This document discusses sensors and electronic systems used in automotive powertrains and braking. It begins with an introduction of automotive electronics and sensors, then discusses key sensors for gasoline and diesel engines like mass air flow and oxygen sensors. It also covers electronic braking systems like ABS, EBD, traction control, and electronic stability control. The document emphasizes how these systems and their sensors improve vehicle safety, emissions and fuel efficiency to meet increasingly stringent regulations.
This document provides an overview of electronic control units (ECUs) in automobiles. It describes what an ECU is, its basic hardware components including a microprocessor and sensors, and how it operates using closed-loop control to monitor sensor outputs and control engine inputs. The document also discusses the AUTOSAR architecture for standardized ECU software, and some applications of ECUs like engine mapping and anti-lock braking systems. It notes challenges in designing robust ECUs that can withstand vehicle vibrations and temperature variations.
Designs of input and output driver circuits for 16 bit electronic control uni...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses automotive electronic systems and the various sensors used in modern vehicles. It begins by outlining several disciplines in automotive engineering such as safety, fuel economy, vehicle dynamics, and vehicle electronics. It then provides more details on specific sensors used for functions like engine monitoring, driver information, safety, and vehicle control. These include oxygen, oil, fuel level, speed, and temperature sensors. The document also discusses emerging in-vehicle networks used to connect electronic components and the various protocols used, including CAN, LIN, FlexRay, and MOST. It outlines the need for advanced sensor technologies and networking to enable more autonomous vehicle features in the future.
This helps you to know the advance technology of automotive.
The Engine operations are managed and controlled electronics in terms of proper mixing controlling distribution and injecting or igniting of air and fuel mixture to achieve high performance, low emission intelligent engine.
This document provides an overview of automotive electronics or autotronics. It discusses the history of electronics in vehicles from engine control units in the 1970s to modern innovations like GPS and wireless connectivity. The main systems involved in autotronics that improve vehicle performance are the braking, steering, suspension, transmission, and engine systems. Adaptive cruise control and airbags are two safety features that rely on electronic sensors and controls. Implementing electronics in vehicles provides advantages like improved efficiency, reliability, safety, and reduced emissions compared to mechanical systems alone.
The document discusses the history and applications of automotive electronics or "autotronics". It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section outlines major milestones from the 1970s introduction of engine controls to modern innovations in infotainment and connectivity. The body details various electronic systems in braking, steering, suspension, transmission, and engine/fuel systems. It concludes by discussing ongoing research in active safety systems, vehicle communication, and adaptive technologies.
Automotive computer controlled systemsSiddharth Dc
The document discusses various computer controlled automotive systems. It describes the electronic control unit (ECU) as the "brain" that controls engine functions like fuel injection and ignition timing based on inputs from sensors. These sensors measure things like crankshaft position, throttle position, intake pressure, air temperature and more. The ECU uses algorithms to determine spark timing and fuel levels needed. Other computer controlled systems discussed include anti-lock braking systems, airbags, speedometers, odometers, tachometers and traction control.
This document provides an overview of electronic control units (ECUs) in automobiles. It describes what an ECU is, its basic hardware components including a microprocessor and sensors, and how it operates using closed-loop control to monitor sensor outputs and control engine inputs. The document also discusses the AUTOSAR architecture for standardized ECU software, and some applications of ECUs like engine mapping and anti-lock braking systems. It notes challenges in designing robust ECUs that can withstand vehicle vibrations and temperature variations.
Designs of input and output driver circuits for 16 bit electronic control uni...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses automotive electronic systems and the various sensors used in modern vehicles. It begins by outlining several disciplines in automotive engineering such as safety, fuel economy, vehicle dynamics, and vehicle electronics. It then provides more details on specific sensors used for functions like engine monitoring, driver information, safety, and vehicle control. These include oxygen, oil, fuel level, speed, and temperature sensors. The document also discusses emerging in-vehicle networks used to connect electronic components and the various protocols used, including CAN, LIN, FlexRay, and MOST. It outlines the need for advanced sensor technologies and networking to enable more autonomous vehicle features in the future.
This helps you to know the advance technology of automotive.
The Engine operations are managed and controlled electronics in terms of proper mixing controlling distribution and injecting or igniting of air and fuel mixture to achieve high performance, low emission intelligent engine.
This document provides an overview of automotive electronics or autotronics. It discusses the history of electronics in vehicles from engine control units in the 1970s to modern innovations like GPS and wireless connectivity. The main systems involved in autotronics that improve vehicle performance are the braking, steering, suspension, transmission, and engine systems. Adaptive cruise control and airbags are two safety features that rely on electronic sensors and controls. Implementing electronics in vehicles provides advantages like improved efficiency, reliability, safety, and reduced emissions compared to mechanical systems alone.
The document discusses the history and applications of automotive electronics or "autotronics". It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section outlines major milestones from the 1970s introduction of engine controls to modern innovations in infotainment and connectivity. The body details various electronic systems in braking, steering, suspension, transmission, and engine/fuel systems. It concludes by discussing ongoing research in active safety systems, vehicle communication, and adaptive technologies.
Automotive computer controlled systemsSiddharth Dc
The document discusses various computer controlled automotive systems. It describes the electronic control unit (ECU) as the "brain" that controls engine functions like fuel injection and ignition timing based on inputs from sensors. These sensors measure things like crankshaft position, throttle position, intake pressure, air temperature and more. The ECU uses algorithms to determine spark timing and fuel levels needed. Other computer controlled systems discussed include anti-lock braking systems, airbags, speedometers, odometers, tachometers and traction control.
Sensors In Automobiles - Information is collected from various sources including Wikipedia,and others.The file above may be a edited or modified version of an already uploaded file on the internet such as on any other website or so.
The document discusses the electronic control unit (ECU) for power windows in vehicles. It describes the ECU's maximal and minimal setup configurations, which can include interfaces like power, CAN-BUS, LIN-BUS, motors, sensors and panel keys. The ECU's core components are also summarized, including the power supply unit, CAN/LIN units, microcontroller unit, motor driver unit, motor sensor unit, and I/O port unit. Each component is designed for automotive use and qualified to stringent standards for ESD resistance, operating voltage and temperature ranges. The presentation provides diagrams of the ECU's configurations and components.
The document discusses electronic stability control systems in vehicles. Electronic stability control regulates engine power and braking to individual wheels to control stability. It summarizes that modern vehicles use multiple controllers rather than a single controller, with a power train control module coordinating various controllers for sections like chassis, body electronics, driver information, powertrain, and safety systems. Networking allows the controllers to share sensor information and work as a unit.
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedKamel Elsayed
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedEngine sensors and its functions and pictures.
In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline and diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. This dilutes the O2 in the incoming air stream and provides gases inert to combustion to act as absorbents of combustion heat to reduce peak in-cylinder temperatures. NOx is produced in a narrow band of high cylinder temperatures and pressures.
This document discusses electronic control units (ECUs) and engine management systems (EMSs) for vehicle engines. It lists common sensors used in EMSs, including primary sensors like the manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor and mass air flow (MAF) sensor. It describes the functions of control systems in different stages and standard ECU modules like the powertrain control module. It outlines the advantages of ECUs/EMSs and features like onboard diagnostics. It also discusses auto tuning through reflashing the ECU software map.
