Here we update on fundamental systematics research and the development of new potential molecular markers to improve on current diagnostic tools. We also link these molecular tools with physical specimens, documenting the range of morphological variation so as to greatly improve on available resources used to diagnose fruit flies in the field as part of surveillance programmes or at border interceptions.
Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) is an invasive fungus native to South America that was first detected in Australia in 2010. It has spread rapidly along the east coast, and is currently recorded in sites as far north as the Northern Territory and south to Tasmania.
In order to better understand myrtle rust extent and impacts in Australian native and managed landscapes, a survey was sent to national parks, botanical gardens, councils, natural resource
managers, nurseries and forestry agencies in all states where the fungus is present (NT, QLD, NSW, VIC and TAS). The survey revealed that Myrtle rust is widespread in NSW and QLD gardens and streets as well as in native vegetation.
There are many facets involved in the development of biogeochemical markers that might enable the geographic origins of fruit flies to be distinguished.
Up until mid-2016, citizen science uploads to the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) included c. 400 bug species, and c. 1,000 beetle species. Given the short time period (c. 3 years) over which most of these records have accumulated, this represents a considerable reporting effort. The key question from a plant biosecurity context is how this level of reporting translates to the detection and reporting of
exotic insect pests in the event of an incursion.
An optimal surveillance system is one where the available sampling resources are allocated in time and space to best achieve detection objectives. This project aims to develop new methods for designing optimal surveillance systems that properly account for organism biology, trapping or sampling efficacy, and landscape characteristics.
The aim of this project is to develop multispecies trapping strategies for the stored grain beetles Rhyzopertha dominica, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae (all established in Australia) and Prostephanus truncatus (not present in Australia) in outdoor environments.
The risk myrtle rust poses to threatened Myrtaceae species in Australia is becoming more apparent with significant dieback and tree death recorded as a result of repeated infection.
Research presented in this session addresses the need to better understand the impacts of pests and diseases on the environment and the various ways that social science and the rules of community engagement can be applied for better biosecurity.
Here we update on fundamental systematics research and the development of new potential molecular markers to improve on current diagnostic tools. We also link these molecular tools with physical specimens, documenting the range of morphological variation so as to greatly improve on available resources used to diagnose fruit flies in the field as part of surveillance programmes or at border interceptions.
Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) is an invasive fungus native to South America that was first detected in Australia in 2010. It has spread rapidly along the east coast, and is currently recorded in sites as far north as the Northern Territory and south to Tasmania.
In order to better understand myrtle rust extent and impacts in Australian native and managed landscapes, a survey was sent to national parks, botanical gardens, councils, natural resource
managers, nurseries and forestry agencies in all states where the fungus is present (NT, QLD, NSW, VIC and TAS). The survey revealed that Myrtle rust is widespread in NSW and QLD gardens and streets as well as in native vegetation.
There are many facets involved in the development of biogeochemical markers that might enable the geographic origins of fruit flies to be distinguished.
Up until mid-2016, citizen science uploads to the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) included c. 400 bug species, and c. 1,000 beetle species. Given the short time period (c. 3 years) over which most of these records have accumulated, this represents a considerable reporting effort. The key question from a plant biosecurity context is how this level of reporting translates to the detection and reporting of
exotic insect pests in the event of an incursion.
An optimal surveillance system is one where the available sampling resources are allocated in time and space to best achieve detection objectives. This project aims to develop new methods for designing optimal surveillance systems that properly account for organism biology, trapping or sampling efficacy, and landscape characteristics.
The aim of this project is to develop multispecies trapping strategies for the stored grain beetles Rhyzopertha dominica, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae (all established in Australia) and Prostephanus truncatus (not present in Australia) in outdoor environments.
The risk myrtle rust poses to threatened Myrtaceae species in Australia is becoming more apparent with significant dieback and tree death recorded as a result of repeated infection.
Research presented in this session addresses the need to better understand the impacts of pests and diseases on the environment and the various ways that social science and the rules of community engagement can be applied for better biosecurity.
With the loss of chemical control options such as Fenthion and Dimethoate for postharvest treatment of horticulture commodities susceptible to fruit fly infestation, it has become even more important to understand how stress-based control techniques such as heat, cold, irradiation and bacteria parasite
can be used most effectively for disinfestation. This project aims to explore the stress-induced molecular response of two fruit fly species of horticultural significance, Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni), by characterising the cellular pathways involved in both overall and stressor-specific responses.
