Dr. Kathryn Davis from Penn Epilepsy Center present on new treatment devices and clinical trials for epilepsy. From the 2014 Epilepsy Education Exchange.
Treatment of epilepsy polytherapy vs monotherapyPramod Krishnan
This presentation reviews the evidence regarding use of early polytherapy in patients with epilepsy with regards to seizure control and adverse effects. The advantages and disadvantages of polytherapy compared to monotherapy is addressed.
A review of literature about Stiripentol and Rufinamide and their role in Dravets and Lennox Gastaut Syndrome respectively. It also looks at off label indications of these two orphan drugs.
Slides describing the Status Epilepticus especially in regards to children.
References:
1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seizures-and-epilepsy-in-children-initial-treatment-and monitoring?search=seizure%20initial%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H2
2. Sculier, C, Gaínza‐Lein, M, Sánchez Fernández, I, Loddenkemper, T. Long‐term outcomes of status epilepticus: A critical assessment. Epilepsia. 2018; 59( S2): 155– 169. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.14515
3. Paeds protocol on section Status Epilepticus
4. ILAE: EPIGRAPH VOL. 20 ISSUE 2, FALL 2018 Time is Brain: Treating status epilepticus
Recent advances in the management of Parkinson's Disease (PD)Sudhir Kumar
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease causing severe disability. In the past 10-15 years, a lot of new medicines and treatments have become successful in helping patients with PD. The current review focuses in all approved treatments for PD
Treatment of epilepsy polytherapy vs monotherapyPramod Krishnan
This presentation reviews the evidence regarding use of early polytherapy in patients with epilepsy with regards to seizure control and adverse effects. The advantages and disadvantages of polytherapy compared to monotherapy is addressed.
A review of literature about Stiripentol and Rufinamide and their role in Dravets and Lennox Gastaut Syndrome respectively. It also looks at off label indications of these two orphan drugs.
Slides describing the Status Epilepticus especially in regards to children.
References:
1. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/seizures-and-epilepsy-in-children-initial-treatment-and monitoring?search=seizure%20initial%20treatment&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H2
2. Sculier, C, Gaínza‐Lein, M, Sánchez Fernández, I, Loddenkemper, T. Long‐term outcomes of status epilepticus: A critical assessment. Epilepsia. 2018; 59( S2): 155– 169. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.14515
3. Paeds protocol on section Status Epilepticus
4. ILAE: EPIGRAPH VOL. 20 ISSUE 2, FALL 2018 Time is Brain: Treating status epilepticus
Recent advances in the management of Parkinson's Disease (PD)Sudhir Kumar
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease causing severe disability. In the past 10-15 years, a lot of new medicines and treatments have become successful in helping patients with PD. The current review focuses in all approved treatments for PD
This interesting ppt deals with the Pharmacology of Antiepileptic drugs and the treatment of different types of seizures with beautiful illustrations....
Treatment Options for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
In some people with drug resistant epilepsy, there are effective treatment options, with a high chance of seizure freedom. These include:
Resective Epilepsy Surgery
Resective epilepsy surgery consists of removing the area of the brain that is causing the seizures. However, for a patient to be a good candidate for surgery, the following conditions have to be met:
The area of the brain where seizures originate is clearly identified.
That area of the brain can be safely removed with surgery. In other words if the risk is greater than “minimal risk,” the patient is not a candidate.
The probability to achieve seizure freedom with epilepsy surgery varies depending on the structures of the brain involved. For example, patients whose seizures originate in the temporal lobe have a 50% to 70% chance of achieving seizure-freedom.
Today, newer, less-invasive techniques are being used in the place of resective surgery in appropriate cases. These include the use of laser, in which a laser probe burns the area of the brain causing the seizures. However, these new techniques may not work for all candidates for resective surgery.
Specific Metabolic Treatment
While metabolic causes of epilepsy are uncommon, identifying some of these conditions can lead to specific treatments to allow the body to compensate for the metabolic change.
