocial factors, and treatment approaches including hormone therapy and sex reassignment surgery.
The document discusses functional gender roles in families. It defines family and gender roles, noting that traditionally women are viewed as homemakers responsible for childcare. Younger children often model the gender roles of older siblings. The document also discusses concepts like gender stereotyping, the multiple burdens women face with both productive and reproductive unpaid work, and violence against women diminishing personhood. It advocates for shared decision making and responsibility between genders to promote gender equality and equity.
The document discusses gender identity development from childhood through adulthood. It covers several theories of gender development including psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive theories. It defines key terms like sex, gender, gender identity and discusses factors that influence gender identity formation such as parenting, socialization, and cognitive development. The document also covers gender dysphoria and criteria for diagnosis. It discusses treatments for gender dysphoria at different stages of life as well as for intersex conditions.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts related to gender and society, including:
- It defines and distinguishes between the concepts of sex, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, and intersexuality.
- It explores the biological factors (chromosomes, hormones, genitalia) that determine one's sex and how this differs from gender, which is socially and culturally constructed.
- It discusses gender stereotypes and norms as well as concepts like equality, equity, and rights in relation to gender.
- It provides definitions and explanations of terms used in conversations around LGBTQIA+ identities and experiences, such as transgender, queer, and asexual.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. Gender Vs. Sex differencesGender Vs. Sex differences
What is the definition of gender?What is the definition of gender?
What is the definition of sex?What is the definition of sex?
Is there a difference?Is there a difference?
3. Gender and Sex Differences Cont’dGender and Sex Differences Cont’d
Confusion between sex and gender-Confusion between sex and gender-
Gender conversion surgeryGender conversion surgery
10%= necessary10%= necessary
Why such a small amount?Why such a small amount?
Gender is confused with sexGender is confused with sex
Actually want their gender changedActually want their gender changed
No sex change necessaryNo sex change necessary
4. What is Gender Role?What is Gender Role?
The patterns of behaviors that are expected for malesThe patterns of behaviors that are expected for males
and females.and females.
Other terms to know:Other terms to know:
Sexual IdentitySexual Identity: The objective categorization of a person's: The objective categorization of a person's
physiological status as male or female.physiological status as male or female.
Sexual preferenceSexual preference: refers to a person's preference for the: refers to a person's preference for the
same or opposite sex partners, eg. homosexual,same or opposite sex partners, eg. homosexual,
heterosexual, bisexual.heterosexual, bisexual.
Sex typing:Sex typing: the differential treatment of people according tothe differential treatment of people according to
their biological sex.their biological sex.
5. Heredity and Gender role formationHeredity and Gender role formation
Is gender hereditary?Is gender hereditary?
-Learned behaviors-Learned behaviors
-Only ½ to 1/3 is inherited-Only ½ to 1/3 is inherited
Ariel Knafo (2005) conducted a studyAriel Knafo (2005) conducted a study
regarding atypical gender roleregarding atypical gender role
development among twins. Thedevelopment among twins. The
conclusion?conclusion?
6. Answer:Answer:
Atypical males-Atypical males-
-(more feminine than masculine) yielded moderate-(more feminine than masculine) yielded moderate
heritability and substantial environmental effects.heritability and substantial environmental effects.
Low heritabilityLow heritability
High environmental influenceHigh environmental influence
Atypical females-Atypical females-
-However, females of that same study who were atypical-However, females of that same study who were atypical
(expressing more masculine traits than feminine) were(expressing more masculine traits than feminine) were
accounted for by heritability, and no environmentalaccounted for by heritability, and no environmental
influence!!!influence!!!
High heritabilityHigh heritability
Low environmental influenceLow environmental influence
Parent Child relationship for gender-atypicalParent Child relationship for gender-atypical
children-children-
Poorer than non-atypical children (Bradley & Zucker, 1997)Poorer than non-atypical children (Bradley & Zucker, 1997)
7. Gender Role DevelopmentGender Role Development
Rewarded for gender typical behavior by:Rewarded for gender typical behavior by:
ParentsParents
PeersPeers
Teachers (Fagot, 1977; Langlois & Downs, 1980)Teachers (Fagot, 1977; Langlois & Downs, 1980)
Children and self-described gender-Children and self-described gender-
Positive relationship with self worth & self-perceivedPositive relationship with self worth & self-perceived
social competencesocial competence
Negative relationship with the extent to which theyNegative relationship with the extent to which they
internalized problems with their peers (Carver, Yunger,internalized problems with their peers (Carver, Yunger,
& Perry, 2003).& Perry, 2003).