The Australia-Africa Plant Biosecurity Partnership has brought together plant biosecurity professionals in ten African countries and established linkages with Australian researchers, helping
to reduce pest and disease impacts in sub-Saharan Africa. At the outset of this initiative, diagnostic skills were identified as a priority area in connecting Australian expertise with Africa and improving surveillance capability, post-entry quarantine, early warning and phytosanitary certification. This presentation will briefly examine the application of improved diagnostic skills in African Plant Protection Organisations and the longer term relationships that have been established with Australian mentors.
Based on historical data, Australia and New Zealand (NZ) form a single epidemiological unit for cereal rusts. Until 2001, pathotype analysis of cereal rust pathogens for NZ was conducted at the University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute. The first year of pathotype analysis in New Zealand provided evidence for pathotype exchange in both directions across the Tasman. The second year of pathotype analysis has provided more detail on the evolution of rust pathotypes within New
Zealand. From these results a fuller picture of the pathotype diversity of New Zealand cereal rusts is emerging with important consequences for the cereal industry in both New Zealand and Australia.
Francesco Martoni discusses the importance of taxonomy and accurate identification of New Zealand psyllids for biosecurity purposes. Taxonomy has revealed at least 15 new psyllid species in New Zealand, with over 99 total species, 64 of which are endemic. Analysis of the microbiome of New Zealand psyllids using next generation sequencing identified distinct microbial patterns that correlate with the insect phylogeny. Accurate identification of psyllid species and their associated microflora can help determine whether a psyllid is likely to vector plant pathogens or bacteria.
Bacterial leaf spot (BLS) is a disease of tomato, chilli and capsicum caused by four species of Xanthomonas. BLS can cause severe crop damage and is a limiting factor of production across the world.
The document discusses the development and deployment of genome-informed diagnostic protocols for plant pathogenic bacteria by the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC). The PBCRC has developed and validated laboratory and field diagnostic protocols to discriminate bacteria at the pathovar level using genome sequencing and bioinformatics. It has also trained scientists in plant bacteriology and engaged end-users in field testing and validation of new diagnostic technologies and protocols.
This project has developed new ‘Smart’ Spore and Insect Trapping systems for target(s) surveillance referenced to GPS and climate data (temp, wind direction, RH), or wireless data transmission for improved compatibility to rapid and accurate downstream diagnostics.
This document summarizes research on the ecology of the tomato potato psyllid (TPP) and its bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) which causes significant economic losses to horticulture crops in New Zealand. The research found that non-crop plants from the Solanaceae family can host all life stages of TPP and CLso throughout the year, posing challenges for surveillance and management. Studies on the feeding behaviors and development of TPP on different host plants found that the bacterial infection status and host plant species can impact these behaviors. The research aims to provide knowledge and tools to benefit growers, biosecurity agencies, and researchers seeking to manage TPP and CLso.
The scale of the Australia’s grains industry means that monitoring for incursions of pests is a costly and challenging activity. This project utilises advanced technologies for surveillance of grains pests in the field, including smart spore and insect traps, and use of image sensors.
Long distance natural (wind-assisted) dispersal of exotic plant pests and pathogens into Australia, is a very real and underestimated, biosecurity risk.
Invasive pests and pathogens can have devastating and unpredicted impacts on native ecosystems. The threat that Puccinia psidii (myrtle/eucalyptus/guava rust) posed to Australian industries was well recognised, but until its introduction in 2010, there was scant consideration of the impacts this disease may have on endemic Myrtaceous plant species and associated communities in native environments. Since its detection in Australia, the distribution and host range of P. psidii has rapidly expanded and entire species and plant communities are now under threat.
The research being undertaken into myrtle rust has enabled improved species selection for production and retail nurseries, and for urban tree planting.
Planning and decision making to manage plant biosecurity risks is inherently complex, often contentious, involves unknowns and uncertainty, and needs to be adaptable to rapidly changing situations. The aim of this project is to develop a collaborative planning and shared decision making
framework that will result in better and faster decisions to respond more quickly to plant biosecurity risks, resulting in reduced impacts and costs, and more equitable and favourable outcomes for stakeholders and affected parties.
Three years of research to date have produced a robust, accurate, sensitive detection tool and sampling strategy for the damaging apid-like insect phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae), which feeds on grapevine roots
This document discusses improving biosecurity for Australia's winter cereal industry. It summarizes that current post-entry quarantine regulations are inadequate and represent an unacceptable biosecurity risk. It has identified high priority exotic viruses as quarantinable risks based on national threat assessments. Diagnostic tests have been developed for 14 priority viruses that could be introduced through imported seed or other pathways. Recommendations include implementing improved post-entry quarantine protocols for cereals and adopting standard operating procedures for virus screening at the border.
