This document summarizes a case study on the seismic evaluation of a masonry building in Kashmir, India. The building is Amar Singh College, which is constructed of masonry and located in a high seismic zone. The researchers analyzed the building to determine its ability to resist seismic forces. They calculated the building's seismic weight, time period, design lateral loads, wall rigidities, and torsional forces. The analysis found the building was not designed for earthquake resistance and did not follow seismic design guidelines. This poses risks given Kashmir's earthquake susceptibility. The study aims to improve seismic performance of masonry buildings through appropriate design and construction techniques.
Earthquake Resistance Design-Impact On Cost Of Reinforced Concrete BuilidingsIJMER
Earthquakes strike suddenly, violently and without warning at any time of the day or night.It
is highly impossible to prevent an earthquake from occuring, but the damage to the builiding can be
controlled through proper design and detailing. Hence it is mandatory to do the sesmic analysis and
design to structure against collapse. This study addresses the performance and variation of precentage
steel and concrete quantity of R.C framed structure in different seismic zones and influence on overall
cost of construction. This study mainly focuses on the comparision of percentage steel and concrete
quantities when the builiding is designed for gravity loads as per IS 456:2000 and when the builiding is
designed for earthquake forces in different seismic zones as per IS 1893:2002. A five storied R.C.C
framed structure has been analyse and designed using STAAD ProV8i. Ductile detailing has been done
in conformation with IS:13920
This document analyzes and discusses the connection designs of precast load bearing walls in multi-story buildings subjected to seismic and wind loads. It presents the modeling and analysis of a G+11 story precast concrete shear wall structure using ETABS software. The effects of various seismic zones and wind speeds on structural responses like out-of-plane moments, axial forces, shear forces, base shear, story drift, and tensile forces in the shear walls are extracted and plotted. Maximum values of these responses at different story levels are compared for different seismic zones and wind speeds. Finally, the effect of seismic zone and wind zone on the structural behavior is summarized in tabular form.
Comparative Study of Response of Structures Subjected To Blast and Earthquake...IJERA Editor
The increase in the number of terrorist attacks especially in the last few years has shown that the effect of blast
load on building is a serious challenge that should be taken in to consideration for designing of structures. This
type of loading damages the structures, externally as well as internally. Hence the blast load should be
considered with same importance as earthquake load. The present study includes the comparative performance
of G+3 storey building subjected to blast and earthquake loading using ETABS. For four storey building using
different input parameters like charge explosive, stand-off distance and layout of building the blast pressure are
conducted and linear time history analysis is carried out. Comparative study for blast and earthquake loading is
carried out for different parameters like maximum storey displacement, storey drift and quantity of materials.
Safe charge explosive and safe stand-off distance are obtained for the RCC structure with the sections of
structural elements same as per the requirement for earthquake resistance. Displacement is higher for the blast
loading as compared to earthquake loading and very high for the storey at which blast load is applied. Quantity
of concrete is 40 percentages higher for blast resistant building than the earthquake resistant building.
Seismic performance of r c buildings on sloping grounds with different types ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Structure are highly susceptible to serve damages in earthquake scenario, so choosing an appropriate lateral force resisting
bracing systems will have a significant effect on performance of the structure. So this present study is aimed at evaluating and
comparing various types of eccentric steel bracings for 12 storey RC frame building resisting on sloping ground configurations.
For this 5 types of bracing systems like X-Bracing, Diagonal bracing, K- bracing, V-bracing and inverted V bracing are
considered on the outer periphery of the buildings with step back and set back – step back type configurations are modeled and
analyzed. The models are compared for different aspects within the structure, such as the maximum storey displacement, base
shear, storey drift and storey shear, the structure is analyzed for seismic zone V and medium soil condition as per IS 1893:2002
using ETABS software. Results conclude that on sloping ground due to irregularity on ground surface, the structures are more
vulnerable to earthquakes. Hence use of eccentric steel bracing is an effective and economical way to resist earthquake forces,
Inverted V type bracing performs well compared to other bracing types. By using inverted V type bracing in step back buildings
types maximum storey displacement of 70% and storey drift of 66% are obtained. Similarly for setback – step back configuration
maximum storey displacement of 74% and storey drift of 70% are obtained respectively.
Keywords: X-Bracing, Diagonal Bracing, K- Bracing, V-Bracing and Inverted V Bracing
Linear Dynamic Analysis and Seismic Evaluation of RC BuildingQudsia Wahab, EIT
The document summarizes linear dynamic analysis and seismic evaluation of a 10-story reinforced concrete model structure tested on a shake table in Japan. Key aspects include:
1) The structure was modeled in SAP2000 and consisted of special moment resisting frames (SMRFs) in the long direction and reinforced concrete shear walls in the short direction.
2) Response spectrum analysis was performed in SAP2000 using design spectra from the test site in Japan. The fundamental period of the structure was found to be 0.538 seconds in the short direction and 0.947 seconds in the long direction.
3) Capacities of critical members were calculated using ACI 318 and compared to demands from SAP2000 to check
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparison of percentage steel and concrete quantities of a r.c building in d...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper addresses the performance and variation of percentage steel and concrete quantities of R.C.C framed structure in different seismic zones. One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of a nature is a severe earthquake and it terrible after effect. It is highly impossible to prevent an earth quake from occurring, but the damage to the buildings can be controlled through proper design and detailing. Hence it is mandatory to do the seismic analysis and design to structures against collapse. Designing a structure in such a way that reducing damage during an earthquake makes the structure quite uneconomical, as the earth quake might or might not occur in its life time and is a rare phenomenon. The present IS code 1893:2002 doesn’t provide information about the variation of concrete and percentage of steel from zone to zone. This study mainly focus on the comparison of percentage steel and concrete quantities when the building is designed for gravity loads as per IS 456:2000 and when the building is designed for earthquake forces in different seismic zones as per IS 1893:2002. Keywords: Earthquakes, Reinforcement, Ductility, Damageability, STAAD-Pro.
