Seminar 1 reflection
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The seminar discussed recent studies on glioma tumors and stem cell biology, focusing on experiments showing that modifying glioblastoma multiforme cells through the sonic hedgehog pathway and miRNA can make the otherwise chemo-resistant tumors vulnerable to chemotherapy. The presenter used images and tables to clearly explain how stem cells can be found in organs like the liver, lungs, and colon as well as the brain as glial cells, and how gliomas resemble glial cells, with glioblastoma multiforme being the most common and dangerous type of brain tumor.
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Wilmarie reflection 1 final
Stem cells can divide into specialized cell types or more stem cells. They are found in organs like the liver, lungs and colon as well as the brain where they are called glia. Gliomas are brain or spine tumors that resemble glia cells. Glioblastoma multiform is the most common and dangerous glioma tumor. Researchers presented findings showing that adding miRNA to glioma tumor cells can make them vulnerable to chemotherapy, which previously had little effect. These results could help develop treatments to cure glioma tumors and provide insights for cancer and neurological research.
Seminar1 reflectio nofficial.doc
1) A student attended a seminar given by an MD/PhD student about cancer stem cells in brain tumors.
2) The speaker explained that brain tumors like glioblastoma multiforme contain rare stem-like cancer cells that are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation.
3) These "cancer stem cells" are thought to be responsible for tumor metastasis and recurrence, so studying them could help improve brain tumor treatment.
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Stem cells can divide into specialized cell types or more stem cells. They are found in organs like the liver, lungs and colon as well as the brain where they are called glia. Gliomas are brain or spine tumors that resemble glia cells. Glioblastoma multiform is the most common and dangerous glioma tumor. Researchers presented findings showing that adding miRNA to glioma tumor cells can make them vulnerable to chemotherapy, which previously had little effect. These results could help develop treatments to cure glioma tumors and provide insights for cancer and neurological research.
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1) A student attended a seminar given by an MD/PhD student about cancer stem cells in brain tumors.
2) The speaker explained that brain tumors like glioblastoma multiforme contain rare stem-like cancer cells that are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation.
3) These "cancer stem cells" are thought to be responsible for tumor metastasis and recurrence, so studying them could help improve brain tumor treatment.
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The central dogma of genetics describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. Two articles discuss cancer-causing mechanisms related to this dogma. One found that the enzyme APOBEC3G can induce mutations during DNA replication that lead to cancer. The other identified that cancer cells rely on the protein SMARCAL1 to resolve replication stress and maintain telomere length through the ALT pathway. Further research is needed to identify targets of these carcinogenic processes to develop new treatment strategies.
Plegable pp1
Eukaryotic DNA is organized differently than prokaryotic DNA, containing multiple chromosomes made of linear DNA molecules packaged around histone proteins to form chromatin. The cell cycle regulates cell division, ensuring daughter cells receive a complete copy of the genome through DNA replication and cell growth or repair. Researchers found inhibiting signaling pathways in brain cancer cells stopped their reproduction and migration, making them more sensitive to chemotherapy. Studying chromatin remodeling genes in pancreatic cancer showed restoring expression of missing genes slowed cancer cell growth and induced senescence.
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Eukaryotic DNA is organized differently than prokaryotes, containing multiple chromosomes made of linear DNA molecules packaged around histone proteins to form chromatin. The cell cycle regulates cell division, ensuring daughter cells receive a full copy of the genome through DNA replication and cell growth or repair. Researchers found inhibiting signaling pathways in brain cancer cells stopped their reproduction and migration, making them more sensitive to chemotherapy. Studying chromatin remodeling genes in pancreatic cancer showed restoring expression of missing genes slowed cancer cell growth and induced senescence.
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The objective was to isolate acid phosphatase from wheat germ and determine its concentration. Wheat germ was purified through centrifugation and fractions were analyzed using gel electrophoresis and a protein assay. The results were unexpected and inconsistent with expected patterns of decreasing concentration and bands as purification increased. Multiple errors could have occurred during ammonium sulfate addition or sample dilution. The experiment needs to be repeated to properly isolate the phosphatase for further study.