This document summarizes a presentation on using next generation sequencing (NGS) to improve virus and viroid detection for plants in post-entry quarantine (PEQ). Current PEQ diagnostic methods are slow and can miss pathogens. The presentation describes how NGS allows rapid and reliable detection of viruses without prior knowledge. A project found viruses in 68% of plant samples tested using NGS compared to traditional methods. NGS could reduce PEQ time from over 2 years to 6-12 months. Industry representatives expressed support but want more validation before fully adopting NGS for high-stakes pathogen testing and certification schemes. The project aims to provide more evidence and training to facilitate adoption of NGS for improving plant biosecurity.
This document discusses developing a common set of metrics for assessing the impact of plant pests. It presents 20 proposed metrics across categories like disruptor metrics, market-driven impacts, primary response, and mid-to-long term management. Examples are provided to illustrate how pests would be scored on the metrics and classified. The goal is to have a standardized, transparent, and easy to use impact assessment tool that can be validated and improved over time with input from end users.
This document summarizes a project that aims to develop diagnostic tools for detecting exotic plant pathogens using a genome-informed approach. The project generates knowledge of plant pathogenic bacteria and strategies for diagnostic development. Key outputs include scientific publications, diagnostic protocols validated in Australia, and tools to facilitate early detection and response. The diagnostics produced will help secure border protection and support trade by enabling accurate identification of pathogens.
The results of a baseline study on motivation and incentives involved in the decisions to control fruit fly highlight the variability of motivations within demographic groups.
The disruption to trade caused by quarantine pests and diseases is a significant issue for Australian and New Zealand horticulture. There is an urgent need to review and improve the current disinfestation methods to develop new export protocols that are effective, economic and safe to use.
The project team consisting of researchers from across Australia and New Zealand, has reviewed all the published and unpublished phytosanitary research conducted against these pests.
With the loss of chemical control options such as Fenthion and Dimethoate for postharvest treatment of horticulture commodities susceptible to fruit fly infestation, it has become even more important to understand how stress-based control techniques such as heat, cold, irradiation and bacteria parasite
can be used most effectively for disinfestation. This project aims to explore the stress-induced molecular response of two fruit fly species of horticultural significance, Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni), by characterising the cellular pathways involved in both overall and stressor-specific responses.
The Australia-Africa Plant Biosecurity Partnership has brought together plant biosecurity professionals in ten African countries and established linkages with Australian researchers, helping
to reduce pest and disease impacts in sub-Saharan Africa. At the outset of this initiative, diagnostic skills were identified as a priority area in connecting Australian expertise with Africa and improving surveillance capability, post-entry quarantine, early warning and phytosanitary certification. This presentation will briefly examine the application of improved diagnostic skills in African Plant Protection Organisations and the longer term relationships that have been established with Australian mentors.
Based on historical data, Australia and New Zealand (NZ) form a single epidemiological unit for cereal rusts. Until 2001, pathotype analysis of cereal rust pathogens for NZ was conducted at the University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute. The first year of pathotype analysis in New Zealand provided evidence for pathotype exchange in both directions across the Tasman. The second year of pathotype analysis has provided more detail on the evolution of rust pathotypes within New
Zealand. From these results a fuller picture of the pathotype diversity of New Zealand cereal rusts is emerging with important consequences for the cereal industry in both New Zealand and Australia.
Francesco Martoni discusses the importance of taxonomy and accurate identification of New Zealand psyllids for biosecurity purposes. Taxonomy has revealed at least 15 new psyllid species in New Zealand, with over 99 total species, 64 of which are endemic. Analysis of the microbiome of New Zealand psyllids using next generation sequencing identified distinct microbial patterns that correlate with the insect phylogeny. Accurate identification of psyllid species and their associated microflora can help determine whether a psyllid is likely to vector plant pathogens or bacteria.
Bacterial leaf spot (BLS) is a disease of tomato, chilli and capsicum caused by four species of Xanthomonas. BLS can cause severe crop damage and is a limiting factor of production across the world.
