1) Nuclear power provides an emission-free source of energy that can generate electricity as well as steam for industry and potentially hydrogen in the future. 2) Thorium is a more abundant nuclear fuel source than uranium that India has been developing reactor designs to utilize, including accelerator-driven subcritical systems. 3) India has developed a passive nuclear reactor design that can operate on plutonium and thorium or uranium and thorium and avoids situations like Fukushima through inherent safety features requiring no human intervention.

1. Indian Nuclear Program
Prof. Debajyoti Bose

2. • All economic growths can be sustained if you provide energy
4-Fold increase in energy (Data: 2015)

3. • Additional CO2 production of 3-4 billion tonnes
Solution:
Primary Energy Sources: Solar, Wind & Nuclear.
Classification: 2 types
Intermittent
Intermittent
Continuous
5000 sq. Km
400 sq. km
2 sq. Km
Generation: 10, 000 MW

4. ACF: 25% ACF: 90%
ACF: 20%
ACF: Average Capacity Factor
U-235 has 2.5 million times more energy per pound than coal: 37 tons of fuel ((3%-enriched
uranium) per 1000 MW reactor per year.
Nuclear provides an emission-free heat source that can be converted into multiple products :
• Electricity (worldwide)
• Steam for industry
• Hydrogen (future with development of technology)

5. • Above is working for all nuclear reactors.
• Thorium is four times more abundant than Uranium
• Thorium is easily available.

6. • Problems: Full energy is not tapped.
• Less than a percent is utilized.
Spent fuel is reprocessed and from there the fissile and fertile material is utilized by the
reactor. And the total energy tapped is multiplied.
Good Handling of Nuclear Waste

7. 200, 000 years

8. • Radiotoxicity as a function of time
• Natural level of toxicity is given the natural uranium ore line
• The total level of rest of reactor material comes to that level after
about 200, 000 years
• Human history is for 6000 years.
• Responsibility issues
Solution:
Isolate Am (Amerecium), Plutonium (Pl), Curium (Cu) and burn them in another
reactor.
This reduce the decay time.
“Hence closed fuel cycle provides more energy from fuel and also
takes care of the waste.”

9. Deploying Thorium Power
Can be used in different types of reactor:
• Heavy Water Reactor
• Molten Salt Reactor
• Accelerator driven sub-critical systems
“India took the initiative to design such systems, which has gone
through several international reviews.”

10. • Instead of 2 here 20 neutrons come out, convert fertile to fissile,
and have other reactors around it

11. Features of this Design
• Everything is Passive
• No Human Intervention
• No “Fukushima” Situation
It can burn:
Plutonium + Thorium
Uranium + Thorium
Low enriched Uranium+ Thorium

13. • Uranium fuel produce energy and Plutonium
• Plutonium is pumped into Fast reactor, once in fast reactor, more
neutrons than a thermal reactor
• Convert Thorium to U-233 (This is the FUTURE !)
• Making Nuclear Energy a sustainable form of Energy
Stage I: Power Generation and building the fissile inventory for the
secondary
Stage II: Expanding the power program and making the most of U-233
inventory
Stage III: Burning the fuel

14. • In India, natural U-based reactor running for some time
• World’s largest commercial Fast Reactor (500 MWe)
• A Thorium-Uranium reactor- running since 1996

15. A Place called Kalpakkam
• All 3 reactors located in one place in India
• Close to Chennai
Not there anywhere in the WORLD !!!

16. Nuclear Power Generation
THE END