Examples are treatment with a ketogenic diet for GLUT1 deficiency, treatment with pyridoxine or pyridoxal-5-phosphate for vitamin dependent epilepsies, and creatine supplementation for creatine deficiency syndromes.
Specific Genetic Causes
Identifying a specific genetic cause can help your doctor choose the best treatment for seizures.
For example, with SCN1A pathogenic variants, medications such as Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal), Carbamazepine (Tegretol) or Phenytoin (Dilantin) should be avoided. Whereas with other types of pathogenic variants, such as SCN2A and SCN8A variants, these medications can be very helpful.
Some specific treatments which target the underlying problem caused by the genetic variant are in clinical trials, and may improve learning and development as well as help with seizures.
Immunotherapy
In the last decade, the role of inflammatory processes in certain types of epilepsy has been recognized. In these cases, medications that counteract these processes have been used with success. However, they have to be used with caution as they are associated with a variety of adverse events.
Presentation given by Dr Catherine Poots from Craigavon Area Hospital at the 2014 Northern Ireland Intensive Care Society annual Coppel Prize on Wednesday November 26th
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
New Treatment Devices and Clinical Trials
1. New Treatment Devices
and Clinical Trials in
Epilepsy
Kate Davis, MD, MTR
Assistant Professor of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania
Medical Director of Penn’s Epilepsy Monitoring Unit and Epilepsy
Surgical Program
5. Selection of Antiepileptic Drug
Seizure type
Epilepsy syndrome diagnosis
Age
Gender
Concomitant medical conditions and medications
Anticipated duration of treatment
Elimination (hepatic, renal)
Pharmacokinetics (half-life, dosing interval)
Safety and side effect profile
Cost
6. Efficacy Spectrum of 1st Gen Antiepileptic Drugs
PB PRM PHT CBZ VPA FBM
Simple partial + + + + + +
Complex partial + + + + + +
Secondary GTC + + + + + +
Primary GTC + + + + + +
Myoclonic + + - - + +
Absence - - - - + +
Lennox-Gastaut + +/- +/- +/- + +
Monotherapy + + + + + +
Note: FDA approval may not exist for all seizure
types for which efficacy has been demonstrated
or suggested
7. Efficacy Spectrum of 2nd Gen Antiepileptic Drugs
PGB GBP LTG TPM TGB OXC/
ESL
LVT ZNG
Simple partial + + + + + + + +
Complex partial + + + + + + + +
Secondary GTC + + + + + + + +
Primary GTC ? - + + - ? + +
Myoclonic ? - + + - - + +
Absence ? - + + - - + +
Lennox-Gastaut ? - + + - - ? ?
Monotherapy ? + + + ? + ? ?
Note: FDA approval may not exist for all seizure types for which
efficacy has been demonstrated or suggested
8. Efficacy Spectrum of 3rd Gen Antiepileptic Drugs
RUF VGB LAC CLB EZG PER
Simple partial ? + + ? + +
Complex partial ? + + ? + +
Secondary GTC ? + + ? + +
Primary GTC ? - ? ? ? +
Myoclonic ? - ? + ? ?
Absence ? - ? + ? ?
Lennox-Gastaut + - ? + ? ?
Monotherapy ? ? ? ? ? ?
Note: FDA approval may not exist for all seizure
types for which efficacy has been demonstrated or
suggested
9. Third Generation Common adverse
effects
Rare or idiosyncratic
side effects
Clobazam (Onfi) Somnolence, anxiolytic,
drooling
Repiratory failure
Esliscarbazepine
(Aptiom)
Dizziness, GI effects,
hyponatremia
Rash, SJS
Ezogabine
(Potiga)
Asthenia, dizziness,
somnolence
Bladder flacidity,
pigment changes nails,
retina, lips
Perampanel
(Fycompa)
Irritability, dizziness Mood change (SI or HI)
11. Enrolling Drug Trials
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-
Controlled Study of the Safety and Efficacy
of Intranasal Midazolam (USL261) in the
Outpatient Treatment of Subjects with
Seizure Clusters (P261-401)
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled
Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Intranasal
Midazolam (USL261) in the Outpatient Treatment
of Subjects with Seizure Clusters (P261-401)
12. Enrolling Drug Trials
A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized,
Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Response Trial
of YKP3089 as Adjunctive Therapy in
Subjects with Partial Onset Seizures with
Optional Open-Label Extension (YKP3089
C017)
The purpose of this study is to determine the
effective dose range of YKP3089.