The document discusses the development and deployment of genome-informed diagnostic protocols for plant pathogenic bacteria by the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC). The PBCRC has developed and validated laboratory and field diagnostic protocols to discriminate bacteria at the pathovar level using genome sequencing and bioinformatics. It has also trained scientists in plant bacteriology and engaged end-users in field testing and validation of new diagnostic technologies and protocols.
This project has developed new ‘Smart’ Spore and Insect Trapping systems for target(s) surveillance referenced to GPS and climate data (temp, wind direction, RH), or wireless data transmission for improved compatibility to rapid and accurate downstream diagnostics.
This document summarizes research on the ecology of the tomato potato psyllid (TPP) and its bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) which causes significant economic losses to horticulture crops in New Zealand. The research found that non-crop plants from the Solanaceae family can host all life stages of TPP and CLso throughout the year, posing challenges for surveillance and management. Studies on the feeding behaviors and development of TPP on different host plants found that the bacterial infection status and host plant species can impact these behaviors. The research aims to provide knowledge and tools to benefit growers, biosecurity agencies, and researchers seeking to manage TPP and CLso.
The scale of the Australia’s grains industry means that monitoring for incursions of pests is a costly and challenging activity. This project utilises advanced technologies for surveillance of grains pests in the field, including smart spore and insect traps, and use of image sensors.
Long distance natural (wind-assisted) dispersal of exotic plant pests and pathogens into Australia, is a very real and underestimated, biosecurity risk.
Invasive pests and pathogens can have devastating and unpredicted impacts on native ecosystems. The threat that Puccinia psidii (myrtle/eucalyptus/guava rust) posed to Australian industries was well recognised, but until its introduction in 2010, there was scant consideration of the impacts this disease may have on endemic Myrtaceous plant species and associated communities in native environments. Since its detection in Australia, the distribution and host range of P. psidii has rapidly expanded and entire species and plant communities are now under threat.
The research being undertaken into myrtle rust has enabled improved species selection for production and retail nurseries, and for urban tree planting.
Planning and decision making to manage plant biosecurity risks is inherently complex, often contentious, involves unknowns and uncertainty, and needs to be adaptable to rapidly changing situations. The aim of this project is to develop a collaborative planning and shared decision making
framework that will result in better and faster decisions to respond more quickly to plant biosecurity risks, resulting in reduced impacts and costs, and more equitable and favourable outcomes for stakeholders and affected parties.
Three years of research to date have produced a robust, accurate, sensitive detection tool and sampling strategy for the damaging apid-like insect phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae), which feeds on grapevine roots
This document discusses improving biosecurity for Australia's winter cereal industry. It summarizes that current post-entry quarantine regulations are inadequate and represent an unacceptable biosecurity risk. It has identified high priority exotic viruses as quarantinable risks based on national threat assessments. Diagnostic tests have been developed for 14 priority viruses that could be introduced through imported seed or other pathways. Recommendations include implementing improved post-entry quarantine protocols for cereals and adopting standard operating procedures for virus screening at the border.
This document summarizes a presentation on using next generation sequencing (NGS) to improve virus and viroid detection for plants in post-entry quarantine (PEQ). Current PEQ diagnostic methods are slow and can miss pathogens. The presentation describes how NGS allows rapid and reliable detection of viruses without prior knowledge. A project found viruses in 68% of plant samples tested using NGS compared to traditional methods. NGS could reduce PEQ time from over 2 years to 6-12 months. Industry representatives expressed support but want more validation before fully adopting NGS for high-stakes pathogen testing and certification schemes. The project aims to provide more evidence and training to facilitate adoption of NGS for improving plant biosecurity.
This document discusses developing a common set of metrics for assessing the impact of plant pests. It presents 20 proposed metrics across categories like disruptor metrics, market-driven impacts, primary response, and mid-to-long term management. Examples are provided to illustrate how pests would be scored on the metrics and classified. The goal is to have a standardized, transparent, and easy to use impact assessment tool that can be validated and improved over time with input from end users.
This document summarizes a project that aims to develop diagnostic tools for detecting exotic plant pathogens using a genome-informed approach. The project generates knowledge of plant pathogenic bacteria and strategies for diagnostic development. Key outputs include scientific publications, diagnostic protocols validated in Australia, and tools to facilitate early detection and response. The diagnostics produced will help secure border protection and support trade by enabling accurate identification of pathogens.
The results of a baseline study on motivation and incentives involved in the decisions to control fruit fly highlight the variability of motivations within demographic groups.
The disruption to trade caused by quarantine pests and diseases is a significant issue for Australian and New Zealand horticulture. There is an urgent need to review and improve the current disinfestation methods to develop new export protocols that are effective, economic and safe to use.
