thorium based nuclear power
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This document discusses thorium-based nuclear power. It begins by introducing thorium nuclear fuel cycles which use the isotope thorium-232 to produce the fissile isotope uranium-233. It notes several potential advantages of thorium over uranium, including greater abundance and superior properties. It then explains the nuclear reactions that occur when thorium captures neutrons to produce uranium-233. The document discusses India's large thorium reserves and compares the energy generation of thorium to other fuels. It outlines different types of thorium reactors including liquid fluoride thorium reactors. Finally, it discusses advantages of thorium such as inherent safety and applications beyond power generation.
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This document discusses thorium-based nuclear power in India. It provides an overview of thorium, including what it is, its abundance in India, and how it can be converted to fissile material. It outlines India's three-stage nuclear program focused on utilizing thorium reserves. Key advantages of thorium include its abundance and ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, though challenges like waste management must also be addressed. Overall, developing thorium reactors could help India meet its energy needs in an environmentally-friendly way.
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Thorium adalah logam radioaktif yang ditemukan dalam berbagai mineral seperti monazit dan dapat diperoleh dari tailing tambang timah. Ia memiliki berbagai manfaat seperti sebagai bahan bakar nuklir, pada peralatan penerangan, dan campuran logam untuk aplikasi teknik. Thorium diekstrak dari monazit melalui proses asam atau basa dan dapat diolah lebih lanjut menjadi senyawa seperti oksida.
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The document discusses the role of nuclear power in India's sustainable development. It states that India needs to generate 7500 billion kWh of electricity annually by 2050 to support a population of 1.5 billion people, and nuclear power will need to supply over a quarter of this. It highlights advantages of nuclear such as its high energy density and lack of greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. It also discusses India's three-stage nuclear power program and closed fuel cycle approach to sustainable nuclear development.
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Nuclear energy is generated through fission of uranium or thorium isotopes, which releases heat that is used to generate electricity. It currently provides 13% of the world's electricity, with higher percentages in some countries like France. Uranium is mined through various methods and enriched before being used as fuel in nuclear reactors, where it generates energy through fission. Spent fuel poses environmental and safety risks and challenges with long-term storage, but some methods like fast breeder reactors and thorium reactors could help mitigate these issues. The nuclear power debate involves considerations of both benefits like low-carbon energy production and risks relating to safety, waste disposal, and weapons proliferation.
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1) Nuclear power plants generate energy through nuclear fission and fusion reactions. Fission occurs when atoms are split, while fusion occurs when small atoms join to form larger atoms.
2) India operates several nuclear power plants that use fission to generate heat and convert it to electricity. The plants use uranium as fuel, which is mined around the world.
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The document discusses nuclear power plants and their components. It provides details about:
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2) How nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear fission and using the heat created to power steam turbines.
3) The different types of nuclear reactors including boiling water, pressurized water, and fast breeder reactors.
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This document provides an overview of nuclear power plants. It discusses nuclear fuel, the nuclear fission process, and nuclear chain reactions. It describes the main components of a nuclear power plant including the fuel tubes, shielding, moderator, control rods, coolant, containment, steam generators, turbines, and cooling towers. It also discusses common reactor types like boiling water reactors and pressurized water reactors. Finally, it provides information on nuclear power programs worldwide and in Bangladesh specifically, as well as advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power.
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The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was a series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011
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The document discusses the key components and processes involved in nuclear power generation, including nuclear fuel, nuclear fission, nuclear chain reactions, control rods, steam generators, turbines, condensers, cooling towers, and the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power. Nuclear fuel undergoes fission, releasing energy to heat water and create steam that drives turbines to generate electricity while being moderated and controlled through various safety mechanisms.
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Nuclear lecture
This document provides an overview of nuclear power plants. It begins with introductory information on nuclear fission and the components of atoms. It then describes the key components of a nuclear power plant including the reactor core, moderator, control rods, steam generators, turbines, and cooling systems. It explains the basic processes of boiling water reactors and pressurized water reactors. The document also discusses CANDU reactors, safety considerations, and the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power.