This document discusses the history and applications of automotive electronics, or autotronics. It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section then outlines the timeline of electronic developments in automobiles from the 1970s introduction of engine controls to modern technologies like infotainment systems, GPS, and wireless connectivity. The document proceeds to describe several major automobile systems and how electronics are used in braking, steering, suspension, transmission, engine fuel injection, and safety features like airbags and adaptive cruise control. It concludes by discussing future research areas in automotive electronics.
Development of Electronic Control Unit for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using AM...Nihal Pol
This document describes the development of an electronic control unit (ECU) model for a hybrid electric vehicle powertrain using AMESim simulation software. The model divides torque between an internal combustion engine and electric motor based on optimization strategies to maximize fuel efficiency. Simulation results show the engine and motor speeds over various drive cycles and validate the model by achieving a higher estimated highway fuel economy than a Honda Insight vehicle with a similar powertrain architecture. The ECU model provides efficient control of the engine operating mode, torque splitting between components, throttle position, and other parameters to improve the vehicle's fuel consumption and emissions performance.
Electronics now constitute a major part of cars. Where cars were once only mechanical, they now contain over 1000 electronic components. The ECU automates fuel injection and increases fuel efficiency by collecting data from sensors about pressure, throttle position, and oxygen levels. The TCU similarly collects sensor data to automatically shift gears at optimal times. ABS systems have made braking safer by allowing drivers to stop faster and steer while braking through inputs from wheel speed sensors. Modern dashboards integrate displays, audio systems, GPS, and more. Parking sensors use sensors and displays to warn drivers about nearby objects, while auto sensing wipers automatically adjust wiper speed based on moisture sensors.
Architecture & data acquisition by embedded systems in automobiles seminar pptAnkit Kaul
The document discusses the architecture of digital services provided by embedded systems in automobiles. It describes how embedded devices like VACT collect sensor data from vehicles and transmit it over networks to backend servers for remote diagnostics and predictive maintenance. The architecture spans different layers, with embedded devices following modular characteristics, while transmission networks and algorithms like COSMO for data analysis exhibit properties of layered modular architectures. The digital services have their own layers within the embedded devices, but algorithms like COSMO can also operate independently from the devices.
The document discusses the engine control unit (ECU) and its functions. The ECU uses sensors to monitor systems like the engine, emissions and safety and actuators to control functions like fuel injection. It allows for improved engine performance, emission control and safety compared to conventional systems. Modern vehicles have up to 75 ECUs working together over a network to precisely control and monitor various vehicle functions.
Automotive electronics have doubled silicon content in the last decade and will double again in the next five years. Electronics provide safety and convenience features throughout vehicles, including climate control, cruise control, traction control, and more. Cruise control uses vehicle speed sensors and the throttle actuator to maintain a set speed. Challenges include protecting against malfunctions. GPS provides navigation and location services in vehicles. Future trends include higher vehicle voltages, hands-free parking, intelligent headlamps, and faster onboard processing.
The document discusses the functions of an electronic control unit (ECU) in modern vehicle engines. The ECU controls various engine functions like air-fuel ratio, ignition timing, idle speed, and variable valve timing based on sensor readings. It does this by interpreting data from sensors using lookup tables and adjusting actuators accordingly. The ECU allows for optimal engine performance and improved fuel efficiency compared to older mechanical controls.
In this PPT, I'm explaining about Automotive electronics , In which we are going to discuss about sensors, Actuators, ECU.
If you have any doubts regarding this topic please comment below.
This document discusses the history and applications of automotive electronics, or autotronics. It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section then outlines the timeline of electronic developments in automobiles from the 1970s introduction of engine controls to modern technologies like infotainment systems, GPS, and wireless connectivity. The document proceeds to describe several major automobile systems that utilize electronics, including braking, steering, suspension, transmission, and engine fuel injection systems. It provides examples of technologies like ABS, electric power steering, active suspension, electronic transmission control, and electronic fuel injection. The document concludes by discussing future research areas in automotive electronics.
Automotive Electronics In Automobile | Electronic control unitjignesh parmar
this presentation covers Automotive Electronics Management in Automobile Engineering
It Includes>>
ECU
SENSOR
ACTUAORS
Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle
Autotronics: improving the vehicles performances.Vishal Jadhav
This document discusses how automotive electronics, or autotronics, improve vehicle performance. It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. It then discusses several vehicle systems assisted by autotronics, including braking, steering, transmission, and fuel injection. For each system, it provides details on the electronic components that help control and optimize performance, such as ABS and traction control for braking. The document concludes that modern vehicles contain numerous electronic control units and that continued innovation in automotive electronics will further improve vehicle performance.
Sensors play an important role in vehicle safety and operation. The document discusses several key sensors in automobiles like steering angle sensors, airbag sensors, parking sensors, brake pedal position sensors, acceleration pedal position sensors and more. These sensors monitor critical components, detect obstacles, measure wheel speed, control automatic functions and help ensure safe driving.
The document provides an overview of an engine control unit (ECU) and proposes features for a new low-cost ECU design project. An ECU uses a microprocessor to process sensor inputs and control parameters like fuel mixture, ignition timing, and other engine functions. Modern ECUs are sophisticated and expensive. The proposed new design aims to reduce costs by using an affordable ARM controller as the core system running on an RTOS kernel and combining CAN, FlexRay, and LIN networks to connect various sensors to monitor the car environment.
A schematic showing laser plastic welded sensor housings and other electronics of a car.
Electronics make up roughly 1/3 of the cost of a car. Securely welded plastic housings ensure those electronics are well protected.
What does the future of automotive market hold? 2016 Presentation Yole Develo...Yole Developpement
The world is getting richer, even though 2/3 of Earth’s population can’t access consumer goods 2B people consuming internationally-traded goods
2B mobile phones sold each year
1B cars in use
Motorization rate is very different depending on countries. Where it is low, there is a huge opportunity for automotive
Sensors In Automobiles - Information is collected from various sources including Wikipedia,and others.The file above may be a edited or modified version of an already uploaded file on the internet such as on any other website or so.
The document discusses the electronic control unit (ECU) for power windows in vehicles. It describes the ECU's maximal and minimal setup configurations, which can include interfaces like power, CAN-BUS, LIN-BUS, motors, sensors and panel keys. The ECU's core components are also summarized, including the power supply unit, CAN/LIN units, microcontroller unit, motor driver unit, motor sensor unit, and I/O port unit. Each component is designed for automotive use and qualified to stringent standards for ESD resistance, operating voltage and temperature ranges. The presentation provides diagrams of the ECU's configurations and components.
The document discusses electronic stability control systems in vehicles. Electronic stability control regulates engine power and braking to individual wheels to control stability. It summarizes that modern vehicles use multiple controllers rather than a single controller, with a power train control module coordinating various controllers for sections like chassis, body electronics, driver information, powertrain, and safety systems. Networking allows the controllers to share sensor information and work as a unit.
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedKamel Elsayed
ECU ... Engine Control Unit .. Inputs & Outputs _ ExplainedEngine sensors and its functions and pictures.
In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline and diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. This dilutes the O2 in the incoming air stream and provides gases inert to combustion to act as absorbents of combustion heat to reduce peak in-cylinder temperatures. NOx is produced in a narrow band of high cylinder temperatures and pressures.
This document discusses electronic control units (ECUs) and engine management systems (EMSs) for vehicle engines. It lists common sensors used in EMSs, including primary sensors like the manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor and mass air flow (MAF) sensor. It describes the functions of control systems in different stages and standard ECU modules like the powertrain control module. It outlines the advantages of ECUs/EMSs and features like onboard diagnostics. It also discusses auto tuning through reflashing the ECU software map.