The project team consisting of researchers from across Australia and New Zealand, has reviewed all the published and unpublished phytosanitary research conducted against these pests.
This project is revising diagnostic tools for all high-priority Dacini fruit fly species in the National Fruit Fly Strategy and their non-pest relatives including offshore and Australian endemics.
This multifaceted project is seeking to protect the grains industry by improving the robustness and efficiency of the pest management and plant biosecurity system.
The Global Eradication and Response Database (GERDA) summarises incursion response and eradication programmes from around the world. The purpose of GERDA is to determine which characteristics lead to the success or failure of eradication programmes.
This project aims to develop an effective lure to attract female Queensland fruit flies (Qfly) to improve biosecurity. The lure would be used to monitor and control Qfly populations, reducing damage to commercial fruit crops. Researchers are testing blends of fruit volatiles and other chemicals to attract female flies. They are also using new techniques like brain imaging to understand how flies perceive odors and design better lures. Successfully creating an effective female lure would benefit fruit growers through lower production losses and pest management costs. It could also help control Qfly in integration with other techniques like sterile insect releases.
This document discusses a study on the biological attributes and feeding efficiency of the green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) against the sugarcane mealybug (Saccharicoccus sacchari). The objectives were to identify the biological attributes of C. carnea reared on S. sacchari, evaluate population density of S. sacchari on sugarcane varieties, and evaluate the feeding efficacy of C. carnea against S. sacchari. The methodology involved rearing C. carnea and S. sacchari under laboratory conditions and evaluating various biological parameters. Results showed developmental periods for different life stages of C. carnea and number of S. sacchari consumed at each lar
Applying For A Master´S In Microbial Biotechnology EssayCrystal Williams
This study examined the effects of jojoba seed extract and riboflavin on preventing transmission of Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV) by Thrips tabaci to onion plants. IYSV is an important virus affecting onion crops worldwide, including in Egypt where it was first reported infecting onions in 2004. Thrips tabaci is the main vector of IYSV. The study tested different concentrations of jojoba seed extract and riboflavin alone or in combination on T. tabaci adults to determine their ability to prevent transmission of IYSV to onion plants. Results showed that certain concentrations of the extracts were able to significantly reduce transmission of the virus compared to the control treatment.
The document discusses research on the effects of gut bacteria on the development and fitness of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis. The research investigated supplementing diets of B. dorsalis with different bacterial isolates to see effects on development time, survival rates, and weight [1]. Results showed that diets supplemented with Enterococcus phoeniculicola and Citrobacter freundii reduced development time and increased survival rates and weight compared to controls [2]. A second study evaluated supplementing diets of sterile male B. dorsalis with E. phoeniculicola and C. freundii and found it improved their mating competitiveness and reduced female remating rates compared to controls [3].
This document summarizes the education and research experience of Jaeho Lee. He earned a B.S. in Environmental Horticulture from the University of Seoul and an M.S. in Entomology from Seoul National University. For his graduate thesis, Lee developed a film-assisted honeybee egg collection system to improve honeybee genome editing techniques. He then used these techniques to successfully knockout the nAChR alpha6 gene in honeybees, proving the concept of creating pesticide-resistant honeybees. Lee has also published research on head louse adhesion proteins and acetylcholine esterase paralogs in bedbugs and honeybees.
The document discusses the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for controlling insect pest populations. It provides background on the history and development of SIT, including its initiation in the 1930s to control screwworm fly. SIT involves mass rearing insects, sterilizing males via radiation or chemicals, and releasing the sterile males to mate with wild females. This results in no offspring and population decline over time. Current SIT targets include various fly and mosquito species. Requirements for effective SIT implementation include methods for mass rearing, sterilization without affecting male competitiveness, and overwhelming the native population ratio with sterile insects. The technique has successfully eradicated several pests and provides a species-specific
The annual training course on “Standardization of Stem rust note taking and evaluation of germplasm with emphasis on emerging threats of Yellow rust and Leaf rust” Kenya , Njoro
Standardization of Stem rust note taking and evaluation of germplasm with emphasis on emerging threats of Yellow rust and Leaf rust, Kenya , Njoro from the 12 – 18 October 2015
The document discusses developing improved diagnostics for fruit fly species, which are an economic threat but can be difficult to identify. It aims to create molecular markers and revise identification resources to distinguish over 500 fruit fly species, including exotic versus native species and pest versus non-pest species. This will help border protection and response efforts, benefiting horticultural industries. The research involves genomic analysis, training, and delivering updated identification guides and workshops to biosecurity groups and researchers.