Seismic Analysis of Regular and Irregular Buildings with Vertical Irregularit...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic response of regular and irregular buildings with vertical irregularities using STAAD.Pro software. Six building models are analyzed - three regular buildings with stepped, inverted-T, and U-shaped vertical irregularities, and three irregular (H-shaped plan) buildings with the same vertical irregularities. Response spectrum analysis is used to determine maximum displacements, base shear, frequencies, and time periods. Results show irregular buildings have higher displacements and lower frequencies than regular buildings. The regular building with a U-shaped vertical irregularity performed the worst with the highest displacements. In conclusion, regular buildings performed better seismically than irregular buildings with vertical irregularities.
Earthquake Resistance Design-Impact On Cost Of Reinforced Concrete BuilidingsIJMER
Earthquakes strike suddenly, violently and without warning at any time of the day or night.It
is highly impossible to prevent an earthquake from occuring, but the damage to the builiding can be
controlled through proper design and detailing. Hence it is mandatory to do the sesmic analysis and
design to structure against collapse. This study addresses the performance and variation of precentage
steel and concrete quantity of R.C framed structure in different seismic zones and influence on overall
cost of construction. This study mainly focuses on the comparision of percentage steel and concrete
quantities when the builiding is designed for gravity loads as per IS 456:2000 and when the builiding is
designed for earthquake forces in different seismic zones as per IS 1893:2002. A five storied R.C.C
framed structure has been analyse and designed using STAAD ProV8i. Ductile detailing has been done
in conformation with IS:13920
This document analyzes and discusses the connection designs of precast load bearing walls in multi-story buildings subjected to seismic and wind loads. It presents the modeling and analysis of a G+11 story precast concrete shear wall structure using ETABS software. The effects of various seismic zones and wind speeds on structural responses like out-of-plane moments, axial forces, shear forces, base shear, story drift, and tensile forces in the shear walls are extracted and plotted. Maximum values of these responses at different story levels are compared for different seismic zones and wind speeds. Finally, the effect of seismic zone and wind zone on the structural behavior is summarized in tabular form.
Comparative Study of Response of Structures Subjected To Blast and Earthquake...IJERA Editor
The increase in the number of terrorist attacks especially in the last few years has shown that the effect of blast
load on building is a serious challenge that should be taken in to consideration for designing of structures. This
type of loading damages the structures, externally as well as internally. Hence the blast load should be
considered with same importance as earthquake load. The present study includes the comparative performance
of G+3 storey building subjected to blast and earthquake loading using ETABS. For four storey building using
different input parameters like charge explosive, stand-off distance and layout of building the blast pressure are
conducted and linear time history analysis is carried out. Comparative study for blast and earthquake loading is
carried out for different parameters like maximum storey displacement, storey drift and quantity of materials.
Safe charge explosive and safe stand-off distance are obtained for the RCC structure with the sections of
structural elements same as per the requirement for earthquake resistance. Displacement is higher for the blast
loading as compared to earthquake loading and very high for the storey at which blast load is applied. Quantity
of concrete is 40 percentages higher for blast resistant building than the earthquake resistant building.
Seismic performance of r c buildings on sloping grounds with different types ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Structure are highly susceptible to serve damages in earthquake scenario, so choosing an appropriate lateral force resisting
bracing systems will have a significant effect on performance of the structure. So this present study is aimed at evaluating and
comparing various types of eccentric steel bracings for 12 storey RC frame building resisting on sloping ground configurations.
For this 5 types of bracing systems like X-Bracing, Diagonal bracing, K- bracing, V-bracing and inverted V bracing are
considered on the outer periphery of the buildings with step back and set back – step back type configurations are modeled and
analyzed. The models are compared for different aspects within the structure, such as the maximum storey displacement, base
shear, storey drift and storey shear, the structure is analyzed for seismic zone V and medium soil condition as per IS 1893:2002
using ETABS software. Results conclude that on sloping ground due to irregularity on ground surface, the structures are more
vulnerable to earthquakes. Hence use of eccentric steel bracing is an effective and economical way to resist earthquake forces,
Inverted V type bracing performs well compared to other bracing types. By using inverted V type bracing in step back buildings
types maximum storey displacement of 70% and storey drift of 66% are obtained. Similarly for setback – step back configuration
maximum storey displacement of 74% and storey drift of 70% are obtained respectively.
Keywords: X-Bracing, Diagonal Bracing, K- Bracing, V-Bracing and Inverted V Bracing
Linear Dynamic Analysis and Seismic Evaluation of RC BuildingQudsia Wahab, EIT
The document summarizes linear dynamic analysis and seismic evaluation of a 10-story reinforced concrete model structure tested on a shake table in Japan. Key aspects include:
1) The structure was modeled in SAP2000 and consisted of special moment resisting frames (SMRFs) in the long direction and reinforced concrete shear walls in the short direction.
2) Response spectrum analysis was performed in SAP2000 using design spectra from the test site in Japan. The fundamental period of the structure was found to be 0.538 seconds in the short direction and 0.947 seconds in the long direction.
3) Capacities of critical members were calculated using ACI 318 and compared to demands from SAP2000 to check
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparison of percentage steel and concrete quantities of a r.c building in d...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper addresses the performance and variation of percentage steel and concrete quantities of R.C.C framed structure in different seismic zones. One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of a nature is a severe earthquake and it terrible after effect. It is highly impossible to prevent an earth quake from occurring, but the damage to the buildings can be controlled through proper design and detailing. Hence it is mandatory to do the seismic analysis and design to structures against collapse. Designing a structure in such a way that reducing damage during an earthquake makes the structure quite uneconomical, as the earth quake might or might not occur in its life time and is a rare phenomenon. The present IS code 1893:2002 doesn’t provide information about the variation of concrete and percentage of steel from zone to zone. This study mainly focus on the comparison of percentage steel and concrete quantities when the building is designed for gravity loads as per IS 456:2000 and when the building is designed for earthquake forces in different seismic zones as per IS 1893:2002. Keywords: Earthquakes, Reinforcement, Ductility, Damageability, STAAD-Pro.
Seismic Analysis of Regular and Irregular Buildings with Vertical Irregularit...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic response of regular and irregular buildings with vertical irregularities using STAAD.Pro software. Six building models are analyzed - three regular buildings with stepped, inverted-T, and U-shaped vertical irregularities, and three irregular (H-shaped plan) buildings with the same vertical irregularities. Response spectrum analysis is used to determine maximum displacements, base shear, frequencies, and time periods. Results show irregular buildings have higher displacements and lower frequencies than regular buildings. The regular building with a U-shaped vertical irregularity performed the worst with the highest displacements. In conclusion, regular buildings performed better seismically than irregular buildings with vertical irregularities.