This document discusses the history and applications of automotive electronics, or autotronics. It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section then outlines the timeline of electronic developments in automobiles from the 1970s introduction of engine controls to modern technologies like infotainment systems, GPS, and wireless connectivity. The document proceeds to describe several major automobile systems and how electronics are used in braking, steering, suspension, transmission, engine fuel injection, and safety features like airbags and adaptive cruise control. It concludes by discussing future research areas in automotive electronics.
Development of Electronic Control Unit for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using AM...Nihal Pol
This document describes the development of an electronic control unit (ECU) model for a hybrid electric vehicle powertrain using AMESim simulation software. The model divides torque between an internal combustion engine and electric motor based on optimization strategies to maximize fuel efficiency. Simulation results show the engine and motor speeds over various drive cycles and validate the model by achieving a higher estimated highway fuel economy than a Honda Insight vehicle with a similar powertrain architecture. The ECU model provides efficient control of the engine operating mode, torque splitting between components, throttle position, and other parameters to improve the vehicle's fuel consumption and emissions performance.
Electronics now constitute a major part of cars. Where cars were once only mechanical, they now contain over 1000 electronic components. The ECU automates fuel injection and increases fuel efficiency by collecting data from sensors about pressure, throttle position, and oxygen levels. The TCU similarly collects sensor data to automatically shift gears at optimal times. ABS systems have made braking safer by allowing drivers to stop faster and steer while braking through inputs from wheel speed sensors. Modern dashboards integrate displays, audio systems, GPS, and more. Parking sensors use sensors and displays to warn drivers about nearby objects, while auto sensing wipers automatically adjust wiper speed based on moisture sensors.
Architecture & data acquisition by embedded systems in automobiles seminar pptAnkit Kaul
The document discusses the architecture of digital services provided by embedded systems in automobiles. It describes how embedded devices like VACT collect sensor data from vehicles and transmit it over networks to backend servers for remote diagnostics and predictive maintenance. The architecture spans different layers, with embedded devices following modular characteristics, while transmission networks and algorithms like COSMO for data analysis exhibit properties of layered modular architectures. The digital services have their own layers within the embedded devices, but algorithms like COSMO can also operate independently from the devices.
The document discusses the engine control unit (ECU) and its functions. The ECU uses sensors to monitor systems like the engine, emissions and safety and actuators to control functions like fuel injection. It allows for improved engine performance, emission control and safety compared to conventional systems. Modern vehicles have up to 75 ECUs working together over a network to precisely control and monitor various vehicle functions.
Automotive electronics have doubled silicon content in the last decade and will double again in the next five years. Electronics provide safety and convenience features throughout vehicles, including climate control, cruise control, traction control, and more. Cruise control uses vehicle speed sensors and the throttle actuator to maintain a set speed. Challenges include protecting against malfunctions. GPS provides navigation and location services in vehicles. Future trends include higher vehicle voltages, hands-free parking, intelligent headlamps, and faster onboard processing.
The document discusses the functions of an electronic control unit (ECU) in modern vehicle engines. The ECU controls various engine functions like air-fuel ratio, ignition timing, idle speed, and variable valve timing based on sensor readings. It does this by interpreting data from sensors using lookup tables and adjusting actuators accordingly. The ECU allows for optimal engine performance and improved fuel efficiency compared to older mechanical controls.
In this PPT, I'm explaining about Automotive electronics , In which we are going to discuss about sensors, Actuators, ECU.
If you have any doubts regarding this topic please comment below.
This document discusses the history and applications of automotive electronics, or autotronics. It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. The history section then outlines the timeline of electronic developments in automobiles from the 1970s introduction of engine controls to modern technologies like infotainment systems, GPS, and wireless connectivity. The document proceeds to describe several major automobile systems that utilize electronics, including braking, steering, suspension, transmission, and engine fuel injection systems. It provides examples of technologies like ABS, electric power steering, active suspension, electronic transmission control, and electronic fuel injection. The document concludes by discussing future research areas in automotive electronics.
Automotive Electronics In Automobile | Electronic control unitjignesh parmar
this presentation covers Automotive Electronics Management in Automobile Engineering
It Includes>>
ECU
SENSOR
ACTUAORS
Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle
Autotronics: improving the vehicles performances.Vishal Jadhav
This document discusses how automotive electronics, or autotronics, improve vehicle performance. It begins with an introduction defining autotronics as the combination of automobiles and electronics. It then discusses several vehicle systems assisted by autotronics, including braking, steering, transmission, and fuel injection. For each system, it provides details on the electronic components that help control and optimize performance, such as ABS and traction control for braking. The document concludes that modern vehicles contain numerous electronic control units and that continued innovation in automotive electronics will further improve vehicle performance.
Sensors play an important role in vehicle safety and operation. The document discusses several key sensors in automobiles like steering angle sensors, airbag sensors, parking sensors, brake pedal position sensors, acceleration pedal position sensors and more. These sensors monitor critical components, detect obstacles, measure wheel speed, control automatic functions and help ensure safe driving.
The document provides an overview of an engine control unit (ECU) and proposes features for a new low-cost ECU design project. An ECU uses a microprocessor to process sensor inputs and control parameters like fuel mixture, ignition timing, and other engine functions. Modern ECUs are sophisticated and expensive. The proposed new design aims to reduce costs by using an affordable ARM controller as the core system running on an RTOS kernel and combining CAN, FlexRay, and LIN networks to connect various sensors to monitor the car environment.
A schematic showing laser plastic welded sensor housings and other electronics of a car.
Electronics make up roughly 1/3 of the cost of a car. Securely welded plastic housings ensure those electronics are well protected.
What does the future of automotive market hold? 2016 Presentation Yole Develo...Yole Developpement
The world is getting richer, even though 2/3 of Earth’s population can’t access consumer goods 2B people consuming internationally-traded goods
2B mobile phones sold each year
1B cars in use
Motorization rate is very different depending on countries. Where it is low, there is a huge opportunity for automotive
Breakout Session 2: Strategies to Improve Truck Safety
2015 Traffic Safety Conference
by Dan Blower, Associate Research Scientist, ATLAS Center/University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute
Infineon produces angle sensors for automotive applications such as steering angle detection and brushless DC motor position sensing. The sensors use integrated Magneto Resistive (ixMR) technology to detect the angle of a magnet and output either analog sine/cosine waves or digital angle values. Infineon's angle sensor portfolio includes high accuracy products calibrated to within 1 degree and offering fast update rates up to 43 microseconds for applications such as electric power steering.
Adaptive Cruise Control, Electronic Brake Force Distribution,Traction Control...Shubham Thakur
In this PPT All the modern controls are explained like
Adaptive Cruise Control, Electronic Brake Force Distribution,Traction Control System, Electronic Stability Control, Common Rail Direct Fuel Distribution, Turbocharged Direct Injection, Airbag
Impacts on the Emissions Monitoring System (OBD) Due to the Use of Biodiesel ...Leonardo Costa
This paper analyses the operation of the SCR aftertreatment system when using conventional diesel and biodiesel, to explore the characteristics of the NOx sensor and to analyze its behavior of NOx detection in real applications with the engine using biodiesel.
Bosch oxygen sensor zirconia and wide bandVicente Celani
1. The first oxygen sensor developed by Bosch was installed in a Volvo in 1976 and helped emissions regulations.
2. Bosch now produces 33 million oxygen sensors per year to help vehicles meet increasingly strict emissions standards by precisely regulating air-fuel ratios.