Isolation, purification and assay of wheat germ acid phosphatase protocol
This document provides a protocol for isolating and purifying acid phosphatase from wheat germ through multiple steps:
1) Crude extraction of wheat germ produces Fraction I. Fraction I is treated with MnCl2 and centrifuged to produce Fraction II.
2) Fraction II is suspended in buffer and centrifuged to produce Fraction III. Fraction III is treated with ammonium sulfate to produce a supernatant and pellet.
3) The pellet is resuspended in buffer to produce Fraction IV. Fraction IV is treated with ammonium sulfate, heated, and chilled to produce a supernatant denoted as the purified Fraction V.
Water sampling8
The workshop taught techniques for measuring water quality, including turbidity, phosphorus, nitrate, and chloroform levels. High levels of these substances can harm humans and wildlife. Students learned to detect nitrate using a colorimeter to measure absorbance and light emission. While sample readings were unexpectedly low, the techniques can help determine the safety of non-PRASA waters that do not undergo standard purification processes. Maintaining forest coverage also helps ensure clean water.
Nanotechnology and electron microscopy7
The document discusses electron microscopes and nanotechnology. It focuses on the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) which uses electron beams to examine superficial areas of samples. SEMs allow magnification beyond 1000x since electrons have no wavelength. This enables viewing much smaller samples. The document also discusses how nanotechnology allows manipulation of systems 100 nanometers or smaller. Nanotechnology provides opportunities to study quantum confinement, chemical reactivity, and sensitivity changes. Applications include using nanoparticles for biomedical research like destroying cancer cells. Researchers are also developing fibers using nanotechnology that could eventually be implanted in humans.
Cluster analysis and classification of mycobacteriophages
This document summarizes an experiment classifying several mycobacteriophages into clusters using PCR and gel electrophoresis. Most phages that showed bands on the gels belonged to cluster B2, including Bruce, Cemi, and Lorensoveg. Fenixious showed a band indicating it belongs to cluster E. Carmina, NovaAndreas, Phagius_Maximus, and Suave did not show bands, so they likely belong to clusters K through O, but more testing is needed to accurately classify them.
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The document describes a study that identified benzene clusters in a protein in order to create a pharmacophore model. Researchers used PyMol to save the molecule containing benzenes and then used LigandScout to generate a pharmacophore model based on the specific benzenes identified (benzenes 1, 13, 21, and 26). The pharmacophore model was created to represent the hot spots in the protein-ligand interaction.
Workshop unc3
The three-day workshop taught students about cancer terms and techniques, including that cancer is caused by mutated genes and proteins. Students performed experiments on isolating DNA from a sample using household items, identifying oncogenic genes in a patient sample using electrophoresis, and attempting but failing to identify oncogenic proteins in another sample using protein electrophoresis. They also learned about cancer research and treatment programs at UNC.
Workshop msu5
The document summarizes a workshop on neurobiology that covered the main components and functions of the human nervous system. It discusses the central and peripheral nervous systems, neurons as the basic unit, and synaptic transmission. Hands-on activities included making a neuron model, sensory tests, detecting neuron waves from a cockroach leg, and dissecting a brain to identify its parts. The workshop provided useful foundational knowledge for future research on the nervous system or neurological diseases.
Protein6
The document discusses in-silico drug discovery techniques used in a workshop. It describes structure based drug design which finds new drugs by knowing a biological target's 3D structure and designing molecules to complement the target's shape and charge. The workshop involved identifying amino acid bonding areas of a target protein using PyMol and Ligand Scouts to develop a preliminary pharmacophore model of the most efficient drug binding path.
