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Saeed AlSawad
Grade 10 A.B
What Is an OS?
 he operating system is the most
important program that runs on a computer. Every
computer must have an operating system to run other
programs.
What Is a Kernel?
 the kernel is a computer program that manages
input/output requests from software, and translates
them into data processing instructions for the central
processing unit and other electronic components of
a computer.
Graphical user interfaces
 A graphical user interface (GUI) is an improvement on
a text-mode shell, at least from the perspective of a
beginning user
Utility programs
 Modern OSs invariably ship with a wide variety of
simple utility programs calculators, calendars, text
editors, disk maintenance tools, and so on. These
programs differ from one OS to another.
Libraries
 they provide critical services to programs. Libraries are
collections of programming functions that can be used
by a variety of programs.
Productivity programs
 Major productivity programs Web browsers, word
processors, graphics editors, and so on are the usual
reason for using a computer
Program launchers
 You can launch programs by selecting them from
menus or lists. Typically, one or more menus exist
along the top, bottom, or side of the screen
File managers
 Linux provides GUI file managers similar to those in
Windows or Mac OS X.
Window controls
 You can move windows by clicking and dragging their
title bars, resize them by clicking and dragging their
edges, and so on.
Multiple desktops
 Most Linux desktop environments enable you to keep
multiple virtual desktops active, each with its own set
of programs. This feature is very handy to keep the
screen uncluttered while you run many programs
simultaneously.
Logout options
 You can log out of your Linux session, which enables
you to shut down the computer or let another user log
in.
Comparing Linux to Unix
 If you were to attempt to draw a “family tree” of OSs,
you would end up scratching your head a lot. This is
because OS designers often mimic each other’s
features, and sometimes even incorporate each other’s
code into their OSs’ workings.
The Linux kernel
 The Linux kernel was designed to be compatible with
other Unix kernels, in the sense that it used the same
software interfaces in source code.
The GNU project
 The GNU’s Not Unix (GNU) project is an effort by the
Free Software Foundation (FSF) to develop open
source replacements for all the core elements of a Unix
OS
Desktop environments
 GNOME, KDE, Xfce, and other popular open source
desktop environments have largely displaced
commercial desktop environments even on
commercial versions of Unix.
Server programs
 Historically, Unix and Linux have been popular as
server Oss organizations use them to run Web servers,
e-mail servers, file servers, and so on.
User productivity programs
 In this realm, as in server programs, Linux runs the
same software as do other Unix-like OSs. In a few
cases, Linux runs more programs, or runs them better.
5 Linux Command
 cp
 rm
 mv
 cat
 help
Information
 I got the information from the “cyber Linux essentials”
book

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Selecting an operating system

  • 2. What Is an OS?  he operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every computer must have an operating system to run other programs.
  • 3. What Is a Kernel?  the kernel is a computer program that manages input/output requests from software, and translates them into data processing instructions for the central processing unit and other electronic components of a computer.
  • 4. Graphical user interfaces  A graphical user interface (GUI) is an improvement on a text-mode shell, at least from the perspective of a beginning user
  • 5. Utility programs  Modern OSs invariably ship with a wide variety of simple utility programs calculators, calendars, text editors, disk maintenance tools, and so on. These programs differ from one OS to another.
  • 6. Libraries  they provide critical services to programs. Libraries are collections of programming functions that can be used by a variety of programs.
  • 7. Productivity programs  Major productivity programs Web browsers, word processors, graphics editors, and so on are the usual reason for using a computer
  • 8. Program launchers  You can launch programs by selecting them from menus or lists. Typically, one or more menus exist along the top, bottom, or side of the screen
  • 9. File managers  Linux provides GUI file managers similar to those in Windows or Mac OS X.
  • 10. Window controls  You can move windows by clicking and dragging their title bars, resize them by clicking and dragging their edges, and so on.
  • 11. Multiple desktops  Most Linux desktop environments enable you to keep multiple virtual desktops active, each with its own set of programs. This feature is very handy to keep the screen uncluttered while you run many programs simultaneously.
  • 12. Logout options  You can log out of your Linux session, which enables you to shut down the computer or let another user log in.
  • 13. Comparing Linux to Unix  If you were to attempt to draw a “family tree” of OSs, you would end up scratching your head a lot. This is because OS designers often mimic each other’s features, and sometimes even incorporate each other’s code into their OSs’ workings.
  • 14. The Linux kernel  The Linux kernel was designed to be compatible with other Unix kernels, in the sense that it used the same software interfaces in source code.
  • 15. The GNU project  The GNU’s Not Unix (GNU) project is an effort by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) to develop open source replacements for all the core elements of a Unix OS
  • 16. Desktop environments  GNOME, KDE, Xfce, and other popular open source desktop environments have largely displaced commercial desktop environments even on commercial versions of Unix.
  • 17. Server programs  Historically, Unix and Linux have been popular as server Oss organizations use them to run Web servers, e-mail servers, file servers, and so on.
  • 18. User productivity programs  In this realm, as in server programs, Linux runs the same software as do other Unix-like OSs. In a few cases, Linux runs more programs, or runs them better.
  • 19. 5 Linux Command  cp  rm  mv  cat  help
  • 20. Information  I got the information from the “cyber Linux essentials” book