This document is the Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision). It summarizes the changes made in this fifth revision, including revising the seismic zone map to have four zones instead of five, changing the seismic zone factor values, specifying response spectra for different soil types, revising the formula for estimating building natural period, adopting response reduction factors, and revising other design provisions. The purpose is to incorporate latest research in earthquake-resistant design and experience from past earthquakes into the standard.
Basic concepts in indian standard eq design codesdeua2004
The document provides guidelines for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces according to Indian Standard IS 13920. Some key points:
1) Flexural members must have at least two longitudinal bars on the top and bottom throughout the member length. Minimum and maximum steel ratios are specified.
2) Anchorage lengths for beam bars in exterior joints must be development length plus 10 bar diameters beyond the inner face of the column.
3) Lap splices are only allowed in the central half of members and must be designed as tension splices with hoops of spacing ≤150mm over the entire splice length. No more than 50% of bars can be spliced at one section.
IRJET- Analysis and Design of Regular and Irregular BuildingsIRJET Journal
The document analyzes and compares the structural design of regular and irregular reinforced concrete (RCC) buildings. It finds that irregular buildings experience increased torsion effects due to the center of mass and stiffness not coinciding. For an irregular L-shaped building studied, maximum horizontal displacement and torsion induced were higher compared to the regular building. Column forces and design requirements also differed between the regular and irregular structures due to the additional torsion effects in the irregular building. The study concludes that irregular building designs require relatively higher structural sections to account for increased stresses from torsion.
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF VERTICALLY IRREGULAR STRUCTURE UNDER VARIOUS SE...Ijripublishers Ijri
In the recent years a lot of attention has been given to the earthquake analysis of structure it is one of the most devastating
natural calamity and which causes severe damage not only to the properties but also to the lives. This is the
reason there has been a lot of focus on the structures to be earthquake resistant. Buildings get damaged mostly due
to the earthquake ground motions. In an earthquake, the building base experiences high frequency movements, which
results in the inertial force on the building and its components and this problem gets worse when a structure is irregular
in shape, size etc,. Therefore, there is a lot to work on the seismic behavior of the irregular building which might not
respond the way regular building does. It makes the irregular building quite more complex and unpredictable during
the course of an earthquake.
Seismic analysis of vertical irregular multistoried buildingeSAT Journals
Abstract It is understood that buildings which are regular in elevation (regular building) perform much better than those which have irregularity in elevation (irregular building) under seismic loading. Irregularities are not avoidable in construction of buildings. However a detailed study to understand structural behaviour of the buildings with irregularities under seismic loading is essential for appropriate design and their better performance. The main objective of this study is to understand the effect of elevation irregularity and behaviour of 3-D R.C. Building which is subjected to earthquake load. In the present study, a 5 bays X 5 bays, 16 storied structure with provision of lift core walls and each storey height 3.2 m, having irregularity in elevation, is considered as the soft storey 3-D structure. An Irregular building is assumed to be located in all zones. Linear dynamic analysis using Response Spectrum method of the irregular building is carried out using the standard and convenient FE software package. To quantify the effect of different degrees of irregularities all the structures are analysed. In addition, the analysis carried out also enables to understand the behaviour that takes place in irregular buildings in comparison to that in regular buildings. For this the behaviour parameters considered are 1) Maximum displacement 2) Base shear, 3) Time period. Key Words: asymmetric building, soft story, base shear, displacement, soft storey, time period.
The document summarizes a student project to assess the seismic performance of a reinforced concrete building through nonlinear analysis. The students modeled the building in structural analysis software, performed linear and nonlinear analysis, determined the structure did not meet seismic code requirements, redesigned it with thicker shear walls and beams, and confirmed the redesign met code through additional nonlinear analysis.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objective: The experimental study on behavior of fly ash based geo-polymer concrete and other parameters like strength properties, concentration of alkaline solution, ratio of NaOH to Na2Sio3, curing time, additional water in mix. Method: In the present study sustainable materials were used such as Fly ash. Combination of Sodium Hydroxide and sodium silicate is used as activator solution to form geopolymer concrete. The activator solution is prepared 24 hours prior of casting. The mix is designed for 10 Molarity with varying ratios of 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The GPC specimens are tested for compression, flexural and tension tests at the age of 3, 7, 28 days. Findings: As the activator ratio increases the compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength is also increased. As the time curing is increased the geopolymer specimens also improved. Applications/ Improvements: Fly ash based geoploymer concrete can be used as precast products like parking tiles, pavement tiles, precast GPC beams, girders, railway sleepers, building blocks, electric power poles. They are good resistance towards fire, permeability.
IRJET- Study of Literature on Seismic Response of RC Irregular StructureIRJET Journal
The document discusses vertical irregularities in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and their effects on seismic response. It first defines vertical irregularities as weaknesses caused by discontinuities in mass, stiffness, or geometry between storeys. Soft stories, where the stiffness suddenly decreases, are one type of vertical irregularity. The document then reviews several previous studies on modeling and analyzing vertically irregular buildings using pushover analysis, which incrementally loads a structure to determine its failure mechanisms. The studies found that soft story buildings absorb energy through overturning and shear deformation. Irregular buildings may have similar seismic performance to regular buildings if properly designed. Quantifying the degree of irregularity can help evaluate seismic vulnerability and retrofitting needs.
Performance Based Evaluation of Shear Walled RCC Building by Pushover AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
IRJET- Effect of Different Soil Conditions on Seismic Response of Multi-Store...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study analyzing the seismic response of a 9-story irregular reinforced concrete frame structure with varying soil conditions (hard, medium, and soft soil) using STAAD Pro software. Three models (M1, M2, M3) with the same structural parameters except soil type are analyzed using the equivalent static method. The response of each model is examined in terms of maximum story displacement, column stresses, and required steel quantity. The objective is to check the stability of the models under different soil conditions according to Indian codes and standards.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Regular and Irregular Configuration of Mul...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the response of regular and irregularly configured multistory buildings in medium soil and various seismic zones. A 30-story building is modeled in ETABS software with both regular and irregular configurations. The models are analyzed using response spectrum analysis in seismic zones II and V. Results show that the irregular building experiences higher story displacements, drifts, forces, and accelerations compared to the regular building. The regular building has higher story stiffness and lower base shear. Therefore, irregular configurations perform poorer under earthquake loading with increased damage potential.