3. Oxygen sensors use solid electrolyte ceramic and platinum electrodes to detect oxygen levels in exhaust and send signals to adjust engine management for minimum emissions.
This presentation discusses automotive sensors, including ion sensors and inductive sensors. Ion sensors measure ionization current generated during combustion to detect misfires and knocks without additional in-cylinder instrumentation. Inductive sensors produce an oscillating voltage in their coil through inductive effect when a trigger wheel passes nearby, allowing them to monitor engine speed. Both sensor types provide important feedback for engine management systems but require careful testing and maintenance to ensure proper functioning.
This document discusses a study on developing a hybrid powertrain for a mid-size vehicle using a 48V mild hybrid system. The goal is to achieve lower CO2 emissions than a diesel vehicle while maintaining driving performance. A turbocharged gasoline engine would be paired with an electric motor and electric supercharger. Simulation results showed the hybrid concept could meet the 95g CO2/km target and provide better acceleration than a turbocharger alone, due to the electric supercharger improving torque at low engine speeds. The hybrid was also found to have lower total ownership costs than gasoline or diesel variants over 5 years.
The document summarizes an FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) performed on a water system to improve reliability and reduce costs. Key points:
- An FMEA was conducted on the Pine Creek Canyon DWID water system in Arizona to identify failures, effects, and improvement actions.
- The FMEA addressed subsystems like electrical, water storage, treatment and distribution. It identified actions to check generator fuel levels, inspect water tanks, install alarms and establish maintenance procedures.
- The FMEA process involves describing the system, identifying potential failures and effects, current controls, risk analysis by rating severity, occurrence and detection probabilities, and calculating a risk priority number.
The document provides an agenda and information for an automotive seminar in Mexico that will take place from May 18th to May 22nd and June 1st to June 5th. The agenda includes topics on electrical and functional testing challenges as well as how to take advantage of modular test systems. The document then discusses PXI modular instrumentation and compares PXI and VXI systems. It provides examples of applications of modular instrumentation for automotive testing including immobilizers and simple body control modules. Finally, the document outlines the value propositions of Keysight's modular test solutions for automotive applications.
The engine control module (ECM), also known as the powertrain control module or engine control unit, uses sensors to monitor various aspects of the engine and control actuators based on the sensor data. The document lists 10 common sensors that the ECM uses, including temperature, pressure, airflow, crankshaft position, throttle position, oxygen content, and knock sensors. It also describes the basic function of each sensor and what happens when a sensor fails, such as the ECM displaying a check engine light.
The document discusses simulating a magnetic angle measurement system using ANSYS and MATLAB/Simulink. It describes modeling the magnetic circuit of a permanent magnet and pole wheels using ANSYS, exporting the flux density results, and incorporating them into a Simulink model of a GMR sensor and signal conditioning circuit. The goals are to analyze error sources, optimize the design, and test sensor calibration techniques.
ABS is a basic necessity for the safety of vehicle and the most important thing is to make everyone understand its importance.
Hope this presentation is of some value to all.
-Contains methods for ABS improvements
This document provides an overview of fuel systems, including the main components and how they work. It compares carbureted and fuel injected systems, describing the different types of fuel injection. Electronic fuel injection uses sensors, actuators, and a computer to precisely meter fuel delivery. The computer receives feedback from oxygen sensors to continuously adjust the air-fuel ratio for optimal performance and emissions.
Das Jahr 2014 war ein Spitzenjahr für die gesamte Automobilzulieferindustrie. Die deutschen Automobilzulieferer konnten ihre Position unter den Top 100 der Autozulieferer weiter ausbauen, heißt es in einer Branchenanalyse des deutschen Consultingunternehmens Berylls. Nach Jahren der Stagnation und des Rückgangs gewinnen auch die amerikanischen Zulieferer wieder Anteile. Haupttreiber für die starken Positionsveränderungen waren zahlreiche Firmenübernahmen; dieser Trend hält auch in 2015 an.
Spansion Traveo MCUs for Automotive Dashboards with HMI and Embedded 3D Graph...Spansion
Spansion® Traveo™ microcontroller family is aimed at rich human machine interface (HMI) in automotive dashboards. For the first time, Spansion is integrating its breakthrough HyperBus™ interface with its ARM® Cortex®-R5-based embedded Traveo MCU, enabling seamless connections with HyperBus memories, including Spansion HyperFlash™ memory, to provide customers design simplification and faster performance in automotive systems.
The document provides an introduction to diesel engines, including key terminology related to diesel fuel and engines. It discusses the history and development of diesel engines, the four-stroke combustion cycle, differences between diesel and gasoline engines, injection systems, and important fuel properties. Turbocharging and biodiesel are also overviewed in relation to diesel engine performance. Links are provided for additional diesel engine information.
Drive-by-wire technology replaces traditional mechanical systems with electronic systems controlled by electronic control units (ECUs). ECUs consist of microcontrollers, sensors, power switches, drivers, and voltage regulators. They connect sensors and actuators to a central ECU. Modern cars contain up to 100 ECUs communicating over automotive bus protocols like CAN, LIN, and FlexRay. This allows for advanced driver assistance systems like anti-lock braking systems and electronic stability control.
This presentation describes the essential technologies used to power System on Chip (SoC) Sensors. Information from Cymbet, Ambiq Micro and Cardinal Components. For more information go to www.cymbet.com.
NOVOSENSE Company Presentation_EN_H1 2023.pptxLuCedric
Novosense is a leading analog and mixed-signal chip company established in 2013. It provides high-performance and reliable chips for automotive, industrial, and consumer applications. The company has over 645 employees and $242 million in revenue. Novosense's product portfolio includes sensors, sensor signal conditioning ASICs, isolators, interfaces, power drivers, power management, and system solutions for industrial control and automotive.
The document discusses control systems in automobiles, specifically focusing on electronic control units (ECUs) and knock sensors. It provides details on how ECUs act as the "brain" of a vehicle by collecting sensor data to control engine functions like fuel injection and spark timing. Knock sensors detect engine knocking through vibrations and send signals to the ECU to optimize ignition timing and prevent damage. Microcontrollers play an important role in both ECUs and knock sensors to process signals and precisely manage engine performance and emissions.
This is basically a case study which is done on vehicles braking system which is effected due to emic effect which caused many accidents.
This presentation thus points out the emic effects and how it can be controlled in safety products
This document provides an overview of electronic sensors and components used in diesel engines, with a focus on the 3500B engine. It describes the main categories of electronic components - input, control, and output. The electronic control module (ECM) is discussed, including its main functions of controlling the engine, monitoring sensor input, and powering components. The document then describes various sensors in detail, including speed/timing sensors, coolant level sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and fuel pressure sensors. It explains how these active and passive sensors work and the key information they provide to the ECM.
Control Techniques is a world leader in electric motor drives and automation systems. It was founded in 1973 and has a history of innovations, including the first digital DC drive in 1986. Control Techniques India is a fully-owned subsidiary that was established in 1993 to serve the Indian market and provide local manufacturing, sales, and support.
Control Techniques is a world leader in electric motor drives and automation systems. It was founded in 1973 and has a history of innovations, including the first digital DC drive in 1986. The document discusses Control Techniques' product portfolio, which includes AC drives, DC drives, motion controllers, and software for programming and networking drives. It also outlines the company's global operations and facilities.
