The document discusses the causes and impacts of urbanization. It provides several sources that outline various drivers of urbanization, including economic, social, political, and environmental factors. Economic causes mentioned include industrialization, commercialization, poverty in rural areas, and lack of employment opportunities. Social causes include desires for improved education, healthcare, and modern amenities available in cities but not rural areas. Natural population increases and degradation of rural lands also contribute to urbanization. Migration from rural to urban areas is a major factor influencing the rapid growth of cities.

1. CITIES & SOCIETY
Module 2 - SESSION 4
FACULTY : AR MAHIIMA J
DATE: 06 -09-19

2. SYLLABUS :
SOCIOLOGY & BUILDING
ECONOMICS
MODULE 1
Introduction to
Sociology
Elements of society
MODULE 2
Communities
Urban and rural
communities
Cities and society
Social research
MODULE 3
Economics
Economic
organization of
society
MODULE 4
Economics and the
market
MODULE 5
Urban land values
Building costs
Today

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Cities & Society :
Urbanization – definition; causes. Effects of urbanization on rural
areas.
Impact of growing urbanization on urban life, viz. health, housing,
transportation.
Different types of migration. The impact of migration on urban form.

4. URBANIZATION

5. URBANIZATION

6. URBANIZATION
Urbanization is the study of the social, political, and
economic relationships in cities, and someone
specializing in urban sociology studies those
relationships.
Urbanization is the movement of population from
rural to urban areas and the resulting increasing
proportion of a population that resides in urban
rather than rural places. It is derived from the Latin
'Urbs' a term used by the Romans to a city.
Urban sociology is the sociology of urban living; of
people in groups and social relationship in urban
social circumstances and situation.
In some ways, cities can be small-scale version of
universal human behavior, while in others they
provide a unique environment that yields its own

7. Fig 2. Urban and rural population of the world, 1950–2050.
(UNDESA, 2014)

8. CAUSES OF URBANIZATION –
SOURCE 1
According to sociologist Gideon Sjoberg (1965), there are three
prerequisites for the development of a city (urbanization) :
1. First, good environment with fresh water and a favorable climate;
2. second, advanced technology, which will produce a food surplus to
support non-farmers; and
3. third, strong social organization to ensure social stability and a
stable economy.
Today, the primary influence on cities’ growth is economic forces.

10. NATURAL INCREASE IN PEOPLE

11. PEOPLE MIGRATING TOWARDS
URBAN AREA

12. BOUNDARY CHANGES OF URBAN
AREA

13. ECONOMIC ISSUES

14. INDUSTRIALISATION

15. COMMERCIALISATION

16. SOCIAL FACTORS & BENEFITS

17. EDUCATION

18. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY

19. MODERNIZATION

20. RURAL URBAN TRANSFORMATION

21. CAUSES OF URBANIZATION –
SOURCE 2
1. Natural increase of people
When the birth rates exceed the death rate, the natural population increase happens. It also
plays an important role in Rapid urbanization. Natural population increase is one of the most
common causes of urbanization. The population of urban area increasing day by day, by which
the number of urbanized citizens increases gradually in those areas.
2. People migrate towards the urban area
People live in rural area migrate towards the urban area which causes urbanization. There are
different causes why rural citizens migrate towards urban areas, such as better education
system, well-developed infrastructure, some social issues, better facilities, etc. In general
employment factor and better education attract rural citizens towards urban areas. So people
from rural area migrate towards the urban area.
3. Boundary changes of urban area
Each and every city have a particular geographical boundary area. The boundary area of that
city is planned and designed by municipality corporation or government. When the limitations
of the boundary area of that city expand, the rural area situated beside that urban area
emerged in that city. So the rural area and urban area create an emerging urban area at that
time. In this process urban area retains most of the villages of rural area.
https://questudy.com/causes-of-urbaniz

22. 4. Economic causes
The cause of urbanization through which the economic effects appears is known as an
economic cause of urbanization. There are different factors through which economic
effects appear during urbanization, such as industrialization and commercialization.
Generally, industrialization and commercialization put a serious impact on the economy.
5. Industrialization
Industrialization is one of the most common causes of urbanization. After 1990 the rate of
industrialization increases by 43%. The process in which so many numbers of industries
started producing their products and services is known as industrialization. It creates a
huge number of jobs for producing their product and to deliver their services. So the
people start working on that company as an employee for long years. The people who
work on that company become the permanent urban citizens of that urban area. Hence
the number of living people in the urban area increased and urbanization occurred.
In another side, people living in rural areas have no facilities, a better job or placements.
They have only agricultural properties. So some of the rural citizens also migrate towards
urban areas for better jobs and employability due to industrialization.
6. Commercialization
Commercialization is also one of the most common causes of urbanization. In the rural
area, the rate of commercialization is smaller than the urban area. In today’s technological
world, most of the business holder shift their business from rural areas to urban areas for
the betterment of their business. They can create a huge profit from the urban area than
in rural areas. In general, urban citizens are more capable of buying products and services
more than rural areas. So commercialization also plays a crucial role in urbanization.

