City planning theories post war

BY:-
AMANDEEP GULATI & MUKESHWARAN BALU

INTRODUCTION
CITY PLANNING THEORIES OF POST WAR
Conception of planning
1.
Town planning as
physical planning
2.
Design as central to
town planning
3.
Production of 'master'
plans or 'blueprint'
plans

• Physical planning as opposed to 'social' and 'economic‘ planning.
• According to Keeble in his book in 1952:
₋ Town and Country Planning might be described as the art and science
of ordering the use of land and the character and siting of buildings
and communicative routes.
₋ Town planning “may greatly assist in the realization of the aims of
these other kinds of planning”. Then implicit in this statement is an
assumption that social and economic ends could be advanced by
physical means.
₋ Town and country planning is not 'political' planning.
Town planning as physical planning

• The term 'civic' design was also much
used.
• Town planning was regarded as an
'extension' of architectural design (or
to a lesser extent civil engineering
• Being concerned with the design of
whole groups of buildings and spaces -
with 'townscape‘ rather than the
design of individual buildings and their
immediate sites,
• Architecture too was seen to be an
exercise in the physical design of built
forms.
Design as central to town planning
Europe
Great Britain
Netherlands
People who worked as town planners
Frederick
Gibberd
H.P. Berlage Le Corbusier
Thomas
Sharp
Patrick
Abercrombie

Design as central to town planning

• Plans were seen as 'blueprints' for the future form of towns - as
statements of 'end-states' that would one day be reached.
• The first generation of development plans local authorities were
required to produce under the town and country planning act 1947 also
adopted this approach.
• Detailed zoning plans specified how particular sites were to be used and
developed.
• 'Programming' plans that showed the stages at which the envisaged
development of different parts of the plans would be carried out to
'complete' the plans.
Town plans as detailed blueprints or master plans

Arturo Soria's project for the Ciudad Lineal of Madrid
(19th Century Plans for Linear Cities)

Le Corbusier’s Plan for Radiant Cities

Frank Lloyd Wright’s Plan for Broadacre City

Conclusion
• The plan was not just an approach to
town planning as an exercise in
physical planning and urban design but
also a normative concept of the ideal
urban environment.
• In other words, the tracts and
textbooks published at the time not
only advanced an extended definition
of planning but they also embodied
certain values about the kinds of
environment which, it was believed,
should be realized through town
planning.
Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City

CITY PLANNING THEORIES OF POST WAR BY
CLARENCE ARTHUR
PERRY
ALDO ROSSI
LEWIS MUMFORD
ROB KRIER
KEVIN ANDREW ROBERT VENTURI FRANK LLOYD
WRIGHT
JANE JACOBS CLARENCE STEIN
LYNCH

• American planner, sociologist, author, and
educator.
• He was born in Truxton, New York.
• He began his education as a student of
Stanford University for two years then
finished his degree at Cornell University in
1899.
• He later worked in the New York
City planning department where he became
a strong advocate of the Neighborhood unit.
• He was an early promoter of neighborhood
community and recreation centers.
1872-1944
CLARENCE ARTHUR PERRY

• The concept of the neighborhood unit,
crystallized from the prevailing social
and intellectual attitudes of the early
1900s by clarence perry.
• To act as a framework for urban
planners attempting to design
functional, self-contained and
desirable neighborhoods in the early
20th century in industrializing cities.
Clarence A. Perry’s Conception of the Neighborhood Unit

• Populated area which would require
and support an elementary school
with an enrolment of between 1,000
and 1,200 pupils.
• Total population between 5,000 and
6,000 people.
• low density dwelling district
• 10 families per acre, the neighborhood
unit would occupy about 160 acres.
• Child to walk a distance of more than
one-quarter mile to school.

• 10 % of the area would be allocated to recreation
• Through traffic arteries would be confined to the surrounding streets,
internal streets being limited to service access for residents of the
neighborhood.
• The unit would be served by shopping facilities, churches, and a library,
and a community center, the latter being located in conjunction with the
school.
• The neighborhood focal point should be the elementary school centrally
located on a common or green, along with other institutions that have
service areas coincident with the neighborhood boundaries.
• Shopping districts should be sited at the edge of neighborhoods
preferably at major street intersections.