This document summarizes the key aspects of the C5 control system developed by CRMT for engine electronic control applications. The system features an open ECU based on the MPC5534 processor with 6 injector outputs, 6 ignition coil outputs, and inputs for sensors like lambda, knock, throttle, and atmospheric pressure. It supports strategies for lean burn and stoichiometric combustion on CNG engines as well as other functions like knock detection and high energy ignition coils. The ECU software is developed using Matlab/Simulink and Stateflow with automatic code generation for the ECU. Calibration tools and compatibility with standard tools are also provided.
Nidec asi capability overview for lng and oil&gas applicationsNidec Corporation
Nidec ASI has over 40 years of experience serving the oil and gas industry. They provide electric drive systems, motors, and generators for applications across the oil and gas supply chain from extraction to distribution. Nidec takes an integrated engineering approach to design customized solutions that optimize performance, reliability, efficiency and costs.
Automotive days 2014 ts-54 xx-v1.1 (Full Version)Interlatin
This document describes an automotive functional testing seminar taking place in Mexico from May 19-23, 2014. It then provides details on Keysight Technologies' TS-54XX functional test platform, including various switch load unit and load card options. This scalable platform is suitable for testing applications with high current and voltage requirements, such as automotive functional testing. The document discusses the platform's modular design, integrated measurement and switching capabilities, and support for automation software.
The document provides an agenda and overview for an electronic controls training class on Mercedes-Benz off-highway equipment. The class will cover engine and vehicle control electronics, diagnostic tools and processes, and an introduction to the Telligent electronic control system used across various off-highway OEM equipment. Breaks and lunch are scheduled throughout the day-long class, which runs from 8:00 AM to 4:30 PM Monday through Thursday and until 3:30 PM on Friday.
2014 Googol gas generator introduction-googol(1)Mike Renko
Googol Engine-Tech Co. produces gas and diesel engines for power generation. They have manufacturing bases in China and the US. Their product lines include the R series gas generators from 160kW to 500kW and the J series from 600kW to 1452kW. The document provides technical specifications and components for their gas generator sets including engines, alternators, control systems, and other electrical and mechanical components.
This document provides information on engine management systems, including:
- An agenda covering topics like ECM logic, ignition system analysis, and sensor testing.
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- Examples of testing components like fuel injectors using current ramping and duty cycle analysis.
The document summarizes a student group's final presentation on their solar drone project. It includes sections on key features, design revisions, electrical system diagrams, power management systems, motors, controllers, and future applications. The group's solar drone is designed to have prolonged flight times using solar energy. It has an integrated power management system and user-friendly flight controls. The presentation outlines the electrical design, components selected, and verification of requirements like motor thrust, battery power output, and flight controller loop times.
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Motor Control SDK v5.x provides software for controlling 3-phase PMSM motors using field oriented control (FOC). The SDK includes motor control libraries, examples, and tools like the motor profiler. It supports various current and position sensing methods and STM32 microcontrollers from value line to high performance models. The SDK addresses motor control needs from design to production with solutions like reference designs, evaluation boards, and development tools.
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Understanding Catalytic Converter Theft:
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Protective Devices: Overview of various anti-theft devices available, including catalytic converter locks, shields, and alarms.
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Surveillance and Monitoring: Recommendations for using security cameras and motion-sensor lights to deter thieves.
Statistics and Insights:
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2. 2
Agenda
• Brief Introduction
• Automotive electronics & sensors
• Capabilities available from ON Semiconductor
• Powertrain Systems
• Gasoline and diesel engines
• Main powertrain sensors
• Braking and Stability Control Systems
• Basic systems: ABS, EBD, TCS, ESC
• Sensors for dynamic braking
• Examples of automotive sense interface ICs
• Sensing interface IP from ON Semiconductor
3. 3
Automotive Electronics
• Value added by ON Semiconductor APG
– Proprietary High-Voltage Processes
– Innovative Solutions: Sensor Interfaces,
IVN, High-Voltage System-on-Chip
– Harsh Environment Applications
– Extensive Automotive Portfolio
• Key Successes in sensing
– Steering/Pedal Angle Sensor
– Pressure sensors for Powertrain / Braking
– Position Sensors for Headlight Control
– Gyro Sensors for Stability Control
• Main drivers for new electronics
– Safety
– Emissions
– Fuel consumption
• Regulation plays a key role
← focus area for green electronics
4. 4
Modern Automotive Sensors
• External sensing element or MEMS
• Built-in protections (shorts, EMI, ESD…)
• Diagnostic modes / redundancy
• Accuracy / linearity reaching ~0.1% to 1%
• NVM for trimming and calibration
• Nonlinear temperature compensation
• TJ at IC: from –40 oC up to +125~200 oC
• Target failure rate: zero ppm
5. 5
Automotive Technologies Portfolio
I3T50
I3T80
C035
ABX
VoltageVoltage
Gate CountGate Count1K 5K 100K 500K
100 V
80 V
50 V
25 V
5 V
3.3 V
1.8 V
HBIMOS
I2T100
C3,C035U
C07
FeaturesFeatures
(OTP, EEPROM, etc.)(OTP, EEPROM, etc.)
C018
I3T25
>1.5 u 0.7 u 0.6 u 0.35 u 0.18 u Geometry
(drawn poly)
D3C5X
I4T
I2T30(E)
6. 6
Non-volatile Memory (NVM) IP
• EEPROM
– Long experience, started with C5 NASTEE release in 1999
– Non-added-steps EEPROMS available today for C5 / C3 / I3T50
– I3T50 EEPROM is capable of 175 oC operation (reading)
– EE being released for I3T25U (Q4 2009)
– Development for 0.18 u ongoing
• OTP
– OTP is Zener diode zap
– Available in I2T100, I3T25, I3T50, I3T80
• Flash
– Requires 5 added process steps
– Special technology developed only for I3T80
– Technology is qualified to 150 oC read (50 oC for write)
7. 7
I3T Example
S/H
Diag-
nostics
DAC
ADCPGA
AMUX
EEPROM
OTP
Temp sense
HV
BUF
Logic Control
Block
RAM
ROM or
Flash
JTAG
Timer
PWM
GPIO
Comm.