Rufus Akinrinlola is a PhD candidate researching plant-microbe interactions. His work has included identifying the black pod pathogen of cocoa in Nigeria (Phytophthora megakarya), surveying nematode populations across Tennessee fields (finding high levels of soybean cyst, lesion, and root knot nematodes), and identifying Bacillus strains that promote corn growth in greenhouse studies (with increases up to 215% in shoot weight). Understanding beneficial and pathogenic plant-microbe relationships can help improve crop productivity to meet rising global food demand.
A Toxocara cati eggs concentration method from cats’ faecesMabel Ribicich
This research brief describes a novel method developed for concentrating and recovering Toxocara cati eggs from cat feces samples. The concentration method was compared to the standard McMaster egg counting technique using feces samples from 20 naturally infected cats. On average, the concentration method recovered 24.37% more eggs than the McMaster technique. The concentrated eggs were able to fully embryonate within 3 weeks, providing a high quality inoculum for experimental and diagnostic purposes using a small final volume.
This document discusses using microgravity exposure aboard the International Space Station to develop new therapeutics for infectious diseases. An academic-industry partnership sends experiments to study how microbes like Salmonella and other pathogens change in space, which may uncover new drug targets. They use a small worm called C. elegans that eats and reports on bacterial virulence. Spaceflight studies have identified virulence genes and informed vaccine development strategies. Findings from microbes like MRSA could yield new therapies to treat diseases on Earth. Using the unique environment of space may speed up the drug development process.
This document summarizes a presentation on developing sustainable and efficient biological control for cacao production. It discusses compiling baseline information on major cacao pests like Helopeltis and cacao pod borer to identify knowledge gaps. Methods for providing information on ecologically-sustainable integrated pest management include studying pest life cycles and distribution, natural enemies, and control methods like cultural practices, biological control using parasites and pathogens, and chemical controls like botanical extracts. Hands-on training sessions have been conducted in various provinces to teach cacao IPM.
This document is a thesis submitted by Francois Gagne-Bourque for the degree of Master of Science at McGill University. The thesis explores the fungal and bacterial endophyte communities inhabiting switchgrass cultivars in Quebec. 145 endophyte isolates (52 bacteria and 93 fungi) were recovered from switchgrass samples. The endophytes were identified based on ITS rDNA gene sequencing. Some endophytes showed antagonistic activity against fungal pathogens and were considered for reintroduction into commercial switchgrass to enhance biomass production. The ability of some endophytes to vertically transmit from one switchgrass generation to the next was also demonstrated.
Biotechnology definitions and history, biotechnology in Nepal.pptxBinod Bohara
This document provides an overview of biotechnology definitions, history, and applications in Nepal. It defines biotechnology as using living organisms to make or improve products, involving manipulating DNA. The term was coined in 1919. The document traces important developments in biotechnology from the first vaccination in 1797 to human cloning in 2003. It also outlines biotechnology initiatives and research in Nepal, including the first test tube baby in 2005 and efforts by organizations like NARC to develop virus-free potatoes and drought-tolerant rice varieties.
This document summarizes the 3rd International Phytophthora, Pythium and related genera workshop held in Turin, Italy in August 2008. It thanks the organizers, sponsors, keynote speakers, and over 100 participants from over 30 countries. The workshop focused on integrating traditional and modern approaches for investigating the taxonomy and evolution of these organisms, with sessions on systematics, phylogenetics, morphology, molecular methods, ecology, and identification/diagnostics. It lists the background and research areas of several notable keynote speakers.
Genetic engineering involves modifying an organism's genes using technology. It was first achieved in 1973 when Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen inserted antibiotic resistance genes into bacterial DNA. Rudolf Jaenisch then created the first genetically modified animal, a mouse, in 1974. In 1994, the first genetically modified food, a longer-lasting tomato, was approved for sale. More recently, scientists have developed new gene editing tools like CRISPR that allow more precise genetic modifications. While genetic engineering enables benefits like increased food production and disease resistance, it also raises concerns about unintended health and environmental impacts.
1) The study examined the impacts of pesticides used in corn fields in Quebec on honeybee colonies. Experiments showed higher honeybee mortality and weaker hives in fields with moderate-to-high pesticide usage compared to low usage or control fields.