1) The document discusses calculating seismic loads on buildings according to Indian Standard IS 1893:2002. It provides steps to calculate the design horizontal seismic coefficient, seismic weight of the building, and design seismic lateral force.
2) Examples are given to demonstrate calculating seismic shear force for single storey buildings located in different seismic zones and for a four storey building in Bhuj accounting for soil conditions and distributing the design force to each floor.
3) Key parameters that influence seismic load calculation include zone factor, importance factor, response reduction factor, and spectral acceleration depending on soil type and location.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGH RISE STRUCTURES UNDER DIFFERENT TYPE OF REINFORCED C...AM Publications
Shear walls are a type of structural system that provides lateral resistance to a building or structure. They resist in-plane loads that are applied along its height. The applied load is generally transferred to the wall by a diaphragm or collector or drag member. In the present work thirty story building with C Shape, Box shape, E Shape, I shape and Plus shape RC Shear wall at the center in Concrete Frame Structure with fixed support conditions under different type of soil for earthquake zone V as per IS 1893 (part 1) : 2002 in India are analyzed using software ETABS by Dynamic analysis. All the analyses has been carried out as per the Indian Standard code books. This paper aims to Study the behaviour of high rise structure with dual system with Different Type of RC Shear Walls (C,Box,E,I and Plus shapes) under different type of soil condition with seismic loading. Estimation of structural response such as; storey displacements, storey stiffness, Lateral loads, Mode shape of shear wall, Time period and frequency is carried out. In dynamic analysis; Response Spectrum method is used.
The document evaluates guidelines for considering soil-structure interaction (SSI) in Indian seismic codes. It analyzes the seismic response of a 150m tall chimney resting on soils with different shear velocities, representing soft to hard strata. The analysis shows that accounting for SSI increases the structure's period while decreasing the base shear and bending moment. Additionally, the shear modulus of soil, and correspondingly the structural response, is significantly impacted in high seismic zones due to soil strain-dependent properties. The document recommends Indian codes incorporate provisions to adjust shear modulus based on seismic intensity.
1. The document analyzes the dynamic behavior of high-rise buildings with different reinforced concrete shear wall shapes (C, box, E, I, and plus shapes) under soft, medium, and hard soil conditions using response spectrum analysis.
2. Five 30-story building models were analyzed with different shear wall shapes at the center. Load combinations and material properties were defined according to Indian codes.
3. Results such as story displacements, story stiffness, lateral loads, shear wall mode shapes, time periods, and frequencies were estimated to study the behavior of tall buildings with dual structural systems and different shear wall configurations under seismic loading.
IRJET- Impact of Shear Wall to Reduce Torsional Effect for Unsymmetrical R.C....IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on analyzing the torsional effects on symmetrical and unsymmetrical reinforced concrete framed buildings under seismic loading. Time history analysis is performed on 10-storey symmetrical and L-shaped unsymmetrical buildings using MATLAB. The response quantities like base shear, displacement and torsional moment are obtained and compared for bare frame, frame with infill walls and frame with shear walls. The results show that the unsymmetrical bare frame experiences higher base shear, displacement and torsional moment compared to the symmetrical frame. Infill walls and shear walls are found to effectively reduce the torsional effects in the unsymmetrical building by shifting the center of rigidity closer to the center of mass.
This document summarizes research on designing buildings to resist blast loads. It discusses modeling a sample building in ETABS software and analyzing its response to different blast scenarios varying the charge weight (125kg to 500kg TNT) and standoff distance (15m to 30m). Key findings include:
1) Increasing the standoff distance significantly reduces blast pressures and damage to the structure. With a 500kg charge at 15m, 177 beams/columns failed, but only 3 failed at 30m.
2) Regular, symmetrical building frames performed better than irregular designs under blast loads.
3) Guidelines for blast-resistant design are needed as conventional buildings are rarely designed for these forces. Important structures like government buildings should
IRJET- Seismic Evaluation of Symmetric and Asymmetric Buildings by Pushover a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the seismic performance of symmetric and asymmetric buildings using pushover analysis and time history analysis. Three new reinforced concrete buildings of different shapes (C-shaped, L-shaped, and square) with 14 stories were modeled. The models included bare frame, soft-story, and infilled wall configurations. Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis and dynamic (time history and response spectrum) analyses were performed to evaluate lateral displacements, story drifts, base shear, and other response parameters. Results showed that irregularly shaped and bare frame buildings experienced greater displacements and drifts compared to symmetric buildings and buildings with infill walls. Buildings with infill walls also had higher base shear values
This document analyzes the seismic performance of irregular L-shaped reinforced concrete buildings of varying heights (4, 8, and 20 stories) located in seismic Zone III. Six models of each building are considered: a bare frame, frame with infill walls modeled as membranes, and frame with infill walls modeled as equivalent diagonal struts. Nonlinear time history and pushover analyses are performed using ETABS. The results show that modeling infill walls improves seismic performance by reducing top story displacement and increasing base shear capacity, with the equivalent strut model performing better than the membrane model. The influence of infill walls decreases with increasing building height.
The document numerically analyzes the effect of different numbers of blades on the performance of a centrifugal pump with constant parameters using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Three cases were simulated with pumps having 5 to 16 blades and the same head, rotational speed, flow rate, and diameter but different performance levels. The results showed that for each case, the pressure and thus performance, increased to a maximum with a specific number of blades then decreased, indicating an optimal blade number for a given pump design and operating conditions.