Microscopy
During a workshop on microscopy and photomicrography led by Dr. Ross, students learned about techniques used in biological research like microbiology and cell biology. They learned there are two main types of microscopes: light microscopes, which use visible light, and electron microscopes, which use an electron beam. With light microscopes, techniques like bright field and dark field can improve visibility of specimens. Students were assigned specimens to observe using dissecting microscopes, and the author observed an aphid parasite at 5.6x10 magnification.
Micropipettes2
In a workshop on micropipetting and aseptic techniques, students practiced precise micropipetting and isolating bacteria colonies from Petri dishes. They conducted an experiment where mixing different substances at different volumes produced different colors, showing the importance of accurate volumes. In the aseptic techniques section, students learned how agar prevents bacteria contamination and how to isolate colonies without contaminating plates, crucial for identifying specific bacteria types.
Column chromatography and sds4
This document discusses protein isolation techniques used in a workshop, including column chromatography and SDS-PAGE. Students used ion-exchange chromatography to isolate egg white proteins based on their charge, and then used SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis to separate and visualize the purified proteins by size, observing bands that showed the isolation was successful.
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Aphids are small sap-sucking insects that can damage plants by depriving them of nutrients. They reproduce both asexually and sexually. The document describes collecting aphids from a greenhouse and observing them under a microscope, where they were difficult to view because of their constant movement, but photographs were taken after applying oil to immobilize them.
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Gel electrophoresis is a method used to separate biomolecules like DNA and proteins based on size and charge. It involves placing the molecules in an agarose or polyacrylamide gel and applying an electric current, causing the molecules to migrate through the gel at different rates depending on their size and shape. Agarose gels are used to separate larger DNA fragments while polyacrylamide gels separate smaller proteins by inducing a linear structure and negative charge using SDS detergent. Gel electrophoresis has applications in forensics, molecular biology, genetics and other fields.
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This document describes the isolation, purification, and assay of wheat germ acid phosphatase. The objectives were to purify acid phosphatase from wheat germ and determine its protein concentration. Wheat germ was homogenized and centrifuged to obtain 6 fractions. A BCA assay was used to measure the protein concentration of each fraction at different dilutions. SDS-PAGE was also performed to analyze the purified samples. The highest protein concentrations were found in Fractions I, II and V.
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The document describes experiments to isolate and characterize acid phosphatase from wheat germ. It outlines the objectives, introduction, materials and methods used which included fractionating the wheat germ extract through ammonium sulfate precipitation and measuring protein concentration via BCA assay. The results showed the highest protein concentrations in Fractions II and V but SDS-PAGE analysis did not show clear bands, suggesting acid phosphatase was not successfully isolated. Possible sources of error are acknowledged.
Wilmarie reflection 3 final
Leidy Alvarado presents research using serum samples from breast cancer patients, including 20 with recurrent cancer, to identify potential biomarkers for early detection of recurrence. Various profiling methods identified eleven potential biomarkers. A model was developed that could detect the possibility of cancer recurrence. This new method allows for more accurate and effective early detection of recurrent breast cancer compared to existing techniques.
yogurt
Cerebral glucose disturbances may influence the development of Alzheimer's disease. Research has found that deficiencies in brain glucose metabolism can cause neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's. Neurons rely on steady glucose levels to function, and glucose deficiencies are linked to memory loss and cognitive decline. Studies show abnormal glucose transport and hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins in Alzheimer's patients, suggesting inefficient glucose delivery to the brain contributes to the disease.
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Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disease that causes problems with memory, thinking, and behavior. It mainly affects those ages 60-80. The disease is characterized by amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of connections between neurons in the brain. Glucose metabolism is impaired in Alzheimer's patients, as the disease is associated with deficiencies in glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3 in the brain. Impaired glucose metabolism can trigger neurodegeneration as cognitive functions highly depend on a constant flow of glucose to the brain. Further research on glucose metabolism and the potential effects of artificial sweeteners on Alzheimer's is still needed.
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Initiation of messenger rna decay in prokaryotes dr
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