2) Laboratory analysis found that honeybees exposed to pesticides had increased levels of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, indicating exposure. Biomarkers are being developed to better evaluate pesticide impacts on honeybee health.
3) Ongoing work includes measuring vitamin A and immune system enzymes in honeybees to study how pesticides may weaken immunity and facilitate viral infections.
Pigeonpea is an important crop for food security in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America that was neglected until significant genomic resources were developed starting in 2005. In 2011, a global team led by ICRISAT sequenced the pigeonpea genome using Illumina sequencing technology, generating 237.2 Gigabase pairs of sequence data. Genome analysis identified 48,680 genes, including some unique to pigeonpea that relate to drought tolerance. The availability of the genome sequence opens up new opportunities for improving pigeonpea through molecular breeding techniques and identifying broader genetic diversity.
Similar to Session 7: Development of a female Q-fly lure (20)
The aim of this research project is to establish Australian developed seed testing protocols as an international standard for the detection of viroids and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) in seed, and to reduce the risks of contaminated traded seed.
The diagnosis of viral pathogens is a crucial component of plant biosecurity surveillance and preventing the introduction of exotic plant viruses and viroids at the border. Existing quarantine procedures can be time-consuming and require detailed knowledge of potential infecting viral pathogens. Currently, imported plants can spend as long as two years in quarantine, with associated costs.
To simplify the post-entry quarantine process researchers have developed a plant diagnostic toolkit for plant viruses and viroids. The toolkit takes advantage of the natural antiviral system of plants, using small RNA next generation sequencing (sRNA-seq) technology to detect nearly all known viruses and viroids in a single test. The new test, and associated toolkit, will reduce the time imported plant material spends in Australia’s quarantine system while improving accuracy of detection in a single sRNA-seq experiment.
This research has developed recommendations for stakeholders involved in area-wide management of fruit fly, including social and institutional requirements.
This document summarizes a research project aiming to develop culturally appropriate models for engaging indigenous communities in biosecurity issues. The project is a collaboration between researchers in Australia and New Zealand. It establishes an Indigenous Reference Group and Industry Advisory Network to help guide the development of engagement models. The models will be tested and refined with the goal of enhancing indigenous communities' ability to manage biosecurity threats in culturally sensitive ways. One engagement model presented is based on traditional Aboriginal practices for detoxifying cycad nuts, using the process as a metaphor for relationship-building and knowledge-sharing. End users praise the research for centering indigenous perspectives to strengthen biosecurity protection of native plants.
This social biosecurity project, aims to improve plant biosecurity management by developing the capacity of regional and remote communities to engage in biosecurity surveillance activities.
Surveillance systems are an essential component of biosecurity. Design of biosecurity surveillance systems may include designs of grids of static traps, plans for field sampling, or deployment of potentially "game-changing" mobile trap technology. The aim of these systems is to achieve defined detection objectives, (e.g. early detection, supporting area-freedom status) at minimum cost. This project will develop and apply statistically-based surveillance systems that account for organism biology, trap behaviour and landscape characteristics.
Ships arriving in Australia may have visited multiple ports along the way. These complex pathways present opportunities for pest species, such as the Asian Gypsy Moth, to arrive into Australia from indirect routes. Understanding those pathways that link Australia directly or indirectly to countries in which a pest or disease occurs is necessary to identify arriving ships with the highest likelihood of carrying hitchhiker species. This project proposes to address three important questions:
1. What general shipping pathways pose the greatest risk?
2. How to make decisions regarding what ships to search?
3. How much inspection to conduct?
This research project is collecting data on past pest invasions in both Australia and New Zealand, in order to identify common patterns in plant biosecurity pests.
This research will investigate technologies to enable the development of spore traps capable of in-field detection, and identification, of specific biosecurity threats.
This document discusses a project to develop new tools and technologies for field grain surveillance and diagnostics of high priority exotic pests. It involves developing smart insect and spore traps using sensors, GPS, and wireless transmission. The traps will detect and identify endemic and exotic pests and pathogens. Researchers are testing pheromone stacking, suction traps, and mobile jet spore samplers. Samples will undergo qPCR diagnostics to identify mixed populations. The goal is a coordinated surveillance network using smart sampling and lab-based identification to rapidly detect and report biosecurity threats.
Traps can now be constructed to automatically report captured insects using digital technologies. This project examines trap design and deployment strategies like trap placement, efficiency, and attractants. The study organism is the Hessian fly, a pest of wheat that causes significant yield loss. Results of the objectives will benefit US and Australian wheat producers by developing efficient monitoring methods and management strategies to minimize yield loss and export restrictions, helping biosecurity and research/extension agents.
