This document discusses semantics, specifically conversational implicature, presupposition, and inference. It covers: - 6 types of presupposition: existential, factual, lexical, structural, non-factual, and counter-factual. - Entailment is a logical relation where if a sentence is true, then another must also be true. - Inference is a conclusion rationally drawn from given facts or context. - Examples are provided to illustrate distinguishing presuppositions, entailments, and inferences in utterances. The document also contains exercises for identifying these concepts.

1. Semantics
Presenters:
Anthony Hoàng Sỹ Chân
Peter Phan Văn Cương
JB Nguyễn Phi Long
Conversational Implicature

2. 1.Pre-supposition (implication) and inference
1.1 Pre-supposition
1.2 Inference
1.Implicature
2.Cooperative principle

3. 1.
and inference

4. What is presupposition?

6. Presupposition Assumes
Yes! I
know itI think it is
true

7. Types
presupposition
There are 6 types of presupposition in Semantics
Existential presupposition (tiền giả định tồn tại)
Factual presupposition (tiền giả định hàm thực)
Lexical presupposition (tiền giả định từ vựng)
Structural presupposition (tiền giả định cấu trúc)
Non-factual presupposition (tiền giả định hàm hư)
Counter-factual presupposition (tiền giả định phản hàm thực)
Of

8. 1.2.1 Existential presupposition (tiền giả định tồn tại)
Existential presupposition assumes the existence
of the entities (thực thể) named
Ex:
I have a computer and a cell phone in my room
The computer and the cell phone of mine exist
My friend’s house is very beautiful
 My friend has a beautiful house (the house exists)

9. 1.2.2. Factual presupposition (tiền giả định hàm thực)
Factual presupposition assumes some things to be fact
To recognize with verbs as know, be aware of, be glad,
realize…
Ex:
My mother know my weaknesses
My weaknesses are known by my mom
I’m pleasant that my presentation was good
 My presentation was presented well

10. 1.2.3 Lexical presupposition (tiền giả định từ vựng)
Lexical presupposition the use of some words
conventionally assumes the understood meaning
Ex:
He is a good singer in my community
He sang before. He has a good voice
He gives up play the piano in high school
 He used to play the piano

11. 1.2.4. Structural presupposition (tiền giả định cấu trúc)
Structural presupposition the use of some structures
assume something to be true
Ex:
When did you take The First Vows in The Society Of Jesus?
You took The First Vows already
The cake was delicious. Where did you buy it?
 You bought the cake

12. 1.2.5. Non-factual presupposition (tiền giả định hàm hư)
Non-factual presupposition one that is assumed
not to be true
To recognize with verbs as dream, imagine,
pretend,…
Ex:
I wished that I got married
I had no a wife
I imagined I war a master in Social Work
 I was not a master. I only a bachelor of Social Work

13. 1.2.6. Counter-factual presupposition
(tiền giả định phản hàm thực)
Counter-factual presupposition what is presupposed
is not only not true, but is the opposite of what
is true (Contrary to facts)
Ex:
If you were me, you would do it better
You are not me
If I were a supper hero, I would save the world
 I am only a normally man.

14. 2.
Inference
Entailment

15. 2.1 Entailment
• A logical relation between propositions
• A sentence (meaning) A entails B (A ||- B) if whenever A is true,
then B must also be true.
• Entailment is a very strong kind of implication
Ex1: My close friend and I watched football match together last night
I watched football match
My close friend watched football match too
Ex2: I am a bachelor
 I am unmarried

16. 2.2 Inference
• An assumption or conclusion that is rationally and logically made,
based on the given facts or circumstances.
• An inference is based off of facts, so the reasoning for the
conclusion is often logical.
EX1:
A: Have you seen my Yule?
B: Yeah, It is on the desk
Inference is any additional information use by the listener to connect
what is said to what must be meant

17. Exercise: Where is presupposition,
entailment or inference?
1. Mary’s brother bought three horses
Presuppositions:
Mary exists
Mary has a brother
Mary has only one brother
Entailments:
Mary’s brother bought three horses

18. Exercise: Give a possible presupposition for the
following utterances
1. I wish I were a supper hero
Non-Factual Presupposition
2. Where did you buy that candy?
Structural Presupposition
3. Where did you eat Beef Noodle?
 Structural Presupposition

19. 4. My father gave up cigarette
 Lexical Presupposition
5. You are win again
Lexical Presupposition
6. If I were God, I would kill him
 Counter-factual presupposition
7. Wow! Your cat is so cute
 Existential presupposition
Exercise: Give a possible presupposition for the
following utterances (Cont-)