Control
UnitHV
LIN
Transceiver
LIN
BSD
RS-232
…Drivers :
Motor
Relay
Lamp
Heat
…
Sensor Int. :
HV / LV
Inductive
Capacitive
Resistive
Temperature
…
Analog Control
and Signal Processing :
Voltage regulators
Amplifiers, comparators
ADC, DAC
Filters (SC, GMC, RC) …
Vbat 5 V
Regulator
ARM7
R8051
PeripheralExtension
PeripheralExtension
Digital Signal Processing
and Control :
State Machine or
uController based
Vdc < 65V/36V/18V
11. 11
The Internal Combustion Engine
Nikolaus Otto Rudolf Diesel
HeatOH
y
xCOO
y
xHC yx +⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
+→⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
++ 222
24
Chemical equation for
stoichiometric hydrocarbon burning
Partial combustion
Fuel evaporation
Nitrogen from air
Sulfur from fuel
HC – Hydrocarbons (unburned)
CO – Carbon monoxide
NO, NO2 – Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
SO2 – Sulfur dioxide
Diesel particulate matter (DPM)
12. 12
Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)
• Stringent emission regulations
obsoleted the carburetor (~80’s)
• Advantages of EFI
– Precise and accurate fuel measurement
– Improved cylinder-to-cylinder fuel
distribution (MPFI, GDI, DDI)
– Predictable exhaust composition
– Enables use of optimized catalytic
converters
• Net benefits
– #1: Lower emissions
– #2: Higher efficiency
– #3: Increased power
13. 13
The ECU Control Loop
Throttle position
Intake air temperature
Manifold air pressure
Mass air flow (MAF)
Fuel pressure
In-cylinder pressure
Coolant temperature
Crankshaft position
Camshaft position
Engine speed
Engine knocking
Exhaust gas oxygen
╠ Fuel injection
╠ Idle speed control
╠ Ignition timing
╠ Multispark timing
╠ Dwell angle
╠ Valve timing (VVT)
╠ Camless valve actuation
╠ Exhaust gas recirc. (EGR)
╠ Turbo boost
╠ Transmission control
PROCESS
CONTROL LOOPSSENSORS
ACTUATORS
Engine Control Unit
(ECU)
14. 14
Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensors
Source:
“Air Flow Sensor - Key Device of A/F ratio control Engine”
Engine Technology No.48 (February, 2007)
Sankaido Publishing Co., Ltd, Japan
15. 15
Oxygen (lambda) Sensors
(ZrO2)0.92 (Y2O3)0.08 Pt
Basic electrochemical cell
“Nernst Cell”
Wideband Universal Exhaust
Gas Oxygen (UEGO) Sensor
O2 + 4 e-
= 2 O2-
⎟
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎜
⎝
⎛
⋅=
2
2
ln
4 O
ref
O
S
P
P
F
RT
E
(lean-burn / diesel engines)
Potentiometric sensor characteristics
λ=1 equals A/F~14.7 (stoichiometric ratio) Sources: Damien Chazal, Bosch
Amperometric UEGO sensor
High sensitivity for a wide range of λ
17. 17
Engine Management - Market Drivers
Source: CAS
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
EPA(US)
('83)
TLEV
(~'99)
LEV
(~'00)
ULEV
(~'04)
SULEV
(~'07)
HC (g/mile)
NOx (g/mile)
Source: Hitachi, Ltd., Automotive Systems Group
SULEV*:Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
California Air Resources Board (CARB) Ratings
US NHTSA Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
18. 18
Reducing NOx in Lean-burn Engines
NOx adsorption Urea selective catalytic
(SCR) reduction
Source: Honda Motor
AdBlue™ is a registered trademark by Verband der
Automobilindustrie (VDA) for AUS32 (Aqueous Urea Solution 32%)
Source: VDA
19. 19
Urea SCR needs strict control
Electronics used to:
Sense urea solution level in tank
Check quality and concentration
Inject known amount of urea
Low urea level warning
Engine shut-off
Source: Mitsui
21. 21
The ABS Principle
During emergency braking, ABS automatically cycles
tire slip around point of maximum braking efficiency
( ) ( ) %100
_
__
×⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛ −
speedVehicle
speedWheelspeedVehicle
22. 22
First ABS-like Automotive System
Sure-Brake System supplied by Bendix
for the 1971 Chrysler Imperial
First ABS supplied by Bosch for 1978 S-class Mercedes and BMW 7
24. 24
Electronic Brake-Force Distribution (EBD)
• Braking causes a dynamic weight transfer to the front
wheels depending on:
– Vehicle construction / geometry
– Deceleration
• Consequence: rear wheels tend to lock first
• EBD reduces rear pressure to avoid rear wheel locking
– Similar to mechanical brake proportioning valves
• EBD bases rear wheel control on slip rather than pressure
• Wheel control kicks in before ABS in the low-G region
– EBD events occur frequently and are transparent to the driver
• ABS and EBD usually share the same hardware
– Brake proportioning valve is eliminated
– Better braking performance independent of vehicle loading
25. 25
Traction Control Systems (TCS)
• Limits torque applied to wheels to prevent spinning
– Also known as Anti-Slip Regulation (ASR)
• Usually shares the electro-hydraulic brake actuator and
the wheel speed sensors with the ABS
• Methods to achieve traction control:
– Brake one or more wheels
– Retard or suppress spark to one or more cylinders
– Reduce fuel supply to one or more cylinders
– Close throttle (with drive-by-wire throttle) or sub-throttle
– Actuate boost control solenoid in turbocharged engines
• Brake-only systems are simpler, but less functional
27. 27
Electronic Stability Control (ESC)
• Enhances stability through
asymmetric braking (yaw)
• ESC may be required during
ABS, DRP or TCS events
• Sensors collect information
– Individual wheel speeds
– Steering angle
– Yaw rate
– Lateral acceleration…
• ECU runs algorithms to detect
and correct ESC events
• Mercedes W-140 S-Class had
first complete ESC in 1995
• Key precursors (no yaw rate):
Mitsubishi Diamante/Sigma 1990
BMW all model line in 1992
Source:IIHS
28. 28
Marketed Names for ESC
• Acura: Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA)
• Alfa Romeo: Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC)
• Audi: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Bentley: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Bugatti: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Buick: StabiliTrak
• BMW: Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) (including Dynamic Traction
Control)
• Cadillac: StabiliTrak & Active Front Steering (AFS)
• Chery: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Chevrolet: StabiliTrak; Active Handling (Corvette only)
• Chrysler: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Citroën: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Dodge: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Daimler: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Fiat: Electronic Stability Program (ESP) and Vehicle Dynamic
Control (VDC)
• Ferrari: Controllo Stabilità (CST)
• Ford: AdvanceTrac with Roll Stability Control (RSC) and Interactive
Vehicle Dynamics (IVD) and Electronic Stability Program (ESP);
Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) (Australia only)
• General Motors: StabiliTrak
• Honda: Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA)
• Holden: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Hyundai: Electronic Stability Program (ESP), Electronic Stability
Control (ESC), and Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA)
• Infiniti: Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC)
• Jaguar: Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)
• Jeep: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Kia: Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Electronic Stability Program
(ESP)
• Lamborghini: ESP - Electronic Stability Program
• Land Rover: Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)
• Lexus: Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) with
Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)
• Lincoln: AdvanceTrac
• Maserati: Maserati Stability Program (MSP)
• Mazda: Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) (Including Dynamic Traction
Control)
• Mercedes-Benz (co-inventor): Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Mercury: AdvanceTrac
• MINI: Dynamic Stability Control
• Mitsubishi: Active Skid and Traction Control (ASTC) and Active
Stability Control (ASC)
• Nissan: Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC)
• Oldsmobile: Precision Control System (PCS)
• Opel: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Peugeot: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Pontiac: StabiliTrak
• Porsche: Porsche Stability Management (PSM)
• Renault: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Rover Group: Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)
• Saab: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Saturn: StabiliTrak
• Scania: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• SEAT: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Škoda: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Smart: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Subaru: Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC)
• Suzuki: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Toyota: Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) with
Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)
• Vauxhall: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
• Volvo: Dynamic Stability and Traction Control (DSTC)
• Volkswagen: Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
Source: Wikipedia
29. 29
Importance of ESC
• High visibility after “moose test” by a Swedish car magazine in 1997
• Today considered the most important safety feature since the seat belt,
studies show ESC reduces fatal car accidents by about 35%
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) will require
ESC on all new light passenger vehicles in US by 2012
– ABS will not be mandatory but usually comes “for free” with ESC
• ChooseESC! educational campaign across Europe
• United Nations working group for adopting ESC as a Global Technical
Regulation (GTR)
• What ESC cannot do:
– Improve tire traction characteristics (μ-slip curve)
– Increase vehicle lateral acceleration capacity
– Change any of the Laws of Physics
31. 31
Sensors and Actuators in ESC Control
Pressure
sensor
(wheels x4)
Wheel speed
sensor (x4)
Lateral
acceleration
sensor
Yaw ・Gyro
Sensor
Interface
ASIC
(PS)
Interface
ASIC
(LAS)
Interface
ASIC
(GS)
Sensor interface
ASIC
LDO
regulator
+- 150 mA
MCU
16 or 32-bit
+
software
Pressure sensor
(master cylinder)
Central
Braking fluid
Motor Driver
(FET)
DC
Motor
Solenoid
valve driver
(FET)
2/2
Valve
Steering
Wheel
Sensor
Interface
ASIC
(SWS)
32. 32
Advanced Braking Systems
• Active Rollover Protection (ARP)
– Extra gyroscopic sensor to monitor roll motion
– AdvanceTrac® with Roll Stability ControlTM (Ford)
• Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
– Sensors based on radar or LIDAR (laser) to measure distance
• Brake Assist (BA or BAS)
– Sensors to detect panic braking or that a collision is likely
– Possible actions: warn driver, pre-charge brakes with maximum
pressure, apply full braking automatically
• Brake-by-wire
– Eliminates traditional mechanical and hydraulic control systems
– Uses sensors, electromechanical actuators and human-machine
interfaces, such as pedal and steering feel emulators
35. 35
Converting for Signal Processing
Signals to sense
Temperature
Force / Pressure
Torque
Rotation / Position
Level
Speed / Acceleration
Flow
Acoustic
Magnetic field
RF
Light / Radiation
Chemical…
Available electrical signals
Voltage
Current
Charge
Resistance
Capacitance
Inductance
Impedance
Domains for processing
Analog
Digital
Mixed signal
37. 37
Process depends on Application
I3T50
I3T80
C035
ABX
VoltageVoltage
Gate CountGate Count1K 5K 100K 500K
100 V
80 V
50 V
25 V
5 V
3.3 V
1.8 V
HBIMOS
I2T100
C3,C035U
C07
FeaturesFeatures
(OTP, EEPROM, etc.)(OTP, EEPROM, etc.)