CONSISTENT AND LUMPED MASS MATRICES IN DYNAMICS AND THEIR IMPACT ON FINITE EL...IAEME Publication
There are two strategies in the finite element analysis of dynamic problems related to natural frequency determination viz. the consistent / coupled mass matrix and the lumped mass matrix. Correct determination of natural frequencies is extremely important and forms the basis of any further NVH (Noise vibration and harshness) calculations and Impact or crash analysis. It has been thought by the finite element community that the consistent mass matrix should not be used as it leads to a higher computational cost and this opinion has been prevalent since 1970. We are of the opinion that in today’s age where computers have become so fast we can use the consistent mass matrix on relatively coarse meshes with an advantage for better accuracy rather than going for finer meshes and lumped mass matrix
Enhanecd load carrying capacity of roofing elenmentsIAEME Publication
The document discusses how the load carrying capacity of roofing elements like slabs, GI sheets, and AC sheets can be enhanced through folded plate action. Folded plate action involves shaping the reinforcement or material into corrugated or trough-like profiles in one or both directions. This increases the element's moment capacity, shear resistance, and ductility while reducing deflection and weight. For slabs, the reinforcement can be made corrugated or trough-shaped. For sheets, a grid pattern with alternating upward and downward folds in both directions increases shell action and load capacity. Such enhancements make for more economical and architecturally pleasing roofing elements that can support greater loads.
This document is the Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision). It summarizes the changes made in this fifth revision, including revising the seismic zone map to have four zones instead of five, changing the seismic zone factor values, specifying response spectra for different soil types, revising the formula for estimating building natural period, adopting response reduction factors, and revising other design provisions. The purpose is to incorporate latest research in earthquake-resistant design and experience from past earthquakes into the standard.
Basic concepts in indian standard eq design codesdeua2004
The document provides guidelines for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces according to Indian Standard IS 13920. Some key points:
1) Flexural members must have at least two longitudinal bars on the top and bottom throughout the member length. Minimum and maximum steel ratios are specified.
2) Anchorage lengths for beam bars in exterior joints must be development length plus 10 bar diameters beyond the inner face of the column.
3) Lap splices are only allowed in the central half of members and must be designed as tension splices with hoops of spacing ≤150mm over the entire splice length. No more than 50% of bars can be spliced at one section.
IRJET- Analysis and Design of Regular and Irregular BuildingsIRJET Journal
The document analyzes and compares the structural design of regular and irregular reinforced concrete (RCC) buildings. It finds that irregular buildings experience increased torsion effects due to the center of mass and stiffness not coinciding. For an irregular L-shaped building studied, maximum horizontal displacement and torsion induced were higher compared to the regular building. Column forces and design requirements also differed between the regular and irregular structures due to the additional torsion effects in the irregular building. The study concludes that irregular building designs require relatively higher structural sections to account for increased stresses from torsion.
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF VERTICALLY IRREGULAR STRUCTURE UNDER VARIOUS SE...Ijripublishers Ijri
In the recent years a lot of attention has been given to the earthquake analysis of structure it is one of the most devastating
natural calamity and which causes severe damage not only to the properties but also to the lives. This is the
reason there has been a lot of focus on the structures to be earthquake resistant. Buildings get damaged mostly due
to the earthquake ground motions. In an earthquake, the building base experiences high frequency movements, which
results in the inertial force on the building and its components and this problem gets worse when a structure is irregular
in shape, size etc,. Therefore, there is a lot to work on the seismic behavior of the irregular building which might not
respond the way regular building does. It makes the irregular building quite more complex and unpredictable during
the course of an earthquake.
Seismic analysis of vertical irregular multistoried buildingeSAT Journals
Abstract It is understood that buildings which are regular in elevation (regular building) perform much better than those which have irregularity in elevation (irregular building) under seismic loading. Irregularities are not avoidable in construction of buildings. However a detailed study to understand structural behaviour of the buildings with irregularities under seismic loading is essential for appropriate design and their better performance. The main objective of this study is to understand the effect of elevation irregularity and behaviour of 3-D R.C. Building which is subjected to earthquake load. In the present study, a 5 bays X 5 bays, 16 storied structure with provision of lift core walls and each storey height 3.2 m, having irregularity in elevation, is considered as the soft storey 3-D structure. An Irregular building is assumed to be located in all zones. Linear dynamic analysis using Response Spectrum method of the irregular building is carried out using the standard and convenient FE software package. To quantify the effect of different degrees of irregularities all the structures are analysed. In addition, the analysis carried out also enables to understand the behaviour that takes place in irregular buildings in comparison to that in regular buildings. For this the behaviour parameters considered are 1) Maximum displacement 2) Base shear, 3) Time period. Key Words: asymmetric building, soft story, base shear, displacement, soft storey, time period.
The document summarizes a student project to assess the seismic performance of a reinforced concrete building through nonlinear analysis. The students modeled the building in structural analysis software, performed linear and nonlinear analysis, determined the structure did not meet seismic code requirements, redesigned it with thicker shear walls and beams, and confirmed the redesign met code through additional nonlinear analysis.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objective: The experimental study on behavior of fly ash based geo-polymer concrete and other parameters like strength properties, concentration of alkaline solution, ratio of NaOH to Na2Sio3, curing time, additional water in mix. Method: In the present study sustainable materials were used such as Fly ash. Combination of Sodium Hydroxide and sodium silicate is used as activator solution to form geopolymer concrete. The activator solution is prepared 24 hours prior of casting. The mix is designed for 10 Molarity with varying ratios of 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The GPC specimens are tested for compression, flexural and tension tests at the age of 3, 7, 28 days. Findings: As the activator ratio increases the compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength is also increased. As the time curing is increased the geopolymer specimens also improved. Applications/ Improvements: Fly ash based geoploymer concrete can be used as precast products like parking tiles, pavement tiles, precast GPC beams, girders, railway sleepers, building blocks, electric power poles. They are good resistance towards fire, permeability.
IRJET- Study of Literature on Seismic Response of RC Irregular StructureIRJET Journal
The document discusses vertical irregularities in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings and their effects on seismic response. It first defines vertical irregularities as weaknesses caused by discontinuities in mass, stiffness, or geometry between storeys. Soft stories, where the stiffness suddenly decreases, are one type of vertical irregularity. The document then reviews several previous studies on modeling and analyzing vertically irregular buildings using pushover analysis, which incrementally loads a structure to determine its failure mechanisms. The studies found that soft story buildings absorb energy through overturning and shear deformation. Irregular buildings may have similar seismic performance to regular buildings if properly designed. Quantifying the degree of irregularity can help evaluate seismic vulnerability and retrofitting needs.
