Heuristics are simple rules or mental shortcuts that allow humans to make decisions quickly and with limited information. The document discusses several types of heuristics including: the gaze heuristic, recognition heuristic, social heuristics like "do what the majority do", and heuristics based on reasons like take the best and tallying. It also covers cognitive biases like hindsight bias. Overall, the document examines how heuristics demonstrate bounded rationality and how humans use fast and frugal mental shortcuts to make decisions in an efficient manner.
4. Heuristics Versus Rules
Heuristic is a rule:
A rule is not necessarily a
heuristic, unless it embodies
3 qualities
5. 1-Heuristics exploit evolved
capacities
2-Heuristics exploit structures of
3- heuristics are distinct from “as
optimization models
6. What is Unbounded Rationality ?
all relevant
infoInrm matoidonels of Bounded
Unbounded
Rationality
Rationality
(Simon’s term ):
how do humans who have
little time & knowledge
infinite
amount of
time
behave?
7. 3 Programs associated with bounded rationality
1
• The study of optimization under
constraints.
2
• The study of cognitive illusion.
3
•The study of fast & frugal heuristic.
8. Simon’s vision of bounded rationality
Simon: Human rational behavior is
capabilities
of the actor
structure of
task
environment
10. Gaze heuristic
PRABOBOLA
Initial Distance
Initial Velocity
Projection Angle
Projection Speed
Direction of The Wind
No such robots exist yet!
11. Gaze heuristic
RUNNING SPEED
ANGLE OF GAZE REMAINS CONSTANT
NOT COMPUTE THE POINT AT WHICH THE BALL WILL LAND,
BUT HE WILL BE THERE
FAST and FRUGAL
22. The less-is-more effect
n n
( 1)
1
N n N n
( )( 1)
( 1)
2
( 1)
n N n
2 (
)
( 1)
N N
N N
N N
c
N: number of objects
n: number of recognized objects
α: recognition validity
β: knowledge validity
28. Take The Best heuristic (TTB)
Validities Cues School A School B
0.9 reputation + -
0.6 distance - +
0.8 students - +
ONE-REASONSE DAERCCIHSI OBNY VMAALKIDINITGY
ONE-REASON STOPPING RULE
29. Validities Cues School A School B
0.9 reputation + -
0.6 distance - +
0.8 students - +
Random
search
Stop after
searching m
cues
Tallying rull
Tallying heuristic
30. Ecological Rationality of Take The Best and Tallying
Take The Best
Noncompensatory
Tallying
Compensatory
32. Hindsight Bias
Which has more cholesterol , cake or pie?
Cues Original Feedback Recall
Saturated fat (80%) cake? Pie "cake" cake> pie
Calories (70%) cake> pie
Protein (60%)
Choice cake cake
Confidence 70% 80%