• American historian, sociologist, philosopher
of technology, and literary critic.
• Particularly noted for his ‘The City in History
(1961)’.
• He had a broad career as a writer.
• Influenced by the work of Scottish theorist Sir
Patrick Geddes and worked closely with his
associate the British sociologist Victor
Branford.October 19, 1895 – January 26,
1990
LEWIS MUMFORD

• The structure of modern cities is partially
responsible for many social problems seen in
western society.
• He argues argues that urban planning should
emphasize an organic relationship between
people and their living spaces.
• Medieval city as the basis for the "ideal city“.
• Modern city is too close to the roman city.
• City is "a product of earth, a fact of nature &
man's method of expression”.
The City in History

• He spoke to the everchanging , Multidimensional personality of urban
residents and how they have transcended “traditional” displays of
societal norms.
• Planners need to recognize the social nucleus of cities as the
interrelationship of schools, theaters, community centers and the like,
because those are what lay the outlines of an integrated city.
• Mumford suggested limitations on population, density and urban growth
to promote efficiency; he championed Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City
ideal with his work on polynucleated cities.
The City in History

• He was an American urban planner and
author.
• Known for his work on the perceptual form of
urban environments and was an early
proponent of mental mapping.
• His most influential books include ’The Image
of the City (1960)’ and ‘What Time is This
Place? (1972)’.
January 7, 1918 – April 25, 1984
KEVIN ANDREW LYNCH

• In his famous book “The Image of the city”
using three disparate cities as examples
(Boston, Jersey City, and Los Angeles), Lynch
reported that users understood their
surroundings in consistent and predictable
ways, forming mental maps with five
elements:
₋ Paths
₋ Edges
₋ Districts
₋ Nodes
₋ Landmarks
The Image of the City

• Paths: the streets, sidewalks,
trails, and other channels in
which people travel;
• Edges: perceived boundaries such
as walls, buildings, and
shorelines;
• Districts: relatively large sections of the city distinguished by some
identity or character;
• Nodes: focal points, intersections or loci;
• Landmarks: readily identifiable objects which serve as external
reference points
The Image of the City

• American-Canadian journalist, author, and
activist best known for her influence on urban
studies.
• Her book The ‘Death and Life of Great
American Cities (1961)’ argued that urban
renewal did not respect the needs of most city-
dwellers.
• Well known for organizing grassroots efforts to
protect existing neighborhoods from "slum
clearance“.
• Particularly for her opposition to Robert Moses
in his plans to overhaul her neighborhood,
Greenwich Village.
May 4, 1916 – April 25, 2006
JANE BUTZNER JACOBS

• “Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only
because, and only when, they are created by everybody.”
• Jacobs’s four principles for a city as a vibrant system and maintaining a
“sidewalk ballet ” :
₋ A street or district must serve several primary functions.
₋ Blocks must be short.
₋ Buildings must vary in age, condition, use and rentals.
₋ Population must be dense.
• Led the way in advocating for a place-based, community-centered
approach to urban planning
JANE BUTZNER JACOBS

• Jacobs argued for :
₋ Cities as Ecosystems
₋ Mixed-Use Development
₋ Bottom-Up Community Planning
₋ The Case for Higher Density
• Led the way in advocating for a place-based, community-centered
approach to urban planning.
JANE BUTZNER JACOBS

• Clear demarcation between public and
private spaces.
• There must be eyes upon the street,
eyes belonging to those we might call
natural proprietors of the street. The
buildings on a street equipped to
handle strangers and to ensure the
safety of both residents and strangers
must be oriented to the street.
• The sidewalk must have users on it
fairly continuously
JANE BUTZNER JACOBS

The Death and Life of great American Cities

• American urban planner, architect, and writer.
• A major proponent of the Garden City
movement in the United States.
• He wrote Toward New Towns for America in
1951, and received the AIA Gold Medal in 1956.
June 19, 1882 – February 7, 1975
CLARENCE STEIN

• The elementary school at the center of
the neighborhood unit and within ½
mile radius of all residents. A small
shopping center for daily needs is
located near the school.
• Most residential streets are suggested
as cul-de-sac or ‘dead-end’ roads to
eliminate through traffic, and park
space flows through the neighborhood
in a manner reminiscent of the
Radburn Plan.
CLARENCE STEIN

• He further expanded the definition of
neighborhood center by connecting
the neighborhoods together to create
towns. The radius for walking distance
to these facilities being one mile.
• The neighborhood unit has been
defined and redefined throughout the
planning history. It represents a unit of
the population with basic common
needs for educational, recreational
and other service facilities.
CLARENCE STEIN

• He was an American architect, interior
designer, writer and educator, who designed
more than 1,000 structures and completed
532.
• Broadacre City was an urban or suburban
development concept proposed by Frank
Lloyd Wright throughout most of his lifetime.
• He presented the idea in his book The
Disappearing City in 1932.
June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