Performance Based Evaluation of Shear Walled RCC Building by Pushover AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
IRJET- Effect of Different Soil Conditions on Seismic Response of Multi-Store...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study analyzing the seismic response of a 9-story irregular reinforced concrete frame structure with varying soil conditions (hard, medium, and soft soil) using STAAD Pro software. Three models (M1, M2, M3) with the same structural parameters except soil type are analyzed using the equivalent static method. The response of each model is examined in terms of maximum story displacement, column stresses, and required steel quantity. The objective is to check the stability of the models under different soil conditions according to Indian codes and standards.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Regular and Irregular Configuration of Mul...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the response of regular and irregularly configured multistory buildings in medium soil and various seismic zones. A 30-story building is modeled in ETABS software with both regular and irregular configurations. The models are analyzed using response spectrum analysis in seismic zones II and V. Results show that the irregular building experiences higher story displacements, drifts, forces, and accelerations compared to the regular building. The regular building has higher story stiffness and lower base shear. Therefore, irregular configurations perform poorer under earthquake loading with increased damage potential.
1) The document discusses calculating seismic loads on buildings according to Indian Standard IS 1893:2002. It provides steps to calculate the design horizontal seismic coefficient, seismic weight of the building, and design seismic lateral force.
2) Examples are given to demonstrate calculating seismic shear force for single storey buildings located in different seismic zones and for a four storey building in Bhuj accounting for soil conditions and distributing the design force to each floor.
3) Key parameters that influence seismic load calculation include zone factor, importance factor, response reduction factor, and spectral acceleration depending on soil type and location.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGH RISE STRUCTURES UNDER DIFFERENT TYPE OF REINFORCED C...AM Publications
Shear walls are a type of structural system that provides lateral resistance to a building or structure. They resist in-plane loads that are applied along its height. The applied load is generally transferred to the wall by a diaphragm or collector or drag member. In the present work thirty story building with C Shape, Box shape, E Shape, I shape and Plus shape RC Shear wall at the center in Concrete Frame Structure with fixed support conditions under different type of soil for earthquake zone V as per IS 1893 (part 1) : 2002 in India are analyzed using software ETABS by Dynamic analysis. All the analyses has been carried out as per the Indian Standard code books. This paper aims to Study the behaviour of high rise structure with dual system with Different Type of RC Shear Walls (C,Box,E,I and Plus shapes) under different type of soil condition with seismic loading. Estimation of structural response such as; storey displacements, storey stiffness, Lateral loads, Mode shape of shear wall, Time period and frequency is carried out. In dynamic analysis; Response Spectrum method is used.
The document evaluates guidelines for considering soil-structure interaction (SSI) in Indian seismic codes. It analyzes the seismic response of a 150m tall chimney resting on soils with different shear velocities, representing soft to hard strata. The analysis shows that accounting for SSI increases the structure's period while decreasing the base shear and bending moment. Additionally, the shear modulus of soil, and correspondingly the structural response, is significantly impacted in high seismic zones due to soil strain-dependent properties. The document recommends Indian codes incorporate provisions to adjust shear modulus based on seismic intensity.
1. The document analyzes the dynamic behavior of high-rise buildings with different reinforced concrete shear wall shapes (C, box, E, I, and plus shapes) under soft, medium, and hard soil conditions using response spectrum analysis.
2. Five 30-story building models were analyzed with different shear wall shapes at the center. Load combinations and material properties were defined according to Indian codes.
3. Results such as story displacements, story stiffness, lateral loads, shear wall mode shapes, time periods, and frequencies were estimated to study the behavior of tall buildings with dual structural systems and different shear wall configurations under seismic loading.
IRJET- Impact of Shear Wall to Reduce Torsional Effect for Unsymmetrical R.C....IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on analyzing the torsional effects on symmetrical and unsymmetrical reinforced concrete framed buildings under seismic loading. Time history analysis is performed on 10-storey symmetrical and L-shaped unsymmetrical buildings using MATLAB. The response quantities like base shear, displacement and torsional moment are obtained and compared for bare frame, frame with infill walls and frame with shear walls. The results show that the unsymmetrical bare frame experiences higher base shear, displacement and torsional moment compared to the symmetrical frame. Infill walls and shear walls are found to effectively reduce the torsional effects in the unsymmetrical building by shifting the center of rigidity closer to the center of mass.
This document summarizes research on designing buildings to resist blast loads. It discusses modeling a sample building in ETABS software and analyzing its response to different blast scenarios varying the charge weight (125kg to 500kg TNT) and standoff distance (15m to 30m). Key findings include:
1) Increasing the standoff distance significantly reduces blast pressures and damage to the structure. With a 500kg charge at 15m, 177 beams/columns failed, but only 3 failed at 30m.
2) Regular, symmetrical building frames performed better than irregular designs under blast loads.
3) Guidelines for blast-resistant design are needed as conventional buildings are rarely designed for these forces. Important structures like government buildings should
IRJET- Seismic Evaluation of Symmetric and Asymmetric Buildings by Pushover a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the seismic performance of symmetric and asymmetric buildings using pushover analysis and time history analysis. Three new reinforced concrete buildings of different shapes (C-shaped, L-shaped, and square) with 14 stories were modeled. The models included bare frame, soft-story, and infilled wall configurations. Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis and dynamic (time history and response spectrum) analyses were performed to evaluate lateral displacements, story drifts, base shear, and other response parameters. Results showed that irregularly shaped and bare frame buildings experienced greater displacements and drifts compared to symmetric buildings and buildings with infill walls. Buildings with infill walls also had higher base shear values
This document analyzes the seismic performance of irregular L-shaped reinforced concrete buildings of varying heights (4, 8, and 20 stories) located in seismic Zone III. Six models of each building are considered: a bare frame, frame with infill walls modeled as membranes, and frame with infill walls modeled as equivalent diagonal struts. Nonlinear time history and pushover analyses are performed using ETABS. The results show that modeling infill walls improves seismic performance by reducing top story displacement and increasing base shear capacity, with the equivalent strut model performing better than the membrane model. The influence of infill walls decreases with increasing building height.