8. Gender IdentityGender Identity
What is Gender Identity?What is Gender Identity?
--One’s awareness of one’s gender and its implications.One’s awareness of one’s gender and its implications.
Adult Males-Adult Males-
- High Masculinity/Low femininity=less likely to be supportive onHigh Masculinity/Low femininity=less likely to be supportive on
feminist movement and to self identify with the movementfeminist movement and to self identify with the movement
- Low Masculinity/High femininity= more likely to be supportive ofLow Masculinity/High femininity= more likely to be supportive of
feminist movement and to self identify with the movement.feminist movement and to self identify with the movement.
Adult Females-Adult Females-
- High Masculinity/Low femininity= more likely to be- High Masculinity/Low femininity= more likely to be
supportive of feminist movement and to self identify withsupportive of feminist movement and to self identify with
movementmovement
- Low Masculinity/ High Femininity= less likely to be supportive- Low Masculinity/ High Femininity= less likely to be supportive
of feminist movement and so forth.of feminist movement and so forth.
9. Gender inconsistency and toddlersGender inconsistency and toddlers
A study conducted recently studied infants of 18A study conducted recently studied infants of 18
and 24 months of age and their behaviorsand 24 months of age and their behaviors
towards inconsistent gender activities. Thetowards inconsistent gender activities. The
Results?Results?
24 month olds looked longer at gender inconsistent activities.24 month olds looked longer at gender inconsistent activities.
18 month olds looked shorter at gender inconsistent18 month olds looked shorter at gender inconsistent
activities,activities,
Both looked at gender consistent activities the same length.Both looked at gender consistent activities the same length.
According to our text, Fagot and Leinbach state-According to our text, Fagot and Leinbach state-
Gender roles are developed by 20-24 months.Gender roles are developed by 20-24 months.
Dancing, paying with dolls, climbing, jumping, etc. (Fagot,Dancing, paying with dolls, climbing, jumping, etc. (Fagot,
1978).1978).
10. Kohlberg & Gender RolesKohlberg & Gender Roles
Kohlberg-Kohlberg-
Gender Constancy (Gender consistency)Gender Constancy (Gender consistency)
Knowledge of gender rolesKnowledge of gender roles
Retrieval of gender rolesRetrieval of gender roles
11. Gender Role OrientationGender Role Orientation
Gender Role Orientation-Gender Role Orientation-
Males-Males-
Higher feminine gender-role orientation= lower and/orHigher feminine gender-role orientation= lower and/or
higher estrogen levels.higher estrogen levels.
Females-Females-
Higher masculine gender-role orientation= higherHigher masculine gender-role orientation= higher
testosteronetestosterone
Another study, aimed at finding links betweenAnother study, aimed at finding links between
married men/women, sex, and gender rolemarried men/women, sex, and gender role
orientation. What did they find?orientation. What did they find?
12. Gender Role Orientation Cont’d:Gender Role Orientation Cont’d:
Parental Status-Parental Status-
Unrelated to gender role orientation and malesUnrelated to gender role orientation and males
Female parents=less masculine, related to genderFemale parents=less masculine, related to gender
role orientationrole orientation
Female parents + High masculinity= PoorFemale parents + High masculinity= Poor
parenting, low scores on caring for children.parenting, low scores on caring for children.
So what does this mean?So what does this mean?
13. Homosexuals and Gender RolesHomosexuals and Gender Roles
Michelle Davies and her study of homosexualsMichelle Davies and her study of homosexuals
and gender roles and males-and gender roles and males-
Males-Males-
No difference between females regarding homosexual’sNo difference between females regarding homosexual’s
human rightshuman rights
Significant + correlations between male toughness, maleSignificant + correlations between male toughness, male
sexuality, and HOSTILE sexism.sexuality, and HOSTILE sexism.
Straight men are more negative towards homosexual men,Straight men are more negative towards homosexual men,
than women are to homosexual womenthan women are to homosexual women
14. More on HomosexualityMore on Homosexuality
A study by Kathleen Fitzpatrick, et al.A study by Kathleen Fitzpatrick, et al.
(2005)(2005)
Suicide and Cross-gender roles-Suicide and Cross-gender roles-
Increased rate of suicide for males and females.Increased rate of suicide for males and females.
Sexual orientation did not contribute to the suicidalSexual orientation did not contribute to the suicidal
attempts.attempts.