23. 7. Social factors and benefits
There are some social factors or benefits which put an indirect effect on Urbanization. In
rural areas, people face lots of problems like on undeveloped education system, worst
drinking water, undeveloped infrastructure, and facilities, etc. So the rural citizens do not
get proper knowledge and education about the technology industry and technological
world.
In the urban area, people get all the facilities like a well-developed Infrastructures, better
employability, facilities, well-educated friends, and society, well-formed teachers,
sanitation, better Healthcare, housing, etc.
So some of the citizens of rural area migrated towards the urban area for living in a
healthy and well-educated society. All the infrastructure and facilities available in urban
areas attract rural citizens towards urban areas. Hence urbanization occurs.
8. Education
Generally, in a rural area, the number of educated people are in a tiny amount. Hence the
fruitfulness of education can not realize the actual value of education. Some educated
people of the rural area have known the actual value of the education So they used to send
their children to a school having a better education system and best faculties but those
type of schools are almost rare in a rural area.
In an urban area, the amount of well-formed school and colleges is more than the rural
area. So you can choose accordingly and can study among the schools. There are lots of
well-formed are well-educated teachers are also available in urban areas, which is not
generally available in rural areas. Somewhere a student can learn better in an urban area
than a rural area. So most of the parents decide to teach their children in urban areas. So
they leave the rural area for better education. Hence urbanization occurs.

24. 9. Employment opportunity
In a rural area, there are few opportunities of employability of a person. It is due to low
commercialization and low industrialization. Generally, people in the rural area only have
agriculture or some small business to live their lives and there is no more opportunity for
employment for youth.
But in the urban area, lots of company start their work and lots of industry make that
productive centre to organise their industrial works. They hire a huge amount of
employees. So people live in an urban area prefer to live their whole life with such
industrial work rather than agricultural work. But in the rural area no other source of
income without agriculture. So most of the people of the rural citizens migrate towards
urban areas for the jobs in industries or in some companies.
10. Modernization
Today is the technological world. In this time, rural citizens don’t have a highly equipped
infrastructure, better education, and basic facilities. But in rural areas, all of the modern
facilities are available the doorstep of your home. So people prefer to live in modern
society than rural society. Hence the urbanization occurs.
11. Rural Urban transformation
Rural-Urban transformation is one of the rarest processes of urbanization. This type of
urbanization is mostly rare. In this process, the rural area transforms into urban areas.
Some of the localities of the rural area become more prosperous due to the discovery of
some minerals or mineral resources. So the government and other private companies
started exploring the minerals in their localities. Industrialization occurs in that area. Due
to industrialization, a huge amount of job created. So people can able to get a job in those
industries. So urbanization occurs.

25. SOURCE 2
Political issues
Economic
issues
Education
Natural population
increase
Environmental
degradation
Social causes

26. CAUSES OF URBANIZATION –
SOURCE 3
Political Causes
During times of political unrest, families are forced to leave their rural farming
villages, and they migrate to the urban areas in search of shelter, food and
employment. When large numbers of people are driven from their rural villages,
especially in war-ravaged countries, the cities become saturated, and slums start
to grow on the outskirts of the cities.
Economic Causes
Poverty in rural areas, due to large companies creating commercial farms and
small farmers finding it harder and harder to make a living, forces people to
move to the urban areas in search of better employment opportunities. The rise
of industry in developing countries has provided more job opportunities in urban
areas, and cities have increased significantly in size due to this.
Education
Opportunities for education at universities and technical colleges draw young
people to the urban centers, where they hope to provide better prospects for the
future for themselves and their families. Urban centers in developing countries
have become hubs of education and training, as they are also in developed
countries.
https://www.theclassroom.com/what-are-the-
causes-of-urbanization-in-poor-countries-

27. Natural Population Increase
There has been a natural increase of population in many developing
countries due to improved medical care, immunization programs, better
sanitation and more widespread education. Death rates have decreased, and
there are fewer infant deaths, resulting in population growth. As populations
grow so does the urban sprawl. As the cities become overcrowded with not
enough employment to go around, more and more people live in
substandard housing.
Environmental Degradation
When the natural habitat of farming families is destroyed due to
deforestation, mining or industrial expansion, they are forced to find
somewhere else to live. Often small amounts of compensation from logging
and mining companies provide the funds for families to move to urban
areas, but there is no guarantee of work in the cities, and many families
move there and are forced into poverty because they cannot find enough
work.
Social Causes
Many young people migrate to urban centers in search of lifestyle changes
and with the desire to become associated with the club scenes in large cities.
Such scenes provide employment opportunities, but they sadly also attract

28. SOURCES
https://www.ultimatevisa.com/what-is-migration/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKnAJCSGSdk