Selecting Password Based On Computer Scientific And...

Selecting Password Based On Computer Scientific And...
Choosing password based on computer scientific and psychological perspectives.
Abstract
Password security is important for the security of an information system. This article describes how
to choose password that would match both requirements for the passwords such as the ease to
remember and the hardness to guess based on two disciplines of computer science and psychology.
Introduction
For decades the password is known as the most common using type of authentication. It is explained
as "word" which known to an user and a computer (Pfleeger et al, 2006). According to Pfleeger et al
(2006) it might contain some information that the users provide or sometimes it can be chosen
automatically by the system. It can be seen that choosing password is essential in terms of security
and convenience for the users. However, it has some weaknesses such that it could be less secure
and easy to guess.
Interdisciplinary study is a combination of two or more academic disciplines into one research
project and creating something new by crossing boundaries, and thinking across them (Repko,
2008). In this paper choosing password from two different perspectives such as Computer Science
and Psychology in order to find more secure and less predictable password based on
interdisciplinary thinking will be described.
Interdisciplinary thinking
Interdisciplinary thinking is defined as the answering complex questions, solving complex
problems, and obtaining logical understanding of complex
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

A Research Study On Global Variables
Above you see an extract from the log in page, showing the heavy dependence on $_SESSION
variables. These are required so much because they allow other pages to access the data. If I just
used local variables I'd have no ability to transfer data between pages, and this is necessary to keep
track of things like who is logged in or if even anyone is logged in. All SQL queries come back as
associative arrays too, with each column entry being an element in the array, so they are very
prominent.
There are many algorithms implemented in this project throughout to do various things, from
checking passwords securely to generating tables for the admin. I will analyse some of these at a
later point.
Programming Techniques
Global Variables
Usually, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The more difficult questions require more time since they are harder and will take longer. The time
setting adjusts the time defined by the difficulty slightly.
You can see what the one and two letter codes mean by looking at the getqcode function on page 4.
Parameter passing
A good example of parameter passing by reference is with the SQL queries, particularly the
connection and result. Consider the following:
$con2 is a connection variable that provides access to the MySQL database. This is therefore clearly
passed by reference as well as $r, the result since they can have their contents modified by a
function and then be used afterwards. On the other hand, in the example above (get_time), the
variables $time and $diff are passed by value. They are disconnected from the original when they
get passed, changes to them will not affect the original.
Programming practice
One of the most important things in programming is readability and code style in general. It is good
if your code runs efficiently and correctly but if anything ever goes wrong with it, it will be a
nightmare to deal with if the code isn't formatted or named correctly. I have therefore tried to give
all variables meaningful names so that if I ever look back over the code or make changes, I will
know what each bit does. Commenting is also quite important. An algorithm you understood when
programming it may end up just looking

The Media Of The Playstation Network Hack
Who has already been exposed
Over 77 million customers have been involved in the PlayStation Network hack in 2014 and its one
of the largest attacks for a major cooperation. This resulted in the loss of millions of future
customers, Sony said one of its highest priorities is to rebuild public confidence. Much of the online
community directed much of their frustration towards the hackers, while Sony's first suspect was the
highly acclaimed hacker collective known as "Anonymous", Trend Micro's Security Consultant, Rik
Ferguson believes the breech was done by a more sophisticated criminal organization. Rik goes on
to say ""This has all the hallmarks of commercial criminal activity going for a saleable commodity"
(Stuart, 2011). Dave ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This attack may be linked to the same organization that had breached retailer Target's registers and
70 million customers earlier in 2014. Home depot announced they will now start encrypting all
customer data and records on its registers and computes inside the store. (Elgin Ben, 2014)
Over 4.5 million Hospital records containing names, addresses, social security, and speculation of
medical records have been stolen over the course of two months going unnoticed. Investigators say
the course of the attack came from an IP address based in china. Other stolen data also included user
names, passwords, and email accounts. However embassy spokesman, Geng Shuang ensures that the
Chinese government enforces very strict policies and laws regarding any type of cyber–crime.
Popular Hacks
Somebody is installing new smoke alarms, carbon dioxide detectors, or maybe even a new wireless
access point. They aren't wearing a company logo and is making their way around the office. The
company laptop that gets brought home is being connecting to the Office Wi–Fi. Except this time it
's connecting to a device called Pineapple running Linux is nested inside the Carbon Dioxide
Detector, capturing every keystroke, every password, bank account number, worst yet is its attached
itself to the office network and posing as the company Wi–Fi. These tiny devices can be hardwired
or on a single battery charge can capture data for 30

Security Practices Of Electronic Commerce Companies Should...
It seems that companies too often lose credit card information, social security numbers, addresses,
and other personally identifiable information. In each case there are steps that can be taken to
mitigate or prevent such damage from occurring. This paper attempts to provide a basic overview of
security practices that electronic commerce companies should follow.
The first category is building a secure network. There are necessary steps in how a company should
approach access into their networks from the outside, from installation of a firewall system, to
configuration, and even access control within the enterprise.
The second category is data protection. Data must be kept secure not only when it is in transit, or in
use, but also when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keywords: network security, electronic commerce, encryption, data protection, vulnerability
management, access control, policy
Overview of Basic Security Practices for E–commerce Businesses
Target, Neiman Marcus, and even eBay have been victims of breaches involving their customer's
sensitive information. Identity theft is becoming all too common as entire dossiers of individuals
who have done nothing more than purchase something online are shared, sometimes for as little as a
dollar ("Follow the Data: Dissecting Data Breaches and Debunking the Myths," 2015). Incidents
happen when a company doesn't maintain physical security of a device, such as a laptop, or when
unauthorized individuals obtain access to databases.
Every company is responsible for securing the contents of their databases and protecting consumer
information. There are various methods to carry out these goals, but an all of the above method is
necessary to ensure consumer privacy and confidence.
There are six categories in which a company must be compliant in order to protect against loss of
information. Each category must be utilized, as a failure in one renders the others useless. In no
particular order, these categories are Securing the Network, Data Protection, Vulnerability
Management, Access Control, Regular Monitoring and Testing, and maintenance of an Info–Sec
Policy. This paper

A Brief History of Cryptography
Computer science is a vast field that includes nearly everything relating to computers. Everyday
there is information transmitted all over the Internet. Pictures are uploaded, transactions are made on
thousands of online retail websites, and banking transactions take place everyday on the Internet. All
of these transactions have created a need for secure communications. People wish to keep things like
banking, medical, and political information from the eyes of unwelcome parties. This has created a
need for cryptography. Cryptography is the science or study of the techniques of secret writing,
especially code and cipher systems, and is used by everyone from the average citizen to the
government and military.
Cryptography was first used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Technology will continue advancing and that necessary to crack encryptions will become readily
available to those looking for it (12). Therefore, it is necessary to develop new methods to ensure
security in the future. This had led to quantum cryptography, which is a potentially uncrackable
form of communication (12). According to physicist Duncan Earl, quantum cryptography is a
future–proof technology (13). Quantum cryptology requires that the two parties create and share a
secret key, unlike in public–key encryption (13). Instead of using factoring to secure the key shared
between two parties, photons of light are used (13). If a third party tries to intercept the photons,
discrepancies will show and the two parties will know the connection is no longer secure (13). The
law of physics states that in order to make a measurement on light, a disturbance must be made (13).
This means that it would be impossible to intercept the secret key without alerting the sender and
receiver. Public–key encryption relies on the trust that the computationally difficult problem used to
share the key is too strong for any computer out there to break (13). However, photons are not made
for long distance use (13). In order for this quantum cryptography theory to work for everyone, the
range would need to be much larger.
Aside from the different types of crytopgraphy, there are also different functions (Goldwasser 16).
Two important types of

Disadvantages Of Quantum Computer
The application and development of quantum computing is still in progress and there aren't any fully
developed quantum computers out there right now. In spite of that, there are many advantages of
quantum computing based on the theory and calculations provided by the scientists will benefit us in
the future. First of all, there is a difference between quantum computer and traditional computer
need to be explained. For example, traditional computer uses long strings of "bits", which is either
zero or one. While for the quantum computer, it uses quantum bits, or qubits (University of Waterloo
n.d.).
Sounds confusing? Here is the advantage I want to explain now. In traditional devices, information
is stored and handled in binary form which was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because he proved that due to a classic computers cannot slow down without exponentially,
thus, a classical computers cannot simulate the quantum effects. But a quantum computer can
simulate the physical processes of quantum effects in a real time. They named it as molecular
simulations (Talele etal 2012). This definitely will allow us to study, in remarkable detail, the
interactions between atoms and molecules. This could help medical and engineering field to design
new drugs and new materials (University of Waterloo n.d.). Those pharmacists can know more
about how was the interactions with each other of their products. They also can see the biological
processes after they used a drug on a person to view the interaction of a drug with a person's
metabolism or disease. Meanwhile in the engineering field, they can create new materials such as
superconductors that work at room temperature, nanotechnology, and semiconductor. This has been
theoretically demonstrated to have this incredible potential, but hopefully those benefits would bring
to us in the

Security Versus Privacy Essay
Security Versus Privacy
As a result of 9/11, our country has been faced with a new issue: electronic privacy. The terrorists
that attacked us used our own technology against us to protect their activities from our view.
Because of this, we are now forced to make a decision between two desirable things: privacy and
national security. On the one hand, our right to privacy will ensure that our personal rights are not
violated, whereas, on the other hand, national security would allow us some comfort against the evil
in the world. What are we supposed to do? This issue, however it is decided, will have tremendous
impact on each and every one of our lives. The ruling that the government makes concerning this
issue will greatly alter the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This would eliminate the sheltering of illegal activities and allow increased, tighter surveillance of
cyberspace. Another similar solution would be to give the government a back–door into all areas of
cyberspace. Basically, that would allow them to see whatever they want, whenever they want.
Encryption technology would not have to be eliminated, but it would be required to include a
government ?back door?, so that any encryption code can be quickly broken if the need arises. A
writer for the Christian Science Monitor put it this way: ?people are willing to trade almost anything
for increased security, if they think it would make a difference? (Grier). Overall, however, this
position is held by very few people. The last solution is the one that is generally supported by those
who favor the right of personal privacy. They propose that everything should remain as it is. There
will be some minor adjustments to the current encryption technologies, but it will be allowed to
exist free of any back–doors or restrictions. In a debate of the new Anti–Terrorism Bill, Senator
Patrick Leahy stated that ?as Ben Franklin once observed, ?if we surrender our liberty in the name
of security, we shall have neither?? (Leahy). This is the position that is currently held by the Senate
on the matter of internet security.
The first side of this issue involves those people that are strongly concerned for our

Annotated Bibliography On Capstone Draft
Kaleasha Pullicar
Capstone Rough Draft
Mr. Christian Computer Applications
1 April 2015
Capstone Draft:
Passwords are an important security measure that are often taken for granted. Many people use
simple easy to remember passwords that do not require much thought or using the same simple
password for everything. Those are common mistakes amongst password users. In order to insure
your accounts are safe creating a strong password and creating habits that increase the security are a
necessity. Also making sure you know when your information is secure is an important fact to know.
The first thing that you need to do in order to ensure the information you are giving is secure is to
look at the website. The http/: if this does not have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are the top 20 most overused passwords.
"1.123456
2.123456789
3.password
4.adobe123
5.12345678
6.qwerty
7.1234567
8.111111
9.photoshop
10.123123
11.1234567890
12.000000
13.abc123
14.1234
15.adobe1
16.macromedia
17.azerty
18.iloveyou
19.aaaaaa
20.654321 (Komando 2015)"
These passwords should be avoided and not be used.

Other things you shouldn't use as passwords are your birth day, a family members'' name or birth
day, zip codes, family pet or anything that is special to you. Those are the easiest to crack. In order
to create a good random password use random phrases. For example, "My mom goes to 3 different
stores every 2nd Friday". This would be excellent for creating a random password. Just by taking
every third letter and using both the numbers would create a great password. "MoOt3Frtose2iy"
your new virtually uncrack able password. Adding a special character at the front and the back helps
"* MoOt3Frtose2iy*". If you have a hard time creating passwords use a random password generator
on the internet if you can't create one yourself. Another thing that you should never do, is use the
same password for everything. The problem with using the same password for all your online
accounts is that if someone was able to crack that one password, they would have access to
everything. So a few things that would help keep your information safe. First you must create
different passwords that are at least 14 –16 characters

My Motivation For Seeking A Masters Degree
My plan is to pursue a Master's Degree in Computer Science with a focus on Computer Security part
time at Portland State University starting in January of 2016. My motivation for seeking a masters
degree is two–fold: first, after years of self study and independent research and learning, the depth
and rigor provided by a graduate level academic program will significantly solidify the skills and
knowledge I have gained. Second, the in–depth knowledge that comes from a graduate level
program will prove invaluable in furthering my career. Both my current position, Mobile Security
Engineer at Nike, and any future security related positions stand to benefit from a graduate program.
My current full time employment in a security related position is what shapes my decision to enroll
in this program part time. The combination of my academic preparation, personal interests and
research, and my current and past employment give me the knowledge and experience to excel in
the program.
My professional qualifications date back more than 10 years, and my personal interest in computer
science goes back even further. At a professional level, I have worked as a systems administrator,
software developer and corporate trainer. Most recently, I am employed full time at Nike as a
Mobile Security Engineer. My primary responsibilities in this position are to provide security
assessments on all Nike mobile applications prior to their release. This includes black box testing of
application

Protecting Data through Encryption Essay
Protecting data through cryptography from unauthorized eyes is a high priority for organizations that
store personal information. Cryptography is the process of hiding the real meaning of a message
through a pre–determined code that is only known to the person encrypting and decrypting a
message. Different forms of cryptography can be seen in our everyday life from the word puzzle in
daily newspapers to secretaries writing in short hand. Cryptography has been around since the time
of the Egyptians and has made many advances through the years.
The first sign of cryptography was documented on Egyptian scribes where non–standard
hieroglyphs were used on clay tablets. (Whitman, 2011, p. 351) The Egyptians were the first
documented ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The weaknesses will be reviewed and improvements will be made to strengthen the cryptography
code making it harder for hackers to decrypt encrypted information. The algorithm developed by the
French computer scientists and math – ematicians does not pose a threat to current cryptography
being used by credit card and ecommerce companies. (Anthes, 2014) Even though the current
cryptography being used is not threatened by the new algorithm it does show that groups are
constantly working on algorithms to crack the cryptography protecting data therefore advances have
to continue in cryptography to stay ahead of hackers.
Many devices used on a daily basis today are connected to the internet and used to access accounts
that contain personal information like bank accounts, stocks, taxes returns and credit card accounts.
Even though the devices used to transmit data like cell phones, laptops and tablets can be equipped
with encryption the electromagnetic waves produced by the devices can give information out.
(Savage, 2013) To resolve the issue two professors of engineering and computer science developed a
compiler that splits an algorithm up into different modules that perform sub–computations. (Savage,
2013) This idea adds to the security of data being transferred because even if someone was to
intercept a transmission and crack the algorithm they would only have a piece of the message being
sent. The other sub–computations would use different algorithms that would need

My Experience In My Life
"Experience is not what happens to you; it is what you do with what happens to you". That is what
my dad was saying in the big screen in front of me, quoting Aldous Huxley, next to my mom, both
smiling widely and a bit dewy–eyed. It was a video they recorded unbeknownst to me that was
being shown at the Jenkins Foundation scholarship awards ceremony; a night that will last in my
memory for the rest of my life. An acknowledgment that came almost as unexpected as the
realization that I would study in one of the best universities in Mexico. And, at the same time, a
recognition that seemed to be just an obvious next step, the natural consequence of all that I had
done and worked for up to that moment. There they were, doing what parents do best: show their
support. As when they took me to some amazing science summer courses or when they joined me
attending this awesome do–your–own–telescope workshop at our local university. Or while paying
for the various programming courses I could not wait to take. My parents would always encourage
me to follow each one of my interests and try them by myself. This helped me be totally confident
on my capabilities and be certain that I would be successful in any professional or academic career I
chose, as long as it was something I loved. College, for me, could be summed up in one word:
passion. Not just any passion, but the best one I can think of: passion for knowledge. That feeling
that drives us to unknown places as we try to explain and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of BFSI Management
DLT–DRIVEN BFSI TECHNOLOGICAL CONVENTIONS INTRODUCTION Globally, the BFSI
sector is of immense prominence to the world economy as it generates over a third of global service
sector revenues. BFSI is standard–industry terminology for Banking, Financial Services &
Insurance, that spans across companies and banks that provide a wide range of financial products &
services, other than transaction settlement. Today, banks are being challenged over banking the
unbanked, credit disbursement, increasing number of non–performing assets, technological hurdles,
risk management and contingency planning... etc. Similarly, Insurance and other financial services
are facing challenges such as rural market penetration, pricing risks, transaction settlement issues, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chain is a timeline of all transaction blocks as discussed above. This chain itself is a ledger that
records in real–time all events associated with the block and makes it publicly visible. A new block
can be added to the chain only when one of the network nodes (participant) successfully solves a
complex mathematical problem that often requires high computing power, and gains the right to add
the next block. These complex, algorithm–rich computations can also be called as proof–of–
work/stake computations, which make blockchain almost Sybil–resistant, and its decentralized
nature gives it a high–level of 'Byzantine Fault Tolerance'. Complex, algorithm–rich proof–of–work
computations also act as the 'consensus mechanism' that ensures a high–level of data integrity to the
transactions on blockchain and reduces chances of falsified entries. People who use high–
computational power to solve proof–of–work computations and add the blocks to the chain are
called miners in blockchain; they are also the network nodes. To briefly anatomize blockchain
transactions, transactions are initially encrypted and added to an online ledger. It is further sent into
the blockchain network where network nodes take them up in a block and solve complex proof–of–
work computations to add the next block onto the

Using Encryption As A Tool Protect Information And Prevent...
VULNERABILITIES Pressures are mounting for organizations to implement encryption solutions.
With the staggering costs of data loss, encryption projects are on the rise. Using encryption as a tool
to protect information and prevent data loss is certainly not a new tactic. Data breaches are
happening every day, around the world. So why is it important today? Using encryption as a tool to
protect information and prevent data loss is not a new tactic (Skinner , Eric, 2008) . There are many
reasons now that make encryption more important than ever. Data being breached is happening
everyday around the world. There isn't a day that doesn't go by that I don't hear something in the
news about something being breached. Or information being leaked and every year breaches are
becoming more costly. There are several types of data encryption used in today's world. Some of
these are file and folder encryption, e–mail encryption, full–disk encryption, mobile data encryption,
cloud encryption, and application encryption. All corporations and businesses are in need of
incorporating all of these, with today's technology. It is very important that businesses understand
the different types and how important they are, so they can make the best decision possible. One of
the most important things today is securing the mobile workforce. Most of the organizations are
making sure that employees can complete their work from anywhere. On a daily bases we are
constantly checking and sending emails. The

Keeping Data Stored On The Cloud Storage System
To study a system which will help to secure data stored on the cloud storage system. This system
may be helpful to for users who wants secure thier data as well as for companies who wants to give
access permission to limited data to their employees and secure their data in cloud storage system.
Document Conventions
All requirements specified are arranged as per priorities.
Intended Audience and Reading Suggestions
This document can be used by various stakeholders like developers, project managers, marketing
staff, users, testers, and documentation writers.
Product Scope Proposed system contains the following main modules.
User Registration.
Encryption of secret key to be share.
Encryption of files to be uploaded.
Generate hash value.
Cloud storage service account creation.
Validation of encrypted file.
Decryption of secret key.
Decryption of files using Secret key.
4.3.2 Overall Description
Product Perspective
The main purpose of the project is to provide security for cloud storage system and handle the
dynamic operation by owner.
Project Function Authentication of User and CSP
Encryption of files.
Acceptance of requests for files.
Secret Key Generation.
Validation of file and Secure transfer of file as well as key .
Decryption of files.
Operating Environment
HARDWARE SPECIFICATION
Processor: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor
Ram: 2GB
Hard Disk: 100 GB.

Input device: Standard Keyboard and Mouse.
Output device: High Resolution

The Problem Of Computer Security
Introduction Majority of the computers sold worldwide are represented by portable computers
nowadays. An old cliche of computer security is that if an attacker has access to a computer, that
attacker has access to the data of that computer. The issues that the specialists in IT domain are
facing is to protect the data that may end up in an attacker hands. If a laptop is lost or stolen, the data
on it may end up in unauthorized third party 's hands. An average price to pay for an organization if
it loses a computer may be very expensive. The number one expense the company will have to face
isn 't replacing the laptop but figuring out the information data that was lost and how it can harm the
organization if the information ends up in competitors posession. To minimize to possibility of
sensible data to be recovered from a lost storage by a third party we can use BitLocker or BitLocker
To Go. If an encrypted storage is lost than all the company 's expenses are reduced to covering the
price of the laptop that was lost or stolen. If a portable computer is protected by BitLocker, you can
be almost certain that any data hosted on that misplaced computer will be inaccessible to
unauthorized third parties. In numerous of companies people write a lot of data on the USB devices
anyone can purchase in stores. Sometimes when people lose the USB device they don 't necessarily
let others know about that even if a sensible data was lost. C BitLocker to Go may be configured so
it denies

A New Era Of Cryptography
A new era of Cryptography: Quantum Cryptography
Sandeepak Bhandari
Abstract:–
Security is the first priority in today digital world for secure communication between sender and
receiver. Various Cryptography techniques are developed time to time for secure communication.
Quantum Cryptography is one of the latest and advanced cryptography technique, it is different from
all other cryptography technique and more secure. It based on the Quantum of physics since its
name which make it more secure from all other cryptography and UN breakable. In this paper about
quantum cryptography i.e working, limitation and advantages discussed.
Keywords:–
Photon, Polarization filter, Advantage and Limitation of Quantum Cryptography.
Introduction: –
ID Quantique presents a quantum cryptography framework; will take after by the Magic
innovations. These frameworks use photons to send mystery encryption keys, concealing every key
behind the most well known tent of quantum mechanics, the Heisenberg vulnerability rule. This
standard says, that it is difficult to know both an article 's position and speed – in the meantime. Any
email message, phone call or money related encoded with these keys will be protected.
Quantum cryptography utilizes current learning of material science to build up a cryptosystem that
is not ready to be vanquished – that is, one that is totally secure against being traded off without
information of the sender or the beneficiary of the messages. "Quantum" alludes to the

Computer Virus and Prentice Hall Essay
AssignStudent# 11469947 Name: Neel Nand Subject:ITC595 Assessment#: 1
Student# 11469947 Name: Neel Nand Subject:ITC595 Assessment#: 1 ment 1 ITC595 Information
Security
Question 1.
Reports of computer security failures appear frequently in the daily new. Cite a reported failure that
exemplified one (or more) of the principles listed in the chapter: easiest penetration, adequate
protection, effectiveness, weakest link.
There has been a lot of reports of security breaches in the news, for example the Sony Playstation
Network, RSA Lockheed Martin compromise, Hyundai and so on, these have been of recent and
these all show how vulnerable we are to security threats out there on the world wide web which has
very little to do with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| | e | | | | | | | e | r | | | | e | r | | | | | | | a | r | | | e | | | | | e | | | | | | | e | r | a | d | d | e | r | | | | | | | o | r | s | | e | | | | s
| e | s | | | | | | e | r | o | f | f | e | r | Posiible Combinations | | | | | | a | r | s | | e | | | | s | e | s | | | | | | e | r | a | d
| d | e | r | | | | | | | o | r | n | | e | | | | n | e | n | | | | | | e | r | o | f | f | e | r | | | | | | | a | r | n | | e | | | | n | e | n | | | |
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| e | r | a | d | d | e | r | | | | h | i | | a | r | t | | e | | | i | t | e | t | | | | h | | e | r | a | d | d | e | r | | | | h | n | | a | r | t |
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Linear Machines During World War I
At the end of World War I there were 4 different rotor based cipher machines invented by four men
– Edward Hebern (USA), Arthur Scheribus (Germany), Hugo Koch (Netherlands), Arvid Damm
(Sweden) – in four different countries within years of each other. These types of rotor machines
were used in World War II and provided a strong encryption method while also making it easier for
people to use.
The Hebern Rotor Machine – invented by Edward Hebern – was a mix between a standard
typewriter and an electric typewriter. Edward attempted to build and market his machine and was
confident enough in that prospect that he secured investors and started a company called Hebern
Electric Code. He was not able to sell his machine though and it did not become ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These men realized that the Diffie–Hellman method was exposed to people listening to the
exchanges – man in the middle attack – and capturing the prime numbers used with the public keys
given. With that information hackers are able to crack the code leaving the encryption vulnerable.
RSA allows a message to be encrypted asymmetrically using the public key. It is based upon not
having the ability to factor the product of two large prime numbers. The public key consists of the
modulus and encryption exponent. The sender uses the receiver's public key to encrypt the message
which can only be decrypted in a reasonable time using the private decryption key of the receiver.
Elliptic Curve cryptography is a method of encryption that involves the algebraic structure of an
elliptic curve. An important observation of an elliptic curve that is drawn is that there is some
horizontal symmetry. This allows for plotting from one point to another, then bouncing from the
second point down to the reflection of the curve to get a value. The advantage with Elliptic Curve
cryptography is that there is no backdoor method to cracking the code and it is harder and takes
longer than factoring does with

Computer Security Essay
Computer Security
In the last few decades, the world saw a revolution in information and technology, and the main
factor of this revolution was the computer. Computers made life easier for millions of people all
over the world, especially in the United States, where the latest innovations in the field of computers
take place. Information circulates with extreme speed, and a person with a computer and access to
the Internet can follow what is happening on Wall Street, even if he is thousands of miles away from
there. Any user of this network can buy, sell, and make money by staying in his bed. But in order to
guarantee the stability of such a world where a lot of transactions occur, billions of dollars are at
stake, there must be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The authenticity of the message is also important; a user has to verify that the information is
received from the correct sender. Another aspect of computer security services is the integrity of a
message; only authorized users can modify a message. Non–repudiation of the data is also
fundamental; it "requires that neither the sender nor the receiver of a message be able to deny the
transmission" (Stallings 5). It is also important that "the information resources be controlled by or
for the target system" (Stallings 5); this corresponds to the idea of access control. In addition, the
availability of the message is an important concept; only authorized users can access "the computer
system assets" (Stallings 6). Different computer security techniques are used to guarantee these
aspects.
The main way to protect the data being transmitted is to hide the message. There are two
fundamental techniques used in computer security: Stenography and Cryptography. Both techniques
require a transformation in the information to be sent, an identification character included in the
message to recognize the sender, and also some secret information to scramble the message when
sent and to unscramble it when received (Stallings 12). When the method of Stenography is used,
the very existence of the message is cancelled. For example, the resolution of a Kodak CD format is
2048 by 3072 pixels, and each pixel contains 24 bits. If one bit of each pixel is used to

Cryp Essay
Homework 5 4.2 Consider a "CCA–type" extension of the definition of secure message
authentication codes where the adversary is provided with both a Mac and Vrfy oracle. (a) Provide a
formal definition and explain why such a notion may make sense. (b) Show that when the Mac
scheme is deterministic, your definition is equivalent to Definition 4.2. (c) Show that when the Mac
scheme may be probabilistic, the definitions are not equivalent. (That is, show that there exists a
probabilistic scheme that is secure by Definition 4.2 but not by your definition.) Consideration The
message authentication experiment Mac–forge, Π(n): 1. A random key k ← {0, 1}n is chosen. 2.
The adversary is given oracle access to Mack (·) and Vrfyk (·, ·) and outputs a ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Note that in this case the Vrfy oracle behaves exactly the same to the actual Vrfy alogrithm, and the
adversary cannot use the Vrfy oracle to increase its probability of success (see comparison below for
further clarification). To rephrase this, an oracle access to Vrfy does not augment the adversary's
power. If the Mac scheme is probabilistic there exist muiltple tags that one message can possibly
correspond to. Hence, in sharp contrast to the deterministic case, the adversary cannot be certain of
exactly which tag corresponds the message. Now, with an oracle access to Vrfy, the adversary can
simply query this oracle to eliminate some of the possible tags, therefore dramatically increase the
probability of success (Roughly speaking, multiplied by the number of all possible corresponding
tags. But this is limited to polynomial many). That being said, an adversary with oracle access to
Vrfy is more powerful than one without such access. (The adversary can still output any message m
previously queried to the oracle! The definition says nothing about this.) Therefore, This definition
differs from Definition 4.2. 1 4.3 Prove that Construction 4.5 remains secure for each of the
following modifications: (a) Instead of using a pseudorandom function, use any fixed–length MAC
with the appropriate parameters. (b) Instead of including d in every block, set t i = Fk (r ||b ||i ||m i )
where b is a single bit such that b = 0 in all blocks but the last one, and b =

The Security Of Data Tightly And Information Security
UCTION
In today's world transformation of data very securely and information security are the most
important categories for the organizations to follow or else the information can easily be taken away
by the enemies. In olden days the organizations used to follow the encryption and decryption for the
transformation of data securely which is known as cryptography. In cryptography the security of
data depends on how strong the encryption and decryption are said to be used. But it is not very easy
for the sender and receiver to recall all the passwords. So avoid those difficulties crypto–biometric is
used which is the combination of biometric and cryptography. The biometric is a technology that
identifies humans with their body uniqueness like fingerprints, face prints and voice patterns for the
validation purposes. In recent year's most of the analysts, trying to eradicate the password
identification and using the biometric. The combination of cryptography and biometric can eliminate
the recall of passwords because the information can be used only by the identified person. But there
are some of the problems that are faced in the biometric. The biometric system which contains the
information should not reveal any biometric features. It should also have the flexibility of
converting the varied data in to the fixed. So, the data cannot be revealed to the unauthorized person
when it was transmitted. Therefore, the result of Fingerprint based crypto–biometric system for
network

How Technology Has Continuously Improved Computer Hardware...
Since the computer was invented the evolution of technology has grown into culture and has been
the central of communication since the early 1980s. In order to understand the meaning of
encryption and why it is so important, you have to understand why the computer was created and
how inventors have continuously improved computer hardware devices. The computer was first
invented to calculate numbers and help scientists with different mathematical equations. Then
during the world war I, and world war II, Germans were using these computers to encrypt messages
over morse code and complicated algorithms. However these algorithms of encryption were easily
cracked by United States cryptographers. Over the war many encrypted messages were broken and
the German military lost substations, overall control of the war; and eventually surrendering. Safe to
say that encryption devices has been a necessity for transmitting data securely and in today's society
personal containment (Crayton & Culp, n.d.). Over the next five decades inventors, of all
nationalities, have worked to improve encryption hardware devices from the internal architecture,
removable storages, networking devices, and the overall networking security module.
Encryption has different meanings depending on what you context you are using it in, but for the
cyber context is means to "convert electronic data into another form, called cipher text, which
cannot be easily understood by anyone except authorized parties" (Rouse,

Quantum Teleportation And Its Effect On Human Life
Since 1993, when the concept was first introduced by Bennett et al., numerous attempt have been
made to practically implement Quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation was first demonstrated
with entangled photons[11] in 1997. Later, various developments have been achieved in laboratory,
including the demonstration of entanglement swapping[12], open destination teleportation[13] and
teleportation of two bit composite system[14]. Entanglement distribution has been shown with fiber
links[15–18]. In addition, "practical" quantum teleportation have been realized via fiber links[19,
20] and limited to a distance of about one kilometer. Experiments have achieved free space
distribution of entangled photon pairs over distances of 600 m[21] and 13 km[22]. Later, entangled
photons were transmitted over 144 km[23, 24]. In these experiments, either only one photon was
transmitted[23] or the entangled photon pair was transferred together[24] using only a one–link
channel. Most recently, following a modified scheme[25], quantum teleportation over a 16 km free–
space links was demonstrated[26] with a single pair of entangled photons. However in this
experiment, the unknown quantum state must be prepared on one of the resource entangled qubits
and therefore cannot be presented independently.
Quantum cryptography, specifically Quantum key distribution is one important field where quantum
teleportation can be practically applied to provide completely secure information exchange between

Application For Scalable Data Sharing Essay
An application for Scalable Data Sharing in Cloud Storage
Mithun V. Mhatre, Dr. M. Z. Shaikh
Computer Engineering Department BVCOE, Navi–Mumbai
E–mail: cm_mithun@rediff.com, mzshaikh2003@yahoo.com
Abstract: Cloud technology is very constructive and usefulin present new technological era, where a
person uses the internet and the remote servers to give and maintain data as well as applications.
Such applications in turn can be used by the end users via the cloud communications without any
installation. Moreover, the end users‟ data files can be accessed and manipulated from any other
computer using the internet services. Despite the flexibility of data and application accessing and
usage that cloud computing environments provide, there are many questions still coming up on how
to gain a trusted environment that protect data and applications in clouds from hackers and intruders.
Cloud storage should be able to store and share data securely, efficiently, and flexibly with others in
cloud storage. The costs and complexities involved generally increase with the number of the
decryption keys to be shared. The encryption key and decryption key are different in public key
encryption. Since we are proposing new era of Aggregate key cryptography. To produce constant
length ciphertext is also one of important task that we have materialized. In this paper, we propose a
simple, efficient, and publicly verifiable approach to ensure cloud data security while sharing
between

The History Of Quantum Computing
The field of quantum information science is undergoing rapid growth, and is leading to many new
and exciting discoveries with applications in computer science, communication, encryption, and
elsewhere. One application is quantum computing, which uses quantum "qubits" instead of classical
bits, and has the potential to allow researchers to solve certain previously intractable problems in a
much shorter timeframe. Another is quantum cryptography, which allows for theoretically
unbreakable encryption.
Many experiments in quantum information science rely on single photon detectors as core
components of their functionality. Quantum key distribution experiments transmit the information
using photons, and some quantum computing schemes use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
One of the most common superconductors used in low temperature experiments for this purpose is
niobium titanium alloy (NbTi). At very low temperatures, NbTi can transfer an order of magnitude
less heat than non–superconducting cables [2]. However, titanium and titanium alloys form oxides
when exposed to air, and these oxides make soldering to NbTi cables nearly impossible. While
solderless methods of connectorizing cables exist, the machines required are expensive and
purpose–built for one size of cable [3].
A better candidate for connectorization is electroplating, which has been one of the focuses of my
research in Professor Lafyatis' and Professor Gauthier's groups at The Ohio State University. By
studying various electroplating techniques, I aim to create a simpler, less expensive procedure which
would allow our group to produce these cables on demand to use with our SNSPDs. In the past,
companies have used nickel electroplating of NbTi cables, which is described in a patent by
Saubestre and Bulan in 1961 [4]. However, this technique has two issues that prevent it from being
useful in for plating NbTi today. First, the metal being plated is nickel, which is ferromagnetic. In
recent years, there have been many experiments at cold temperatures that are highly sensitive to
magnetism, including research using SQUIDs, magnetometers, or nuclear magnetic resonance,
making nickel a poor choice of plating

Developments in the Study of Cryptography Essay
Since the beginning of civilization, humans have needed a way to communicate in secret. Whether it
be a letter to a lover or a set of orders for an army, it would be paramount for these messages to
arrive unknown and untouched. However at some point, a person could easily apprehend the
message; perhaps a spy or the letter bearer, nevertheless the chance of the message being
compromised would be quite high. Thus one would have to change the message to appear as
meaningless nonsense to those others than the intended recipient. This idea formed the basis of
cryptography, the backbone of digital security. Cryptography is the study and practice of secure
communications between two parties usually in the presence of a malicious entity, ... Show more
Thus by only knowing what the cipher was, one would know what the original message was. Early
ciphers were primitive and involved the manipulation of the characters in a message. A transposition
and substitution cipher was very common in the classical age before computers. A transposition
cipher involved merely arranging the letters in a message while a substitution cipher involved
changing the letters in a message to a different one in the alphabet or to a symbol. Julius Ceasar used
a form of substitution cipher in which he simply changed the letter to its respected position three
spaces in front of it in the alphabet. As one can imagine, such a cipher was easy to break just from
analyzing the ciphertext, and thus more complicated ciphers involving mathematical theory were
created. However as the advancement of cryptography continued, so did its contrary field of
cryptanalysis, the interpretation of protocols. This arrived at the discovery of frequency analysis; the
process in which the repetition of certain characters in a language is greater than those of other
characters. Thus the frequency of certain meaningless characters in a ciphertext would be higher
than those of other ones. This meant that a new method of encrypting messages had to be invented
as any cipher could be broken. This new method involved putting a private key ( a string of
characters) into the cipher so that

Advantages Of Quantum Cryptography
Quantum Cryptography
Introduction
Quantum cryptography is a new method for secret communications offering the ultimate security
assurance of the inviolability of a Law of Nature. Unlike traditional classical cryptography, which
uses mathematical techniques to restrict eavesdroppers, quantum cryptography is focused on the
physics of information. The development of quantum cryptography be classified as either "public–
key" or "secret–key" methods. This cryptography also involving two or more parties who may not
trust one another. The best known cryptographic problem is the transmission of secret messages.
Suppose wish to communicate in secret. For example, you may wish to give your credit card number
to a merchant in exchange for goods, hopefully ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mathematical cryptography, as bad as it sometimes is, is the strongest link in most security chains.
Our symmetric and public–key algorithms are pretty good, even though they're not based on much
rigorous mathematical theory. The real problems are elsewhere: computer security, network security,
user interface and so on. "
Even quantum cryptography doesn't "solve" all of cryptography: The keys are exchanged with
photons, but a conventional mathematical algorithm takes over for the actual encryption.
Conclusion
Cryptography is used frequently. For example, credit card numbers are encrypted when you buy
something on the internet. Many government agencies are used cryptography to get messages safely
around the world. Public key cryptography is an innovation and which is an unavoidable part of
almost all security protocol and application. Being able to negotiate a shared secret between two
devices online without the need of any exchange of secret data created a breakthrough in secure
network/internet

The Enigma Machine In Ralphie's The Christmas Story
Ralphie's secrete message , from The Christmas Story, that he received from the Ovaltine decoder
pin looked challenging and difficult at first but soon was able to decode the very important message.
However, if his message from Little Orphan Annie was coded with the Enigma machine it may have
been more puzzling for Ralphie just like it was for the rest of the world.The Enigma machine was a
complex machine that was used by the Nazis during World War II to send secret messages. This
machine consists of three routers , two keyboards, and a plug board or coming together to make an
intricate machine for its time.Germany believed this machine was unbreakable and that their
messages would never be decrypted. This machine may have helped Germany in ... Show more
When the rotors turn, the battery will be connected to a different bulb lighting up a different letter
each time . If "A" is typed in once it may appear as "Q" but then if it is typed again it may appear as
a "R". This is all due to the turning rotors and the criss cross wires completing the circuit in a
different way each time.To add to the complexity of the code the electriacal circiut is not sent
though the rotors once but twice with the use of the reflector. The reflector basically takes the letter
it was given after it went though the fist time of rotors and sends it back out as another letter and
then that letter goes through the rotors again. After the electrical current went through the rotors
twice it will go down to the plug board again. So if our initial letter of "T" comes back out of the
rotor as "Q" the "Q" will continue down to the plug board and switch with whatever letter "Q" is
matched with.The final result of this one press of the letter "A" could come out as ,for example, as
"K". Overall this may seem a little complex but this machine is just a basic circuit that with moving
parts inside (Cipher

One Time Pad: A Presentation Peer Review
One Time Pad Sri Hari Uppalapati Murray State University
Presentation Peer Reviews
4,3,4,5,4,3
4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4
4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5 Well–explained on your slides. I had never heard of OTP, but I found it quite
interesting!
4,4,3,4,5,4
4,4,3,2,3,4
4,3,3,3,4,4
4,3,4,4,4,3
4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4
3,4,4,5,4,4
4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5
4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4
3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4
3, 3, 2, 3, 4, 3. Explanations are good. But could have been much better
3,2,4,3,4,4
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 – Awesome presentation Sri Hari. I think you gave the best presentation out of all.
You explained the topic clearly
4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4
3, 4, 4, 3, 3, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hackers have the option of using many techniques, like shoulder surfing, snooping, sniffing,
guessing etc. These are to hack the data and manipulate it. The one time pad is a truly random
collection of letters which are used to encrypt the messages with complete security and it is also
called a perfect security. It is called a perfect security because it is impossible to recover the
message without knowing the key.
Prefect security is equal to the key length, which the key length is greater than or equal to the
message length. The random key length much to plain text .One time pad encryption is only possible
if both sender and receiver are in possession of the same key. The cipher text will be completely
random because it is generated by doing Exclusive or Operation (XOR) operation with plain text
and the random key. The plain text (message) can also be represented in binary string format.
Mechanism of One Time Pad
(1) The binary version of one–time pad

The message can be converted into binary string by using a coding mechanism such as ASCII
coding which is a sequence of 0's and 1's. The truly random key should be generated with a
sequence of 0's and 1's of the same length as the message.
Plaintext length = Cipher text length = key length = {0, 1}
For example: Plain text 1101 1011 Random

Impact Of Technology On The Field Of Information Technology
Current Technologies in Cybersecurity Cybersecurity can be defined as the technologies and
processes used to protect data, networks, and computers from attack or damage. Currently, it is one
of the fastest growing careers in the field of information technology with a bright outlook in the
future. There is a high demand for cybersecurity specialists with hundreds of thousands of jobs all
over the country from Washington D.C to Portland, Oregon. With new technology coming out and
changing every day, the cybersecurity specialist must keep up with the latest methods to ward off
hackers attempting to gain unauthorized access to data. Four technologies that have a huge impact
on cybersecurity would be cloud computing, software/tools, active defense measures, and
encryption. Cloud Computing Cloud Computing has shifted the storage of information and data to
remote servers on the internet rather than a local server. It has cut down the cost and the need for
physical hardware and has focused on a pay per use system through the cloud provider. It also
provides the ability to scale depending on the resources needed by the company. Third–party cloud
providers offer increased security of their services opening up more jobs for cybersecurity
specialists to secure that data. Since Clouds are held off–site, it practically makes physical attempts
to breach into systems for data nonexistent. In reference to his article about cloud computing playing
a role in government affairs, Morten

The Problem Of Database Security
Database security is really a broad place which addresses a lot of troubles, such as next: Different
legal along with honorable troubles regarding the directly to gain access to selected information–for
case in point, a number of details could possibly be deemed being private along with can 't be
accessed legitimately by means of unauthorized organizations or maybe persons. In the states, there
are many regulations overseeing comfort associated with details. Plan troubles at the governmental,
institutional, or maybe corporate level about what sorts of details shouldn 't be produced openly
available–for case in point, credit scoring along with personal healthcare records. System–related
troubles for example the process amounts of which a variety of security characteristics needs to be
enforced–for case in point, no matter whether some sort of security function needs to be dealt with
at the bodily components level, the operating–system level, or maybe the DBMS level. The need in
most organizations to recognize many security amounts and categorize the info along with
consumers determined by these types of classifications–for case in point, key, technique,
confidential, along with unclassified. This security policy of the corporation regarding permitting
entry to a variety of classifications associated with files should be enforced. Dangers to be able to
listings can lead to wreckage associated with security targets such as honesty, accessibility along
with

Taking a Look at Quantum Cryptography
Quantum Cryptography is the newest technology in the field of Encryption and proved to be most
secure as of now. In this paper we will discuss what quantum cryptography is and what makes it
most secure and unbreakable.
Introduction
All our classical computer cryptography methods are basically based on some mathematical
calculations which are quiet easy to implement in one direction but very difficult to process in the
other direction. As RSA(Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) algorithm which is one of the first practicable
and most famous public–key cryptosystems, RSA, is based on the technique of factoring large
numbers which makes it secure. Difficulty in factoring increases with number of digits in RSA key.
For example, a 128 digit number would take millions of years to factor with current computers.
There are still limitations in classical cryptography, it is purely mathematical and information cannot
be separated from its physical representation. In Classical physics, we use binary form to store and
process the data. In the 1980s, C.Bennet, P.Benioff, R.Feynman and others observed that new and
very powerful ways of information processing are possible with quantum mechanical systems. This
gave birth to the concept of quantum computing.
We have algorithms such as Shor's Algorithm, a quantum computer can break a very large number
into its prime factors otherwise which could take millions of years to be solved. The day when
quantum cryptography will become a reality, above

How Cryptography Is Defined As A Major Factor During Wars,...
The "Ignominious Tribe," the worlds "second oldest profession," these are both describing the same
thing, the mysterious profession that lives in the shadows of history. Espionage. Governments fear
it, yet it is always a major factor during wars, and it isn't very well known by the general public.
Men and women throughout history who have fought in secret positions during wars, often placed
into positions of great danger. Why were they willing to risk so much for their countries? Profit?
Honor? Adrenaline? There are many aspects of the art of espionage, from the necessary grunt work
of field agents to the solid determination of cryptologists. Cryptography is defined as the art of
writing and solving codes, a necessary practice for all sides involved in any major battle or power
struggle, an example being World War II, where coding and cipher script were integral parts of the
conflict, main factors of every win or loss. Without cryptography, some estimate that the war would
have lasted at least two years longer than it did, thus proving the necessary function of cryptography.
In the following pages, the reader will learn a brief history of the evolution of cryptography, and
how it was important in such major recent struggles as WWII. This form of espionage has been an
integral part of history.
Espionage has been recognized as an important part of all military affairs since the beginnings of
recorded history. It began with, and still heavily relies upon, the various forms of

On the Development of Quantum Computers and Cryptography
On the Development of Quantum Computers and Cryptography
In 2010, the United States government, after accessing encrypted files by means of physical
intervention, exposed ten Russian sleeper agents; in 2013, the United States government, without
any means of physical intervention, surreptitiously collected and promptly decrypted many
previously encrypted (Wood). Within this decade, concerns regarding the dubious security of
contemporary cryptography will begin to emerge as the secrets of quantum computing quickly
unravel. Companies that rely on Moore's law, which asserts that computing power doubles every
eighteen months, to justify using the theoretically weak cryptography scheme known as RSA will
succumb to the risks posed by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These individuals cite a "three qubit impasse," which states that because quantum computers have
not become more complex than three qubits, they will not become more complex than three qubits.
From the start of serious research in 2001 up until recently, this argument had remained tenable. But,
the human endeavor to create technological advancements would not relent. This drive proved itself
as successful in 2012, when D–Wave Systems, a quantum computing company founded in 1999,
announced that their work on a 512 qubit quantum computer had concluded. D–Wave then went on
to state that they would computer would reveal the computer later that year, albeit with a limited
range of abilities. Since then, companies such as Google and the National Aeronautics and Space
Association (NASA) have begun to work in conjunction with D–Wave to improve upon their
prototype and apply them to calculations to discover new potential. Nevertheless, dogmatic
advocates for RSA hold the proposition that their point still stands as these do not count as full–
fledged quantum computers. With the progression of time, the development of quantum computers
will do as it has already done once and relegate the power of the three qubit impasse to a continually
smaller role.
While RSA performs its final show, a new system débuts. Praised by some as unbreakable, they call
the method "Quantum Key Distribution," (QKD) and in it lies

Annotated Bibliography On Database Encryption
1. INTRODUCTION Database Encryption is one of the technique used for securing the data in
database. This method transforms information on a computer in such a way that it becomes
unreadable. So, even if someone is able to gain access to a computer with personal data on it, they
likely won't be able to do anything with the data unless they have original data key, complicated or
expensive software. The main function of encryption is essentially to translate normal text into
cipher text. Encryption makes sure that data doesn't get read by the wrong people, but can also
ensure that data isn't altered in transit, and verify the identity of the sender. Data Encryption method
typically uses a specified parameter or key to perform the data transformation. Some encryption
algorithms require the key to be the same length as the message to be encoded, yet other encryption
algorithms can operate on much smaller keys relative to the message. Encryption is most used
among transactions over insecure channels of communication, such as the internet. Encryption is
also used to protect data being transferred between devices such as mobile telephones, automatic
teller machines (ATMs), and many more. Encryption can be used to create digital signatures, which
allow a message to be authenticated. When properly implemented, a digital signature gives the
recipient of a message reason to believe the message was sent by the claimed sender. 2. THREATS
TO DATABASE 2.1 Database Databases are the

Data Encryption Essay
ENCRYPTION Introduction Often there has been a need to protect information from 'prying eyes'.
In the electronic age, information that could otherwise benefit or educate a group or individual can
also be used against such groups or individuals. Industrial espionage among highly competitive
businesses often requires that extensive security measures be put into place. And, those who wish to
exercise their personal freedom, outside of the oppressive nature of governments, may also wish to
encrypt certain information to avoid suffering the penalties of going against the wishes of those who
attempt to control. Still, the methods of data encryption and decryption are relatively
straightforward, and easily mastered. I have been doing data ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But, by the use of more than one translation table, especially when implemented in a 'pseudo–
random' order, this adaptation makes code breaking relatively difficult. An example of this method
might use translation table 'A' on all of the 'even' bytes, and translation table 'B' on all of the 'odd'
bytes. Unless a potential code breaker knows that there are exactly 2 tables, even with both source
and encrypted data available the deciphering process is relatively difficult. Similar to using a
translation table, 'data repositioning' lends itself to use by a computer, but takes considerably more
time to accomplish. A buffer of data is read from the input, then the order of the bytes (or other
'chunk' size) is rearranged, and written 'out of order'. The decryption program then reads this back
in, and puts them back 'in order'. Often such a method is best used in combination with one or more
of the other encryption methods mentioned here, making it even more difficult for code breakers to
determine how to decipher your encrypted data. As an example, consider an anagram. The letters are
all there, but the order has been changed. Some anagrams are easier than others to decipher, but a
well written anagram is a brain teaser nonetheless, especially if it's intentionally misleading. My
favorite methods, however, involve something that only computers can do: word/byte rotation and
XOR bit masking. If you

The Ancient Egyptian Era
When a message is in its original form it is known as plaintext or cleartext and the process that
involves masking the text to hide the content is known as encryption. Once a message is encrypted it
is referred to as ciphertext . Cryptography or crypto for short has always served the same purpose of
encrypting information for reasons of privacy, deception, or security. Cryptographic methodologies
could date back to the ancient Egyptian era where standard hieroglyphs were altered to mask true
meaning . It is more likely that the first introduction of crypto followed the invention of writing and
evolved in line with forms of communication. The use of crypto has been seen as extremely
advantageous in times of war, where communication ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aim
2. The aim of this document is to provide an overview on the various cryptographic technologies in
use today and what the future might hold. The document will cover the following subjects:
a. Crypto authority and policy.
b. Methods of Encryption:
(1) Algorithmic encryption.
(2) Public Key Infrastructure (PKI).
(3) Public Key Encryption (PKE), symmetric and asymmetric.
(4) Elliptic curve cryptography.
c. Future concepts:
(1) Quantum cryptography.
Crypto authority and policy
3. Crypto Service for Defence (CSD). Information security within the MoD is of utmost importance
when considering national security as a whole. Today information flows readily and can be easily
accessible to the common user. Given the complexity and sensitivity of crypto within the MoD is
key that authority for correct issue, handling and usage is established. The CSD working within the

United Kingdom National Defence Association (NKNDA) and based in MoD Corsham, provide the
delivery of cryptographic capability across the MoD. CSD implement MoD crypto policy for
Communications Security (COMSEC) and crypto security in accordance with UK Government
policy . CSD enforces these policies through inspections and audits and handles requests for crypto
material. In general the department are responsible for the ordering, deployment and management of
crypto material.
4. Communications Electronic Security Group (CESG). Minimum

History of Cryptography
History of Cryptography AN EASY TO UNDERSTAND HISTORY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
Contents 1. Introduction 2. Classical Encryptions (Ancient Times) 3. Classical Encryptions
(Middle Ages) The Cipher of Mary Queen of Scots Vigenère Ciphers Uesugi Cipher 3 4 6 6 6 7 4.
Modern Ciphers: Ciphers during World War I and the Emergence of Encryption Machines German
Communication Cables Disconnected by the United Kingdom Zimmermann Telegram ADFGVX
Cipher The Birth of Enigma 8 8 8 8 9 5. Modern Ciphers: Encryptions in the Computer and Internet
Era DES Cipher Public–Key Cryptosystem RSA Cipher Decrypting the DES Cipher Responsive
Action of Cipher Enhancements for SSL 10 10 10 11 12 12 6. The Future of Encryption 7.
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The Caesar cipher method of encryption involves replacing each of the letters of the alphabet in the
original text by a letter located a set number of places further down the sequence of the letters in the
alphabet of the language. The sender and receiver agree in advance to replace each letter of the
alphabet in the text by a letter that is, for example, three letters further down in their alphabet. An
encryption method that involves rearranging the sequence of characters according to a specific rule
such as that shown above is referred to as a "substitution cipher". Substitution ciphers are a well–
known encryption method, and they are the most commonly used encryption method in the history
of encryption. The modern encryption machine called "Enigma" described below made it possible to
apply the substitution cipher method with a higher level of sophistication. Plain text characters (text
that has not been encrypted) Encryption characters SMKRATNGQJUDZLPVYOCWIBXFEH
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ example of a 26–letter alphabet: 26 x 25 x 24 x .... =
400,000,0 00,000,000,000,000,000,000 patterns!) and making decryption dramatically more
difficult. example of encryption. Hieroglyphics were long considered impossible to ever read, but
the discovery and study of the Rosetta

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