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Kbalu presentation on fft nuclear power to be or not to be 28 jan 2011
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- 1. THORIUM BASED NUCLEAR POWER SUBMITTED BY PREETAM MEENA
- 2. INTRODUCTION Thorium-based nuclear power is nuclear reactor-based electrical power generation fuelled primarily by the fission of the isotope uranium-233 produced from the fertile element thorium. A nuclear reactor consumes certain specific fissile isotopes to produce energy. The three most practical types of nuclear reactor fuel are: Uranium-235, purified (i.e. "enriched") by reducing the amount of uranium-238 in natural mined uranium. Most nuclear power has been generated using low-enriched uranium (LEU), whereas high- enriched uranium (HEU) is necessary for weapons. Plutonium-239, transmuted from uranium-238 obtained from natural mined uranium. Plutonium is also used for weapons. Uranium-233, transmuted from thorium-232, derived from natural mined thorium. That is this article's subject.
- 3. THORIUM FUEL CYCLE The thorium fuel cycle is a nuclear fuel cycle that uses the isotope of thorium, 232Th, as the fertile material. In the reactor, 232Th is transmuted into the fissile artificial uranium isotope 233U which is the nuclear fuel. The thorium fuel cycle claims several potential advantages over a uranium fuel cycle- thorium's greater abundance superior physical and nuclear properties better resistance to nuclear weapons plutonium and actinide production
- 4. NUCLEAR REACTION WITH THORIUM In the thorium cycle, fuel is formed when 232Th captures a neutron (whether in a fast reactor or thermal reactor) to become 233Th. This normally emits an electron and an anti-neutrino (ν) by β− decay to become 233Pa. This then emits another electron and anti-neutrino by a second β− decay to become 233U.
- 6. WHY WE NEED THORIUM-BASED NUCLEAR POWER…….???
- 7. World Energy Consumption is Rapidly Escalating Future Energy Consumption Has Been Significantly Underestimated In 2007, the world consumed*: 5.3 billion tonnes of coal (128 quads**) 31.1 billion barrels of oil (180 quads) 2.92 trillion m3 of natural gas (105 quads) 65 million kg of uranium ore (25 quads) Contained 16,000 MT of thorium! **1 quad = 1 quadrillion BTU = 172 million barrels (Mbbl) of crude oil 29 quads of hydroelectricity Dominated by Hydrocarbons Year US World 2010 108 510 2020 121 613 2030 134 722 Total Energy Demand Projections (quads)*** In a global warming environment, where will the world turn for safe, abundant, low-cost energy?
- 8. Thorium Fuel Supply Thorium is abundant around the world and rich in energy Estimated world reserve base of 1.4 million MT INDIA has about 20% of the world reserve base World Thorium Resources Country Australia India USA Norway Canada South Africa Brazil Other countries World total Reserve Base (tons) 340,000 300,000 300,000 180,000 100,000 39,000 18,000 100,000 1,400,000 Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2008
- 9. Energy Generation Comparison 6 kg of fissile material in a liquid-fluoride reactor has the energy equivalent (66,000 MW*hr electrical*) of: = 230 train cars (25,000 MT) of bituminous coal or, 600 train cars (66,000 MT) of brown coal, or, 440 million cubic feet of natural gas (15% of a 125,000 cubic meter LNG tanker), or, 300 kg of enriched (3%) uranium in a pressurized water reactor. *Each ounce of thorium can therefore produce $14,000-24,000 of electricity (at $0.04-0.07/kW*hr)
- 10. TYPES OF THORIUM-BASED REACTORS HEAVY WATER REACTORS (PHWRs) HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS COOLED REACTORS(VHTR) BOILING WATER REACTOR(BWR) PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR(PWRs)
- 12. OTHER APPLICATION Industrial process heat for many uses, such as ammonia production with the Haber process. Desalination of water Hydrogen production by water splitting Combined heat and power Nuclear marine propulsion
- 13. ADVANTAGES Inherent safety Stable coolant- Molten fluorides are chemically stable and impervious to radiation Low pressure operation- Because the coolant salts remain liquid at high temperatures, LFTR cores are designed to operate at low pressures Leak Resistance. Due to the low pressure operation , the potential for large leaks is also greatly reduced Easier to control
- 15. INDIAN SCENARIO
- 16. REFERENCES [1] “Ministry of Power". Powermin.gov.in. Retrieved 22 August 2010. [2] “Nuclear Power Plants in India”, Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), retrieved 21 January 2011. [3] "Projects under Construction". NPCIL. Retrieved 10 April 2014. [4] "Nuclear Programme" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy. [5] J. B. Gupta. “Power System Analysis”.
- 17. THANK YOU……