The document numerically analyzes the effect of different numbers of blades on the performance of a centrifugal pump with constant parameters using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Three cases were simulated with pumps having 5 to 16 blades and the same head, rotational speed, flow rate, and diameter but different performance levels. The results showed that for each case, the pressure and thus performance, increased to a maximum with a specific number of blades then decreased, indicating an optimal blade number for a given pump design and operating conditions.
CONSISTENT AND LUMPED MASS MATRICES IN DYNAMICS AND THEIR IMPACT ON FINITE EL...IAEME Publication
There are two strategies in the finite element analysis of dynamic problems related to natural frequency determination viz. the consistent / coupled mass matrix and the lumped mass matrix. Correct determination of natural frequencies is extremely important and forms the basis of any further NVH (Noise vibration and harshness) calculations and Impact or crash analysis. It has been thought by the finite element community that the consistent mass matrix should not be used as it leads to a higher computational cost and this opinion has been prevalent since 1970. We are of the opinion that in today’s age where computers have become so fast we can use the consistent mass matrix on relatively coarse meshes with an advantage for better accuracy rather than going for finer meshes and lumped mass matrix
Enhanecd load carrying capacity of roofing elenmentsIAEME Publication
The document discusses how the load carrying capacity of roofing elements like slabs, GI sheets, and AC sheets can be enhanced through folded plate action. Folded plate action involves shaping the reinforcement or material into corrugated or trough-like profiles in one or both directions. This increases the element's moment capacity, shear resistance, and ductility while reducing deflection and weight. For slabs, the reinforcement can be made corrugated or trough-shaped. For sheets, a grid pattern with alternating upward and downward folds in both directions increases shell action and load capacity. Such enhancements make for more economical and architecturally pleasing roofing elements that can support greater loads.
India has a large and diverse agricultural sector which requires quite effective methods for spraying pesticides at a high rate, in minimal time. In our country India, uttermost agricultural operations are performed manually by farm worker sutilizing hand tools and equipments. The economic upswing and scientifically advancements have lead to greater demand and blooming of machines and devices used in industrial settings. With these changes, there has also been greater synergy between man and machines. Hence, i tis important to modify the present hand tools using ergonomic principles for optimizing of operation, safety and comfort of user.
Fractional calculus applied in solving instability phenomenon in fluid dynamicsIAEME Publication
This document discusses the application of fractional calculus to modeling instability phenomena in fluid dynamics. It begins with an introduction to fractional calculus and some mathematical prerequisites. It then discusses how fractional calculus can be used to model fluid flow through porous media by transforming the problem into a fractional partial differential equation. Fractional calculus allows the model to account for properties like memory and heredity that cannot be captured by integer-order models. The document provides context on instability phenomena in fluid flow through porous media and prior work applying fractional calculus to solve related problems.
The document discusses improving interpersonal communication skills through training and simulation of the human mind. It identifies factors that hamper communication skills like stress, lack of focus, inconsistent body language, and negative body language. It also discusses factors that can improve skills like being an engaged listener and effectively managing stress. The document recommends techniques for becoming a better listener such as focusing fully on the speaker, favoring the right ear, avoiding interruptions, and showing interest through body language and verbal cues. The overall goal is to develop more effective communication through reducing stress and barriers while strengthening skills like listening engagement.
The environmental pollution in the metropolitan cities is increasing rapidly mostly because of the increased number of fossil fuel powered vehicles. Many alternative options are now being studied throughout the world. One of the alternative solutions can be a compressed air powered vehicle. Main advantage of this engine is that no hydrocarbon fuel is required which means no combustion process is taking place.
This document describes a 100KW grid-connected solar roof top plant installed on the roof of an administrative building in RKDF University, Bhopal, India. The plant consists of 339 solar panels that generate an average of 500kWh per day and 1.5 lakh units annually. Excess power is exported to the local grid through a net metering system. Performance data from May and June 2015 show daily generation ranging from 255kWh to 550kWh depending on weather conditions. The roof top plant provides clean energy, reduces the university's energy costs, and supports the local power grid.
EXPERIMENT ON MULTI BLEND BIODIESEL USING JATROPHA AND PONGAMIA BIODIESEL ON ...IAEME Publication
The recent research on biodiesel focused on performance of single biodiesel and its blends with diesel. The present work aims to investigate the possibilities of the application of mixtures of two biodiesel and its blends with diesel as a fuel for diesel engines. The present investigations are planned after a thorough review of literature in this area. The combinations of jatropha biodiesel, Pongamia biodiesel, along with diesel (JPD) are taken for the experimental analysis. Experiments are conducted using a single cylinder direct-injection diesel engine with different loads at rated 1200 rpm. Brake thermal efficiency is increasing of JPD-2 has maximum at (28.5%) compare to pure diesel at (27.5%) at 4 kW. Maximum SFC is obtained in JPD-5 (0.77) at 1 kW. The results which obtained are significantly comparable to pure diesel. The multi-blend biodiesels are suitable alternative fuel for diesel in stationary/agricultural diesel engines.
DETAILED STUDIES ON STRESS CONCENTRATION BY CLASSICAL AND FINITE ELEMENT ANAL...IAEME Publication
Stress concentration is very important aspect in all aspects of mechanical design, it arises due to geometric discontinuities in the structure common examples are openings in pressure vessels and piping it is observed that the maximum stress is much more than the nominal stress .The conventional methods for determining the stress concentration factors are the empirical formulae mentioned in design handbooks such as Roark’s formulae for stress and strain this formulas can also be expressed in terms of graphs the finite element method a regarded as the third dimension in engineering plays very important role in the overall design process, this is mainly because it reduces the dependence on standard available geometries, experimentation and most importantly the time and cost associated with it however it has been observed that the finite element analysis results are depended on mesh quality parameters and this fact has not been studied thoroughly the main aim of the present study is to consider a standard configuration that is a plate with a circular hole in it subjected to axial tension
The document summarizes an experimental investigation of a vortex tube refrigeration system based on compressed air. The vortex tube produces cold and hot air streams from a single source of compressed air without moving parts or environmental impact. Key parameters that affect vortex tube operation are classified as geometrical (dimensions) or thermo-physical (pressure, gas type). An experimental setup is designed to investigate the effect of varying the diameter and length of the main tube, outlet orifice shape and diameter, and inlet pressure, gas, cold gas ratio, and moisture. Results show temperature difference increases with inlet pressure and more nozzles. Insulation also increases temperature separation.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
OPTIMIZATIONS OF MACHINING PARAMETER IN WIRE EDM FOR 316L STAINLESS STEEL BY ...IAEME Publication
WEDM is one of the non-traditional method used for the machining complex shape structure and components made up of hard material like composites and HSS. This is an experimental investigation of wire electro-discharge machining (WEDM) of 316L SS. The outstanding characteristics of stainless steel 316L such as their compatibility and noticeable physical, mechanical and biological performance has led to increased application of them in various industries especially in biomedical industries over the last 50 years.316L SS is used extensively for weldments where its immunity to carbide precipitation due to welding assures optimal corrosion resistance. There are some difficulties in machining of stainless steel by conventional machining. On the other hand, unconventional machining process especially Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) are more appropriate techniques for machining difficult to machine materials such as stainless steel.