13. Enrolling Seizure Detection Study
A Pivotal Phase III Trial of Detecting
Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures with a
Seizure Detection and Warning System in
Epilepsy Patients (Brain Sentinel)
The purpose of this non-interventional device
study is to learn whether the experimental
seizure detection device being studied (the
Night WatchTM, an electromyography recorder
and analyzer) is able to detect GTC seizures
and alert caregivers when they start.
14. Treatment options for Drug
Resistant Epilepsy
14
Comprehensive Epilepsy Evaluation
VNS Therapy Diet
• Ketogenic
• Modified Atkins
• Low glycemic
index
Other
• AEDs
• Other
pharmacologics
Brain Surgery
• Resective surgery
– Corpus Callosotomy
– Hemispherectomy
– Multiple Subpial
Transsections
• MR Laser Ablation
• Responsive
Neurostimulation
System (RNS)
VNSOV15-11-1000-WW
15. Visualase
Minimally invasive
Heat ablation
Developed in tumor
surgery
Applied to temporal
lobectomy, lesional
epilepsy surgery in
children, ablation
periventricular
nodules
16. Visualase: Mesial Temporal Lobe
Epilepsy
• Median hospital stay
of 1 day
• 77% patients with
meaningful seizure
reduction
• 67% patients seizure
free
Willie et al., Neurosurgery, 2014.
18. Transorbital endoscopic
amygdalohippocampectomy
Minimally invasive
Advantage is that cortex
spared
Procedure offered only
at Penn by Dr. Lucas
Transorbital endoscopic
amygdalohippocampectomy: a feasibility
investigation. Source:
Journal of neurosurgery [0022-3085] Chen, H I
yr:2014 vol:120 iss:6 pg:1428 -1436
19. Vagus Nerve Stimulator
Broad spectrum
Mechanism: unknown –
more later
55% responder rate
(reduction in sz by 50%)
Hoarseness, SOB, GERD
Evolving device to create
trigger to tachycardia (85%
focal epilepsy) to improve
efficacy
20. Seizure reduction improves over time and is
sustained for at least 10 years post-VNS
Therapy
20
35.7%
52.1%
58.3% 60.4%
65.7%
75.5% 75.5% 76.3%
6 months 1 Year 2 Years 4 Years 6 Years 8 years 10 Years LVCF
MeanSeizureReduction
• Seizure frequency was significantly reduced from baseline
at each of the recorded intervals (P<0.01); N=65
Elliott RE, et al. Epilepsy & Behavior 20: 57-63, 2011VNSOV15-11-1000-WW
22. Indication for Use
The RNS® System is an adjunctive therapy in reducing the
frequency of seizures in individuals 18 years of age or older with
partial onset seizures who have undergone diagnostic testing that
localized no more than 2 epileptogenic foci, are refractory to two or
more antiepileptic medications, and currently have frequent and
disabling seizures (motor partial seizures, complex partial seizures
and/or secondarily generalized seizures). The RNS® System has
demonstrated safety and effectiveness in patients who average 3 or
more disabling seizures per month over the three most recent
months (with no month with fewer than two seizures), and has not
been evaluated in patients with less frequent seizures.