Peer acceptance and support decreasesPeer acceptance and support decreases
substantially with cross gender.is heavilysubstantially with cross gender.is heavily
influenced negatively.influenced negatively.
15. Homosexuality, Gender Roles, andHomosexuality, Gender Roles, and
ChildrenChildren
Males and females who express deviantMales and females who express deviant
gender-role behavior-gender-role behavior-
HIGH risk for homosexualityHIGH risk for homosexuality
What is Deviant Gender-role behavior?What is Deviant Gender-role behavior?
16. The Homosexual handThe Homosexual hand
A study found a significant link betweenA study found a significant link between
homosexuality and right or left handedness,homosexuality and right or left handedness,
which hand do you think it could be?which hand do you think it could be?
Lalumiere, blanchard, & Zucker(2000)-Lalumiere, blanchard, & Zucker(2000)-
Left handednessLeft handedness
39 percent greater chance39 percent greater chance
Very strong for WomenVery strong for Women
Bogart in 2007-Bogart in 2007-
Right handednessRight handedness
Older SiblingsOlder Siblings
NeurodevelopmentNeurodevelopment
17.
18. What is Gender Typing?What is Gender Typing?
Gender Typing-Gender Typing-
Encode and organizeEncode and organize
Socially accepted and typicalSocially accepted and typical
Society’s expectationsSociety’s expectations
19. Androgens and Gender-typicalAndrogens and Gender-typical
behaviorbehavior
What is CAH?What is CAH?
(congenital adrenal hyperplasia)- a condition in which the fetus(congenital adrenal hyperplasia)- a condition in which the fetus
has higher than normal exposure to adrenal androgenshas higher than normal exposure to adrenal androgens
(Rammsayer, 2006).(Rammsayer, 2006).
InheritedInherited
MasculinizationMasculinization
External GenitalsExternal Genitals
Internal GenitalsInternal Genitals
Why is this important? What does this causeWhy is this important? What does this cause
when they are out of the womb?when they are out of the womb?
Important in the development of gender typical behavior.Important in the development of gender typical behavior.
Directly influence by the levels of androgens at birth.Directly influence by the levels of androgens at birth.
24. Two Primary Causal Factors in theTwo Primary Causal Factors in the
development of G.I.D.C.development of G.I.D.C.
100 boys referred to the N.I.M.H.100 boys referred to the N.I.M.H.
supported Gender Research Project forsupported Gender Research Project for
evaluation and potential treatment for aevaluation and potential treatment for a
gender disturbance. (Rekers, Crandakk,gender disturbance. (Rekers, Crandakk,
Rosen & Bentler, 1979)Rosen & Bentler, 1979)
Family history of psychiatric problemsFamily history of psychiatric problems
Father / Substitute model availabilityFather / Substitute model availability
25. Treatment & InterventionTreatment & Intervention
Cognitive-Behavioral TherapyCognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Behavioral CounselingBehavioral Counseling and Behavioraland Behavioral
RehearsalRehearsal
Speech and Mannerism coachingSpeech and Mannerism coaching
Parent and Child interaction programsParent and Child interaction programs
But why?But why?
26. Impact of GIDC on developmentImpact of GIDC on development
Prevent psychological maladjustmentPrevent psychological maladjustment
Prevent severe sexual problems ofPrevent severe sexual problems of
adulthoodadulthood
Prevent serious emotional and socialPrevent serious emotional and social
problemsproblems
Goal is not to change sexual identity, butGoal is not to change sexual identity, but
to change the gender identity disorder.to change the gender identity disorder.
28. Socialization & Sex TypingSocialization & Sex Typing
Children become more and more sexChildren become more and more sex
typed throughout preschool (Maccoby,typed throughout preschool (Maccoby,
1998).1998).
Home- parents are encouraging sex-typedHome- parents are encouraging sex-typed
behaviors (Fagot & Hagan, 1991).behaviors (Fagot & Hagan, 1991).
29. Works CitedWorks Cited
American Psychiatric Association.American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth EditionDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition..
Washington, D.C.: A.P.A., 1994, 532-538.Washington, D.C.: A.P.A., 1994, 532-538.
Bakwin, Harry(1968). Deviant gender role in children: relation to homosexuality [Electronic version].Bakwin, Harry(1968). Deviant gender role in children: relation to homosexuality [Electronic version]. PediatricsPediatrics,,
41(3), 620-630.41(3), 620-630.
