Abnormal electrical activity in the brain causes seizures, which appear differently depending on the affected brain region. Seizures are classified by type, such as focal seizures originating in one brain area and spreading, generalized seizures affecting both brain hemispheres simultaneously, or status epilepticus involving continuous seizures. Proper classification is important for treatment selection as some drugs work best for specific seizure types.
Most people have difficulty differentiating between seizure and convulsion. This presentation also highlights the differences between hysterical fit and grand mal seizure.
How to manage the client is briefly discussed.
Headache in children -indexforpaediatrics.comdr-nagi
Headache is one of the commonest neurological symptoms in children and young people who are
referred to doctors. Headache refers to pain involving the orbits, forehead, scalp and temples but not
the face or neck. The primary headache includes chronic or recurrent headache and migraine. The
prevalence of chronic or recurrent headaches in children occur in 60-69% by the age of 7-9 years
and 75% by the age of 15 years. The prevalence of migraine in children is up to 28% of older
teenagers. The most serious cause of the secondary headache is brain tumor and the prevalence of
brain tumours in children is 3 per 100,000 per annum.
https://indexforpaediatrics.com
Most people have difficulty differentiating between seizure and convulsion. This presentation also highlights the differences between hysterical fit and grand mal seizure.
How to manage the client is briefly discussed.
Headache in children -indexforpaediatrics.comdr-nagi
Headache is one of the commonest neurological symptoms in children and young people who are
referred to doctors. Headache refers to pain involving the orbits, forehead, scalp and temples but not
the face or neck. The primary headache includes chronic or recurrent headache and migraine. The
prevalence of chronic or recurrent headaches in children occur in 60-69% by the age of 7-9 years
and 75% by the age of 15 years. The prevalence of migraine in children is up to 28% of older
teenagers. The most serious cause of the secondary headache is brain tumor and the prevalence of
brain tumours in children is 3 per 100,000 per annum.
https://indexforpaediatrics.com
New Treatment Devices and Clinical Trials jgreenberger
Dr. Kathryn Davis from Penn Epilepsy Center present on new treatment devices and clinical trials for epilepsy. From the 2014 Epilepsy Education Exchange.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
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- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. What is happening with a seizure?
http://www.istockphoto.com/search/text/neurons/filetypes/photos,illustrations.video/source/basic#185a52
76
3. What is happening with a seizure?
Abnormal electrical activity in the brain
causing a sudden uncontrolled event
Periods of sustained hyperactivity in the brain
Seizures look different, depending upon what
part of the brain they affect
4. The Brain
Brain is divided into 2 hemispheres
and 4 lobes
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebral-lobes.png
5. The 4 lobes of the brain
What do they do?
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
http://www.adamimages.com/illustration/Browse/1/B
6. The 4 lobes of the brain
Frontal lobes- planning and control of
movements
Parietal lobes- deal with sensation
Temporal lobes- important for learning,
memory and emotions
Occipital lobes- centers of brain that allow
us to see
8. Importance of classification
Benefit of experience gained in treatment of
same type of seizures/epilepsy in past
Certain drugs do not work for one seizure type
or syndrome
How (type of) epilepsy will develop over the
years
9. Seizure types
The main sub-categories are:
Focal (partial) seizures
Generalized seizures
Status-Epilepticus
Diagnosis often confused for epilepsy:
Non-epileptic seizures
11. What are focal (partial) seizures?
Epileptic activity only affects one part of the brain
The place in the brain where seizures start is
called the “focus”
An epileptic focus can be anywhere in the brain.
Can be with or without impairment of consciousness
12. Types of focal (partial) seizures
Without impairment of consciousness (simple
partial)
With impairment of consciousness (complex
partial)
Evolving to both hemispheres or convulsive
seizure
(secondarily generalized)
13. Focal seizures without loss of
awareness (simple partial)
People retain awareness and ablility to recall
-motor or autonomic symptoms- movements of
part of the body, nausea or upset stomach
-sensory or psychic symptoms (aura)-
numbness, tingling, pain, smell, deja-vu,
jamais-vu
http://zidbits.com/2011/08/what-is-the-opposite-of-deja-vu/
14. Focal seizures with impairment of
consciousness (complex-partial)
Consciousness is reduced or lost
Occur most commonly in the temporal and
frontal lobes
With sensory or motor symptoms
– ex)lip smacking, clear throat, fiddle with
clothes, laugh, staring
Actions purposeless, look as if behaving
strangely
15. Focal seizures with impairment of
consciousness (complex partial, con't)
Seizures look different in everyone, but
repeat same behavior in their seizures
Lasts about 2 minutes or less
Some experience an aura prior; confused and
tired afterwards
-Simple partial seizure followed by impairment
of consciousness
-With impairment of consciousness on onset
17. Evolving to both sides of the brain
(secondarily generalized)
Starts from one area of the brain, then
involves both hemispheres
Simple partial and/or complex partial seizure
progressing to a generalized seizure
http://graphicwitness.medical.