C018
I2T30
I3T25
>1.5 u 0.7 u 0.6 u 0.35 u 0.18 u Geometry
(drawn poly)
D3C5X
I4T
38. 38
Automotive Protections
• Overvoltage and reverse battery (OVRB) protections
• Electrostatic discharge (HBM, MM, CDM…)
• Automotive transients:
– AEC Q100 automotive standards
– ISO 7637 pulses
• Load dump
• Schaffner pulses
– Other local standards
• Output shorted to battery or ground
• Current sensing and limiting
• Over-temperature protection
less common in
sensor interface
39. 39
On-chip Overvoltage Protection
• 5 V supply with on-chip overvoltage / reverse batt protection
– Solution covered by patents
• At least ±18 V protection allowed (process dependent)
Ext. +5V supply Int. ASIC supply
GND
Low voltage drop switch
40. 40
Passive Wheel Speed Sensors
• Wheel speed ➛ sinusoidal voltage
• Both frequency and amplitude are
proportional to wheel speed
• Noise-limited at low wheel speeds
• NCV1124 (dual) and NCV7001
(quad) generate square waveform
41. 41
Active Wheel Speed Sensors
• Commonly based on Hall effect
• Only frequency varies with speed
• Can sense speed down to zero
• Delivers a square current waveform
• Sensitive to contamination by rust
or metal fillings
• Other possible technologies:
– Magnetoresistive (MR) and Giant
Magnetoresistive (GMR)
– Based on Eddy current
– Optical sensing
– Wiegand effect
• Sensor interface circuit depends on
the technology
42. 42
Wheel Speed Interface
• Interface for Active and Passive Speed Sensors
• Compact Digital/Analog tracking loop with ~1 MHz sampling
• Programmable Hysteresis levels and filtering to increase noise robustness
• Fast and slow tracking mode (1 DAC + 1 comparator per wheel)
=> Low cost and small size
• Diagnostic for fail safe logic (short to battery or ground, open inputs)
• Proven on silicon
Peak And Valley
Detection
[x] bits
+
D
A
C
+/- [y] lsb
(Fast tracking)
Wheel Speed
Output
Speed Sensor
OutputHysteresis
value
Hysteresis
value
Delay Delay Delay Delay Delay
Analog/Digital interaction
for smallest size
Analog/Digital interaction
for smallest size
43. 43
Steering Angle Sensors
• Different technologies are available
– Optical
– Potentiometric
– Inductive
– Hall-effect
– Magneto resistive
– and others
• Technologies and ICs may be used
in other angle or position applications
– Pedal position
– Throttle control
– Headlamp control
– Height/level regulation
Source: Bosch, Hella
44. 44
A MR Angle Sensor ASIC
• Two magneto-resistive bridges are offset by 45o
• 90o signals (sine/cosine) are divided and arctangent gives the angle
45. 45
Longitudinal or Lateral Accelerometers
• Not strictly required for ABS control
but increasingly present in more
recent ESC systems
• Used as a “sanity check” for wheel
and vehicle speed calculations
• Lateral accelerometer used to
prevent artificially low speed
calculations
• Longitudinal accelerometer used in
4-wheel-drive vehicles where all
wheels can be mechanically coupled
• Capacitive MEMS technology
becoming dominant
46. 46
Sensor Interface for Accelerometer
Analog
GND ref
Temperature
sensor
12b
D/A
PGA
Digital
filters
DSP
for TC
C/V
conv
PGA
C/V
conv
MUX
Digital
filters
Buf
12b
D/A
Buf
ΣΔ
• Single module or IC can accommodate 1, 2, or 3-axis accelerometers
• Each channel is calibrated for accuracy and temperature compensated
• Outputs can be analog or digital
47. 47
Gyroscopic Sensors
• Measures angular speed (rotation)
• Initial automotive gyros derived from
military / aerospace products
• Yaw rate (rotation around vertical axis)
is mandatory in ESC
• Roll rate is a recent addition in some
rollover prevention systems
• Pitch rate has no current automotive
application
• Today MEMS-based solutions allow
compact and inexpensive gyros for
automotive applications
Source: Continental
ESC sensor cluster with gyro
and accelerometers
48. 48
Example: Systron Donner (BEI) GyroChip™
• Quartz Rate Sensor (QRS) proprietary technology
• Coriolis effect: converts momentum of a vibrating object into a force
• Piezoelectric property of the quartz converts the Coriolis force into
electrical charge signals proportional to the angular rate
49. 49
Pressure Sensor Auto Applications
• MAP Manifold Absolute Pressure
• TMAP Temperature Manifold Absolute Pressure
• DMPS Differential Manifold Pressure Sensor
• DPF Diesel Particulate Filter
• DDI Diesel Direct Injection
• GDI Gasoline Direct Injection
• HCCI In-Cylinder Pressure (future)
• ABS Anti-Lock Braking Systems
• ESC Electronic Stability Control
51. 51
NVM and Nonlinearity Compensation
• All sensing elements have nonlinearities (NL)
– Intrinsic nonlinearity over sensing range
– Offset & sensitivity NL variations over temperature
• Market requirements for sensors with higher
accuracy and extended range
– Trimpots / manual methods not viable for mass production
– Laser trimming: expensive, requires special technologies
– LUT not always can provide enough accuracy
Solution: embedded programmable
compensation with NV memory
Solution: embedded programmable
compensation with NV memory
52. 52
Our Proprietary Solution for NL
• Methods and circuits based on Pade’ Approximants, the ratio
between two power series
• Accuracy and cost advantages when compared to
– Lookup table (LUT)
– Piecewise linear approach
– Polynomial approximation (Taylor expansion series)
• Patents granted and pending worldwide
L
LL xpxpxppxP ++++= L2
210)(
M
MM xqxqxqxQ ++++= L2
211)(
1)(
)(
)(
1
1
+
+
==
cx
bax
xQ
xP
xy
a 1st order Padė Approximanta 1st order Padė Approximant
53. 53
Mapping a NL Function into a Linear one
x2
Vin
Nonlinear input from
sensing element