Bem. S.L.(1974)Bem. S.L.(1974) The mThe measurement of psychological androgynyeasurement of psychological androgyny.. Journal of Consulting and Clinical PsychologyJournal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,,
(42) 2, 155-162(42) 2, 155-162
Bem, S. L. (1981).Bem, S. L. (1981). GenderGender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex-typing.schema theory: A cognitive account of sex-typing. Psychological ReviewPsychological Review,, 8888, 354–364., 354–364.
Bem, S. L. (1984). Androgyny andBem, S. L. (1984). Androgyny and gendergender schema theory: A conceptual and empirical integration. In T.schema theory: A conceptual and empirical integration. In T.
B.Sonderegger (Ed.),B.Sonderegger (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Psychology and gender, 32Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Psychology and gender, 32, 1–71. Lincoln:, 1–71. Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press.University of Nebraska Press.
Bogaert, AF (2007). Extreme right-handedness, older brothers, and sexual orientation in men [Electronic version].Bogaert, AF (2007). Extreme right-handedness, older brothers, and sexual orientation in men [Electronic version].
NeuropsychologyNeuropsychology, 21(1), 141-148., 21(1), 141-148.
Burn, S. M. (1996).Burn, S. M. (1996). The Social Psychology of GenderThe Social Psychology of Gender. New York: McGraw-Hill.. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Canary, D.J., & Emmers-Sommer (1997).Canary, D.J., & Emmers-Sommer (1997). Sex and gender differences in personal relationshipsSex and gender differences in personal relationships. New York:. New York:
Guilford Press.Guilford Press.
Carver, P. R., Yunger, J. L., & Perry, D. G. (2003).Carver, P. R., Yunger, J. L., & Perry, D. G. (2003). GenderGender identity and adjustment in middle childhood.identity and adjustment in middle childhood. SexSex
RolesRoles,, 4949, 95–109., 95–109.
Davies, Michelle. (2004). Correlates of negative attitudes towards gay men: sexism, male role norms and maleDavies, Michelle. (2004). Correlates of negative attitudes towards gay men: sexism, male role norms and male
sexuality [Electronic version].sexuality [Electronic version]. Journal of Sex ResearchJournal of Sex Research, 41(3), 259-266., 41(3), 259-266.
Fagot, B. I. (1977). Consequences of moderate cross-gender behavior in preschool children.Fagot, B. I. (1977). Consequences of moderate cross-gender behavior in preschool children. Child DevelopmentChild Development,,
4848, 902–907., 902–907.
Guth, Lorraine J., Witchel, Robert I., Witchel, Selma F., Lee, Peter A. (2006). Relationships, sexuality, genderGuth, Lorraine J., Witchel, Robert I., Witchel, Selma F., Lee, Peter A. (2006). Relationships, sexuality, gender
identity, gender roles, and self-concept of individuals who have congenital adrenal hyperplasia: aidentity, gender roles, and self-concept of individuals who have congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a
qualitative investigation [Electronic version].qualitative investigation [Electronic version]. Journal of Gay & Lesbian PsychotherapyJournal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 10(2), 57-75., 10(2), 57-75.
Fitzpatrick, Kathleen Kara, Euton, Stephanie J., Jones, Jamie N., Schmidt, Norman B. (2005). Gender role,Fitzpatrick, Kathleen Kara, Euton, Stephanie J., Jones, Jamie N., Schmidt, Norman B. (2005). Gender role,
sexualsexual orientation and suicide risk.orientation and suicide risk. JournalJournal of Affective Disordersof Affective Disorders, 87(1), 35-42., 87(1), 35-42.
30. Works Cited 2Works Cited 2
Hill, S.E., Flom, R. (2007). 18- and 24-month-olds’ discrimination of gender-consistent andHill, S.E., Flom, R. (2007). 18- and 24-month-olds’ discrimination of gender-consistent and
inconsistent activities [Electronic version].inconsistent activities [Electronic version]. Infant Behavior & DevelopmentInfant Behavior & Development. 30(1), 168-. 30(1), 168-
173.173.
Karnial, Rachel, Ekbali, Gali, Vashdi, Dana (2007). The impact of parental status and gender roleKarnial, Rachel, Ekbali, Gali, Vashdi, Dana (2007). The impact of parental status and gender role
orientation on caring and postconventional reasoning in young marrieds [Electronicorientation on caring and postconventional reasoning in young marrieds [Electronic
version].version]. Sex RolesSex Roles, 56(5,6), 341-350., 56(5,6), 341-350.