• Broadacre City was the antithesis of a city
and the apotheosis of the newly
born suburbia, shaped through Wright's
particular vision.
• It was both a planning statement and a socio-
political scheme by which each U.S. family
would be given a one acre (4,000 m²) plot of
land from the federal lands reserves, and a
Wright-conceived community would be built
anew from this.
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
BROADACRE CITY

• In a sense it was the exact opposite of transit-oriented development.
There is a train station and a few office and apartment buildings in
Broadacre City, but the apartment dwellers are expected to be a small
minority.
• All important transport is done by automobile and the pedestrian can
exist safely only within the confines of the one acre (4,000 m²) plots
where most of the population dwells.
• In his book Urban Planning Theory since 1945, Nigel Taylor Considers
the planning methodology of this type of cities to be Blueprint
planning, Which came under heavy critisicm in the late 1950 by many
critics such as Jane Jacobs in her book The Death and Life of Great
American Cities.
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

• He was an Italian architect and designer who
accomplished the unusual feat of achieving
international recognition in four distinct
areas: theory, drawing, architecture and
product design.
3 May 1931 – September 4, 1997
ALDO ROSSI

• The city and its architecture are inseparable
• Permanence of form
• Type and elemental forms
ALDO ROSSI

• Type and memory : The city composed of recognizable types Types
allow people to connect through collective memory Autonomous forms
as archetypes Form follows memory
• Time : The presence of clocks indicates an event is over
• Memory structure of the city : Monuments and memory are
fundamental to the city structure
ALDO ROSSI

• Robert Charles Venturi, Jr. is an American
architect, founding principal of the firm
Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one
of the major architectural figures in the
twentieth century.
June 25, 1925
ROBERT VENTURI

• Objectively analyze the commercial strips of
Las Vegas as a phenomenon of architectural
communication (without discussion of values)
- Revolutionary for architects
- To question how we look at things
• Architects always look judgmentally at the
environment, dissatisfied with existing
conditions and want to change rather than try
to enhance what is there
• We look back at history to go forward, and
look down [at ordinary environment] to go up
1972 - Learning From Las Vegas
ROBERT VENTURI

• Analysis of signs, symbols and buildings in
relation to their size, distance and speed
of movement
• Use example of icon (painting, sculpture,
or inscription) in historic building to
support the use of sign and symbol on
commercial building
View Inside a Car
ROBERT VENTURI

June 25, 1925
ROBERT VENTURI
Analysis

Analysis
ROBERT VENTURI

• Rob Krier bornis a Luxembourgian sculptor,
architect, urban designer and theorist.
• He is former professor of architecture at
Vienna University of Technology, Austria.
• From 1993 to mid-2010 he has worked in
partnership with architect Christoph Kohl in a
joint office based in Berlin, Germany.
Born in 1938
ROB KRIER

• He published Stadtraum in Theorie und
Praxis in 1975. This book is a contribution to
the establishment of an integrative typology
of urban spaces, and let him to earn an
influential position in urban rationalist
polemics.
• His rationalism is based on the visual
hierarchies proposed by Camillo Sitte and
related to buildings of human scale. He
considered that people have lost the sight of
traditional understanding of urban space in
the modern city.
ROB KRIER

• "The basic approach of our urban design
concept in the 'block' formation. This
enables the creation of many different
spatial configurations of squares and street
sequences that give the individual 'places'
their indelible character and offer
inhabitants the kind of familiar quality
found in a typical Berlin neighborhood, or
Kiez."
ROB KRIER
Roof View of New Town
of Kirchsteigfeld, Potsdam
by Rob Krier and Christoph Kohl

• More than just a garden-suburb,
Kirchsteigfeld integrates the open flow
of space and light which is the 20th
century's great contribution to housing,
while celebrating the historic qualities of
place and identity which we have
learned once more to value in making
urban forms for community."
ROB KRIER
Working Model of Hufeisenplatz,
Kirchsteigfeld, Potsdam

• "Urban Space is created by the built
massing and their elevations. Buildings
are therefore space-forming. The
designer of a building is consequently
responsible for the image that is created
and imposed upon the user. Buildings
mark their surroundings and must
accordingly capture the 'genius loci' and
reflect this 'spirit of the place' in which
they are located. In this sense buildings
'serve' their context and the people
which inhabit them"
• Rob Krier and Christoph Kohl
ROB KRIER
New Town of Kirchsteigfeld,
Potsdam Existing Buildings
and Proposed Completion

City planning theories post war

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