x1
x
Vout
Calibrated and
compensated output
x
v2
x0
vi1
vi0
vi2
v0
v1
x0
mapping
x2
x1
Vout
Vinc
bVina
=
+⋅
+⋅
1
⎪
⎭
⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪
⎩
⎪
⎨
⎧
=⋅⋅−+⋅
=⋅⋅−+⋅
=⋅⋅−+⋅
2222
1111
0000
vvvicbvia
vvvicbvia
vvvicbvia
By applying Padé to Vin and replacing values at calibration points x0, x1, x2
⇒ a system with 3 linear equations and 3 variables (a, b, c) is generated
By applying Padé to Vin and replacing values at calibration points x0, x1, x2
⇒ a system with 3 linear equations and 3 variables (a, b, c) is generated
54. 54
Two Practical Circuit Implementations
ΣG
D/A
OFFSET
REGISTER
+
+
Vout
D/A
FEEDBACK
REGISTER
D/A
GAIN
REGISTER
Vin
_
voffG
kvf
Input signal
signal
compensated
for nonlinearity
ΣG
D/A
OFFSET
REGISTER
+
+
Vout
D/A
FEEDBACK
REGISTER
D/A
GAIN
REGISTER
Vin
_
G
voff
G
kvf
The following transfer functions are realizedThe following transfer functions are realized
voffVinVoutkvfGVout +⋅⋅−⋅= )1(
Isolating Vout, we verify both functions to be Padé ApproximantsIsolating Vout, we verify both functions to be Padé Approximants
1+⋅⋅
+⋅
=
VinkvfG
voffVinG
Vout
1
)(
+⋅⋅
+⋅
=
VinkvfG
voffVinG
Vout
voffGVinVoutkvfGVout ⋅+⋅⋅−⋅= )1(
55. 55
Application in NL Temperature Compensation
• Temperature compensation is a basic
building block in sensor interface
• A temperature reference is needed
either internal or external to the IC
• Applies temperature dependent
nonlinear offset and gain to the signal
path to cancel out the sensor
temperature dependency
• Many possible implementations can
be realized
OFFSET DAC
REGISTER
OFFSET TC
COEFFIC.
A/D
D/A
T (dig)
a,b,c
TEMP
SENSOR
T
ALU
GAIN TC
COEFFIC.
GAIN DAC
REGISTER
D/A
Σ G
+
+/-
Vin
Vout
a,b,c
56. 56
Methods for Temperature Compensation
• Error plot shows PWL has
greatest error
• Padé and 4th order Taylor
series about the same error
• But when implemented using
integer math (for RTL), the
Padé benefit is evident
57. 57
Communication – Embedded IVN
• Integrate high voltage communication transceiver on chip
– LIN-Spec. 2.1 (SAEJ2602)
– CAN-HS
– CAN-LS
– K-Line (ISO9141)
– SENT Single Edge Nibble Transmission
ON solution: excellent EMI performance, small area (patent pending)
– Other standards (2-wire SENT, PSI5, etc…)
BUS Phys.
Layer ECU
BUS Phys.
Layer
Upper
layer
SPI
Interrupt
ECU
ASICASIC
Flexibility Higher integration
58. 58
Released Products
Transceivers
ISO11898-3
CAN LS Transceiver (3.3V)AMIS41683CANN1RGAMIS-41683
Dual CAN HS TransceiverAMIS42700WCGA4RHAMIS-42700
LIN Transceiver with 3.3V VReg.NCV7420D23R2GNCV7420
LIN Transceiver with 5V VReg.NCV7420D25R2G
SW CANSee One PagerNCV7356
CAN LS Transceiver (5V)AMIS41682CANM1RGAMIS-41682
HS LP CAN Transceiver with Error DetectionNCV7341D21R2G
Improved HS LP CAN Transceiver
with Error Detection (>6KV)
NCV7341D20R2GNCV7341
HS LP CAN Transceiver
(Edge WakeUp - Matte Sn)
AMIS42665TJAA6RG
HS LP CAN Transceiver
(Level WakeUp - NiPdAu)
AMIS42665TJAA3RL
ISO11898-5HS LP CAN Transceiver
(Level WakeUp - Matte Sn)
AMIS42665TJAA1RGAMIS-42665
CAN HS Transceiver (3.3V)AMIS30663CANG2RGAMIS-30663
ISO11898-2CAN HS Transceiver (5V)AMIS30660CANH2RGAMIS-30660
Stand-alone LIN TransceiverNCV7321D10R2GNCV7321
LINv1.3/v2.1
J2602
LIN TransceiverAMIS30600LINI1RGAMIS-30600
StandardDescriptionOPN (T&R)WPN
59. 59
Failsafe Logic Functions
1. Between MCU and ASIC
• Checks that MCU and ASIC are not disconnected (watchdog)
• Checks that software inside MCU is following proper sequence and issuing proper flags (no code
jumps)
• Generate references for MCU (clock, voltage etc …)
• Monitor SPI activity from MCU
2. ASIC related
• Undervoltage / Overvoltage
• Start-up check for proper working of failsafe logic
• Monitor of critical functions (solenoid and motor)
• Possibility to only connect supply for solenoid
and motor when MCU and ASIC agree
Failsafe logic: System FMEA
In case something goes wrong then disable ABS functions
but “normal” braking can still be performed by driver.
Micro-
Controller
Reference
Generation
FSFlag
Watchdog
Critical function
monitor
ECU monitor
Under/over
voltage
Disable ABS
functions
ASIC
Failsafe logic
enable
60. 60
Sensor Interface: Partial Redundant System
• Two independent measurement channels on one die
• Synchronicity check performed also inside the ASIC
61. 61
Full Redundant Application
• Safety is guaranteed by redundancy – two ASICs can be
used
• Synchronicity between outputs is checked by ECU
LC
oscillator
Input
Mux
Analog
meas.
path
Digital
processing
Supporting
blocks
Analog
Driver
Failure
detections
Excitation
coil
Receiving
coils
ASIC A
Output A
LC
oscillator
Input
Mux
Analog
meas.
path
Digital
processing
Supporting
blocks
Analog
Driver
Failure
detections
Excitation
coil
Receiving
Rotor
Sensor
coils
ASIC B
Output B
Excitation
driver
Excitation
driver
Sensor
Sensor
62. 62
Opportunities for Cost Reduction
• Advantage of digital communication using SENT protocol
– One driver is sufficient to transmit data from both sensors
– Several checks are performed to validate the received SENT frame
• Use of two external set of sensors with different output
signals
• One measurement path inside the ASIC
• Failure detections / calibrations / self tests
63. 63
Final Diagram
• New proposed architecture uses one measurement path
– Satisfying very high safety requirements
– Highly cost effective
64. 64
For More Information
• View the extensive portfolio of power management products from ON
Semiconductor at www.onsemi.com
• View reference designs, design notes, and other material supporting
automotive applications at www.onsemi.com/automotive