Kohlberg, L. (1966). A cognitive-Kohlberg, L. (1966). A cognitive-developmentaldevelopmental analysis of children's sex-analysis of children's sex-rolerole concepts andconcepts and
attitudes. In E.Maccoby (Ed.),attitudes. In E.Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex differencesThe development of sex differences (pp. 82–173). Stanford,(pp. 82–173). Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press.CA: Stanford University Press.
Lalumière, M. L., Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (2000). Sexual orientation and handedness inLalumière, M. L., Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (2000). Sexual orientation and handedness in
men and women: A meta-analysis.men and women: A meta-analysis. Psychological BulletinPsychological Bulletin,, 126126, 575–592., 575–592.
Langlois, J. H., & Downs, A. C. (1980). Mothers, fathers, and peers as socialization agents ofLanglois, J. H., & Downs, A. C. (1980). Mothers, fathers, and peers as socialization agents of
sex-sex- typed play behaviors in young children.typed play behaviors in young children. Child DevelopmentChild Development,, 5151, 1237–1247., 1237–1247.
Levy, Gary D., Carter, D. Bruce (1989). Gender schema, gender constancy, and gender-roleLevy, Gary D., Carter, D. Bruce (1989). Gender schema, gender constancy, and gender-role
knowledge: The roles of cognitive factors in preschoolers’ gender-role stereotypeknowledge: The roles of cognitive factors in preschoolers’ gender-role stereotype
attributions [Electronic version].attributions [Electronic version]. Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology, 25(3), 444-449., 25(3), 444-449.
Martin, C. L., & Halverson, C. F. (1981). A schematic processing model of sex-typing andMartin, C. L., & Halverson, C. F. (1981). A schematic processing model of sex-typing and
stereotyping in children.stereotyping in children. Child DevelopmentChild Development,, 5252, 1119–1132., 1119–1132.
Martin, C. L., & Halverson, C. F. (1987). TheMartin, C. L., & Halverson, C. F. (1987). The rolerole of cognition in sexof cognition in sex rolerole acquisition. In D.acquisition. In D.
B.Carter (Ed.),B.Carter (Ed.), Current conceptions of sex roles and sex typing: Theory and researchCurrent conceptions of sex roles and sex typing: Theory and research
(123–137). New York: Praeger.(123–137). New York: Praeger.
Mead, S.L. & Rekers, G.A. The role of the father in normal psycho-sexual development.Mead, S.L. & Rekers, G.A. The role of the father in normal psycho-sexual development.
Psychological ReportsPsychological Reports, 1979, 45, 923-931., 1979, 45, 923-931.
Miller, S., Brehm, S., & Perlman, D. (2005).Miller, S., Brehm, S., & Perlman, D. (2005). Intimate RelationsIntimate Relations (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
31. Works Cited 3Works Cited 3
Prince, Virginia (2005). Sex vs. gender [Electronic version].Prince, Virginia (2005). Sex vs. gender [Electronic version]. International Journal ofInternational Journal of
TransgenderismTransgenderism, 8(4), 29-32., 8(4), 29-32.
Toiler, Paige W., Suter, Elizabeth A. , Trautman, Todd C. (2004). Gender role identityToiler, Paige W., Suter, Elizabeth A. , Trautman, Todd C. (2004). Gender role identity
and attitudes toward feminism [Electronic version].and attitudes toward feminism [Electronic version]. Sex RolesSex Roles, 51, 85-90., 51, 85-90.
Rammsayer, Thomas H., Troche, Stefan J. (2006). Sexual dimorphism in second-to-Rammsayer, Thomas H., Troche, Stefan J. (2006). Sexual dimorphism in second-to-
fourth digit ratio and its relation to gender-role orientation in males and femalesfourth digit ratio and its relation to gender-role orientation in males and females
[Electronic version].[Electronic version]. Personality and Individual DifferencesPersonality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 911-920., 42(6), 911-920.
Rekers, G.A. (1986) Inadequate sex role differentiation in childhood: The family andRekers, G.A. (1986) Inadequate sex role differentiation in childhood: The family and
gender identity disorders.gender identity disorders. Journal of Family and Culture,Journal of Family and Culture, 2(3) 8-37.2(3) 8-37.
Rekers, G.A. & Mead, S.(1979). Early intervention for female sexual identityRekers, G.A. & Mead, S.(1979). Early intervention for female sexual identity
disturbance: Self-monitoring of play behavior.disturbance: Self-monitoring of play behavior. Journal of Abnormal ChildJournal of Abnormal Child
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