24. RNS System: Responsive Stimulation
1. Physician identifies
electrocorticographic
activity to be detected
2. Detection settings
specific to that activity
are programmed
3. Stimulation is enabled
using standard settings
4. Detection and
stimulation is adjusted as
needed
26. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
RNS System Clinical Studies
Feasibility Study
65 implanted
Pivotal Study
191 implanted
Long-term Treatment Study (230 enrolled)Long-term Treatment Study (230 enrolled)
27. -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 26
RNS System Pivotal Study Design
Post-
Op
Stim
Opt
Months Relative to Implant
Implant Randomization
Sham Group: Stimulation On
Treatment Group: Stimulation On
Baseline
Period
Open Label Evaluation
Blinded
Evaluation
28. Subject Demographics
Pivotal Study, N=191
Age at implant (years) 34.9 ±11.6
Gender (female) 48%
Duration of epilepsy (years) 20.5 + 11.6
Daily AEDs at enrollment 2.8 + 1.2
Seizures/28-days, mean (median;
range)
34.2 (9.7; 3-338)
Prior VNS 34%
Evaluation with intracranial
electrodes
59%
Prior epilepsy surgery 32%
28
Data as of May 12, 2011
29. Primary Effectiveness Endpoint
Post-op Month of Blinded Evaluation PeriodEntire Blinded
Evaluation
Period
Month
4
Treatment
53 4 53
Sham
Treatment Sham
%
Change in
Seizure
Frequency
(GEE)
p = 0.012
30. Pre-specified Subset Analyses
Likelihood of good response not
different in patients
Previously treated with VNS
With mesial temporal v. neocortical
onsets
With one or two seizure foci
Having had a prior epilepsy surgery
31. Pivotal Study Responder Rate
All subjects receiving stimulation
Sham
Treatment
Heck et al., 2014
32. QOLIE-89 Group Improvements at Year 2
Mean change from baseline (T score)
* Indicates significantly different from baseline at p<0.05
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
34. Neuropsychological and Mood Assessments
14 neuropsychological domains and 3 mood
inventories
Testing at baseline, end of Blinded Evaluation
Period and at 1 and 2 years post-implant
No difference between Treatment and Sham at end of
Blinded Evaluation Period
No deterioration in group scores at any time point
35. No Adverse Effects on Mood
Pivotal Study
Three inventories of mood1 administered at
baseline, end of Blinded Evaluation Period and
at 1 and 2 years post-implant
Beck Depression Inventory-II
CES-D
Profile of Mood States
No difference between Treatment and Sham at end
of Blinded Evaluation Period
No deterioration at any time point in group scores
1 Summary scores from BDI-II, CES-D, POMS
Data as of May 12, 2011
36. Year after
Implanta
Nb
Median % Reduction
(1st and 3rd Quartile)
Responder Rate
(95% CI)c
3 214
60.0%
(24.2%, 85.8%)
57.9%
(51.3%, 64.4%)
4 204
63.3%
(29.8%, 91.2%)
60.8%
(53.9%, 67.2%)
5 172
65.5%
(23.2%, 91.2%)
61.0%
(53.6%, 68.0%)
6 115
65.7%
(30.6%, 87.1%)
59.1%
(50.0%, 67.7%)
A First 3 months
b N represents subjects who have reached that time point in the ongoing study.
c 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated using the Wald method.
Data as of November 1, 2013
Long-term Seizure Reduction
37. RNS® System: Longer Term Safety Data
256 patients treated over more than 1400 total
implant years
Rates of non-seizure related hemorrhage
(2.7%) and infection leading to explant (4.3%)
comparable to DBS at 2 years1
Sustained improvements in QOL
No adverse effects on cognition or mood
1 Weaver et al, JAMA 2009;301:63-73.
38. The RNS System is a new type of adjunctive treatment
for with intractable partial seizures
The RNS System is proven effective and safe in
some patients who have failed medications
Patients who have been treated with the VNS or
epilepsy surgery may respond to the RNS System
The RNS System provides an opportunity for
improved seizure control with good tolerability
and acceptable risk