illustration.com,(Generalized
Seizures, exh 49300c)
18. Some types of focal epilepsy
Temporal lobe epilepsy
http://www.wiredtowninthemovie.com/mindtrip-xml.html
Frontal lobe epilepsy
http://www.wiredtowninthemovie.com/mindtrip-xml.html
19. Temporal lobe epilepsy
Seizures arise from the temporal lobe(s)
Most frequent type of focal epilepsies,
constitutes 30-35% of all epilepsies
(Panayiotopoulos,2010)
Possible cause- defect or scar in temporal
lobe
Onset often in childhood or early adulthood
20. Temporal lobe epilepsy
Symptoms:
Often aura, experience feelings,
emotions, sensation rising up from stomach,
hear voices, odd smell or taste
Lip smacking, hand rubbing, shouting, laughing or
fiddling with buttons on clothes
Seizures usually last 1-2 minutes
Confusion and headache afterwards
21. Frontal lobe epilepsy
Recurring seizures that arise in the frontal lobe
Second most common focal epilepsy
Possible causes: tumor, head trauma, birth
defect or can be genetic
Seizures can be with or without consciousness
Have a tendency to occur in sleep
Mistaken as a non-epileptic seizure or sleep disorder
22. Frontal lobe epilepsy
Symptoms:
May start with an aura
Involve laughing, crying or shouting
Weakness or inability to use
certain muscles (trouble speaking)
Can be aware of loss of control of arms & legs
Seizures in one person are similar
25. Tonic-Clonic Seizures
Consciousness is lost, no recollection
Body stiffens, may fall, scream
Arm and leg jerking
Frothing at the mouth
Incontinence
Bitten tongue
May occur in sleep or upon awakening
http://quizlet.com/13025999/neurology-disorders-of-consciousness-flash-cards/
26. Tonic and Clonic seizures
Tonic-
-muscles stiffen,
-Consciousness lost
-affects whole or part of body
-can last 10-20 seconds
Clonic-
-consist of rhythmic jerking
-various ages
27. Myoclonic seizures
Brief jerks typically occur 1-2 hours from
waking up
Usually less than a second
One or many in a short period
May drop an object
28. Myoclonic seizures
Abnormal movements of arms/shoulder both
sides, sometimes entire body
May fall and injure themselves
Sometimes triggered by flashing lights
example: Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
29. Absence seizures
Short interruption of consciousness
With staring
Brief 5-12 seconds
So brief, may escape detection
More common in children than adults
No warning or after-effect
30. Atonic seizures
Atonic means “without tone”
Head nods, neck muscles suddenly lose
tension, fall
Can injure themselves when they fall, helmet
for protection
Often begin in childhood and last into
adulthood
31. Status Epilepticus
One seizure quickly follows another
Any seizure can develop into status epilepticus
(tonic-clonic status, absence status, complex partial
status)
Tonic-clonic (convulsive) status is a medical
emergency
Tonic-clonic seizures longer then 5 minutes or
happens again after a short break, call an ambulance
32. Non-epileptic seizures
May look like epileptic seizures
Not caused by electrical disruptions in brain
Tend to change in character over time
Longer than epileptic seizures
33. Non-epileptic seizures
Occur only in wakefulness
Anti-epileptic drugs do not help
30% of patients with epileptic seizures also
suffer from non-epileptic seizures
(Panayiotopoulos, 2010)
34. First Aid
Stay calm
Do not insert anything into the person's
mouth
Keep person safe, remove dangerous
objects
Do not restrain
35. First Aid
Turn the person on their side, loosen tight
clothing
Remain with person after seizure
Call 911 if seizure (convulsive) lasts longer
then 5 minutes or second seizure without
recovery from the first
37. Medical attention required
If a person is pregnant or diabetic
If injured themselves during the seizure
First time seizure
Seizure occurred in water
If seizures continue beyond 5 minutes
39. References
Epilepsy Foundation. (2009). Types of Seizures.
Retrieved March 18th, 2013 from
http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/get
involved/upload/181TOS.pdf.
Epilepsy.com. (n.d.). New Terms And
Concepts For Seizures And Epilepsy.
Retrieved April 1st, 2013 from
http://www.epilepsy.com/epilepsy/new-terms-
concepts-for-seizures-and-epilepsy.
40. References
Netter, Frank H., n.d., Absence Seizures
Retrieved April 1st, 2013 from
http:/www.netterimages.com/image/1257.htm.
Netter, Frank H., n.d., Complex Partial
Seizures. Retrieved April 1st, 2013 from
http://www.netterimages.com/image/12156.
htm
Panayiotopoulos, C.P.,(2010). A Clinical
Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and Their
Treatment. London, UK: Springer
Healthcare,Ltd.
41. References
Reuber, M., Schahter, S., Elger, C., Altrup, U.
(2009). Epilepsy Explained. New York, NY:
Oxford University Press.
Shorvon, S., Guerrini, R., Cook, M., Lhatoo,
S., Kennard, C. (2013). Epilepsy and
Epileptic Seizures. Oxford, UK: Oxford
UniversityPress.