The spread of invasive species continues to provide significant challenges to those government biosecurity agencies charged with protecting a country’s borders. In an increasingly connected world, these invasive species are potentially able to spread further and more rapidly. Human mediated pathways such as ships and airlines are the most obvious ways in which invasive species can be spread. Direct routes from one port to another are currently monitored, but indirect pathways,
in which a ship picks up an invasive species and then travels to a number of different locations before arriving at the final destination, present more challenging scenarios. For the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, one particular concern is for ships arriving into Australia carrying viable eggs of the Asian gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). We are developing a real time tool that will analyse the pathways for incoming ships and determine the likelihood the ship could be carrying viable eggs.
Biosecurity issues impact on key crops and environmental values across NZ and Australia. A key outcome for the project team will be the ability of indigenous communities, and relevant regulatory authorities and industries, to better manage the social, environmental and economic impacts of biosecurity threats, and to participate in biosecurity strategies through improved bicultural engagement models that build empowerment and ownership in indigenous communities and their response to those threats. The teams have developed an engagement model adapted to the indigenous peoples and their communities of each country.
Chlorine dioxide was tested in three pilot scale structures including the mini silo, the column, and the flat box against five stored-product insect pests, including adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, and
Sitophilus oryzae (L.).
Biosecurity is often conceptualised and managed as an issue of biological risk. However, turning the focus to how to build collaboration between stakeholders in biosecurity can shed new light on why and how biosecurity surveillance programs can be successful – or not.
More from Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (15)
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
1. biosecurity built on science
Development of a female Qfly lure
Andrew Finlay, Summerfruit Australia
&
Paul Cunningham
Research Leader, AgriBio, DEDJTR, VIC.
2. biosecurity built on science
Female Qfly Lures
Feeding
Egg laying
Bactrocera tryoni
3. biosecurity built on science
Phase 1: Proof of concept
Blends containing fruit ripening
volatiles attract female Qfly
Proof of concept
11V
• analytical chemistry
• blend formulation
• electrophysiology
• cage trials
A SYNTHETIC FRUIT ODOUR TO
ATTRACT MATED FEMALE FLIES
4. biosecurity built on science
Phase 2: Formulations & Field studies
Finding the right mix
5. biosecurity built on science
Phase 2: Formulations & Field studies
Finding the right mix
FEMALE PHEROMONES
Day 12 mated
Day 3 virgin
Deterrent?
• Solvent extraction
• Rectal gland extracts
• Insect emissions
6. biosecurity built on science
Phase 2: Formulation & Field studies
Finding the right mix
YEASTS Cryptococcus flavescens
Aureobasidium pullulans
Rhodotorula sp (2)
Hannaella sp (3)
Pichia fermentans
Sydowia eucalypti
C. flavescens
7. biosecurity built on science
Phase 2: Formulation & Field studies
Finding the right mix
Deterrents
• Females avoid larval infested fruit
• Acetoin emissions
8. biosecurity built on science
Phase 2: New technologies
Applying calcium imaging of the antennal
lobe to insect lure development
Volatile-evoked responses
in the Qfly antennal lobe
Qfly brain
Improved methods for
attractant formulation
across insect pests
• blend synergy
• volatile detection
• valence
9. biosecurity built on science
Fieldwork 2016/17
Field trials:
2. Mated vs unmated capture
rates
• feeding vs egg laying lures
1. Trial lure formulations
• x 4 formulations
• New dispensers
Tatura (VIC)
Stanthorpe (QLD)
10. biosecurity built on science
Benefits of female lure research
Commercial fruit growers / consultants
Monitoring / surveillance
Reducing Qfly damage
Lowering within / between season populations
Reducing urban Qfly populations
Improved market access
Reduction in production losses
Sterile Insect Technique
Assessment of success
Lowering populations
Scientists
Olfactory research
Developing new technologies for pest management
11. biosecurity built on science
Thank you
Project Team
Jane Royer (QDAF)
Pawel Sadowski (QUT/CARF)
Mikael Carlsson (Stockholm University, AL imaging)
Tony Clarke (QUT)
Tommaso Villa (female pheromones)
Owen Webb (acetoin emissions)
Alex Piper (yeast analysis)
Summerfruit Australia
Andrew Finlay (Chairman)
Rowan Berecry