2. Impacts of beliefs and
attitudes about
self and others on
organizational behaviors
3. Beliefs and attitudes about self
Self-efficacy: “beliefs in one’s capabilities to
organize and execute the courses of action
required to produce given attainments”
(Bandura, 1997, p. 3)
Wood and Bandura (1989) found that in
organisational settings, individuals with high
self-efficacy work harder and longer than
individuals with low self-efficacy.
4. Beliefs and attitudes about self (continued)
Self-esteem: refers to
the extent to which a
person feels self-worth in
a domain. In addition, it
indicates the degree to
which an individual likes
herself/himself.
5. Consequences of self-esteem
Individuals with low self-esteem are more
likely to seek approval from others than
individual with high self-esteem.
Research has shown that individuals with high
self-esteem take more risks in job selection
and are more likely to choose unconventional
jobs than individuals with low self-esteem.
6. Self-esteem scale
A classic scale of self-esteem has been
developed by Rosenberg in 1989.
Please read the items and rate them for
yourself.
7. Beliefs and attitudes about self (continued)
Self-interdependence: the extent to
which an individual perceives him/herself
to be interdependent with other group
members (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)
Self-independence: the extent to
which an individual perceives her/himself
to be independent from other group
members.
8. Beliefs and attitudes about self (continued)
Research has shown that individuals with independent
self-construals are more likely to openly express their
ideas than individuals with interdependent self-construals
(Gudykunst et al., 1996).
Individuals with interdependent self-construals are more
likely to give help to their colleagues.
Individuals with interdependent self-construals are more
likely to cooperate with their in-group members than out-
group members.
9. Beliefs and attitudes about others
Stereotyping
When we judge someone on the basis of our
perception of the group to which he or she
belongs, we are using stereotyping.
Examples:
“older employees can’t learn new skills”,
“Overweight employees lack discipline”,
“Asian employees are hardworking and
conscientious”
10. Beliefs and attitudes about others (continued)
Entity theorist and incremental theorists:
Entity theory refers to a view that human
characteristics are fixed and don’t change much
with experience.
Incremental theory refers to a view that human
characteristics are malleable and can be
changed with experience and can be developed.
11. Beliefs and attitudes about others (continued)
Self-fulfilling prophecy
is that people’s expectations or beliefs
determine their behavior and performance,
thus serving to make their expectations
come true.
12. Reading
Please read page 130 to 139 of the text
book.
13. Assignments 2
Please read the “implicit theories of
managers” article and answer to
exercise 2.