The document describes modeling of the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process using regression analysis and neural network techniques. It aims to develop regression models to relate welding process parameters to weld bead geometry outputs, and use analysis of variance to determine influential factors. Backpropagation neural networks are also used for forward and reverse modeling to map inputs to outputs and vice versa. A comparative performance analysis of regression analysis and neural networks is conducted to evaluate their viability for predicting and modeling the TIG welding process.
ADVANCED TOOL FOR FLUID DYNAMICS-CFD AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN AUTOMOTIVE, AERO...IAEME Publication
This document discusses the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in automotive, aerodynamics, and machine industries. It provides two case studies as examples: (1) using CFD to study fluid flow and detect cavitation in a centrifugal pump to determine safe operating conditions, and (2) using CFD to analyze the effect of vehicle shape on drag coefficient for a car and jeep. The results show how CFD can be used to study flow distribution, pressure loss, and thermal distribution to improve design in these industries.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of low-cost biosorbents for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. Coconut fiber, banana fiber, and sawdust were tested individually and in combinations under stirring and stagnant conditions. The results showed that sawdust removed 99% of dye under stirring and 99.5% under stagnation. Continuous addition of biosorbents removed more dye (99%) than batch or fed-batch methods. A mixed biosorbent of sawdust, banana fiber, and coconut fiber removed over 98% of dye from solutions with concentrations up to 0.4 mg/mL. Lengthy coconut fibers removed 99.5% of dye within 48 hours under stagnant conditions.
Comparative Analysis of an RC framed building under Seismic ConditionsIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of different earthquake resisting techniques for a 10-story reinforced concrete building, including shear walls and bracings. Seven building models are analyzed using STAAD Pro software: 1) a base structure without seismic restraints, 2) parallel shear walls on all sides, 3) L-shaped corner shear walls, 4) diagonal bracing throughout, 5) diagonal bracing in the middle bays, 6) diagonal bracing at the corners, and 7) a combination of bracing and shear walls. The analysis finds that bracing is most effective at reducing bending moments, shear forces, and axial forces, while adding less weight than shear walls. Diagonal bracing placed in the middle bays
This document discusses the parametric investigation of the effect on base shear of multistoried reinforced concrete frames. It presents the formulation used to estimate base shear values for bare and infilled frames using free vibration analysis in SAP2000 and pseudostatic analysis from Indian code IS 1893. Sample calculations are shown for a four bay, five story frame to determine seismic weight, natural period, and design base shear. Results from the analysis of single bay frames from one to ten stories are presented in a table and figure, showing that base shear generally increases with additional stories but is higher for infilled frames compared to bare frames.
Multistoried buildings should be designed such that they offer sufficient stiffness against
lateral displacement and should have the strength to resist inertial forces imposed by the ground
motion arising from earth quakes. Seismic forces in buildings are greatest at the base of the building.
Hence one of the key factors to be considered in designing seismic resistant buildings is the base
shear. Base shear is an estimate of the maximum expected lateral force that will occur due to seismic
ground motion at the base of a structure. In this manuscript we perform a detailed study of the values
of base shear for bare frame as well as infilled frame multi bay, multistoried structures using Free
Vibration analysis in SAP 2000 as well as pseudostatic analysis presented in I.S. 1893(Part I)-2002
This document summarizes the analysis of a 3B+G+40 story reinforced concrete tall building subjected to wind and earthquake loads according to Indian codes. The building was modeled in 3D using STAAD.Pro software. Dynamic analysis using the response spectrum method was conducted to calculate seismic loads according to IS 1893(Part 1):2002, as the building is over 90m tall and located in seismic zone III. Wind loads were calculated using the gust factor method according to IS 875(Part 3):1987. Safety of the structure against drift, shear, accelerations and displacements was checked against code limits.
This document summarizes the seismic evaluation and retrofit assessment of an old hospital building in Srinagar, India. The hospital was constructed in 1889 and has experienced structural deterioration over time. The summary evaluates the building, finds it unsafe under seismic shear stresses, and recommends retrofit measures like adding seismic belts, grouting cracks, concrete jacketing of walls, and foundation strengthening to improve the building's seismic performance.
This document summarizes the seismic evaluation and retrofit assessment of an old hospital building in Srinagar, India. The hospital was constructed in 1908 and seismic evaluation identified several structural problems, including sinking floors, cracked walls, and swaying of front walls. Analysis found shear stresses in walls exceeded limits. Recommended retrofits included adding seismic belts, grouting cracks, concrete jacketing of walls, and foundation strengthening. The evaluation demonstrated the importance of considering soil conditions and retrofitting aging buildings to meet seismic demands.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
seismic analysis of multistoryed building by ETABSvishal maurya
1) The document compares the seismic analysis of a 12-storey building with dimensions 20m x 20m using ETABS software and manual calculations according to IS 1893:2002.
2) Both methods were used to analyze a symmetric building with a fixed support condition. The results from both analyses were then compared.
3) Both analyses produced similar mathematical values for the lateral forces distributed to each floor, with the manual calculation values being slightly higher than the ETABS software values.
Seismic Performance of Flat Slab Structures Under Static and Dynamic LoadsIRJET Journal
This document presents research on analyzing the seismic performance of flat slab structures under static and dynamic loads. Models of flat slab structures with varying lateral stiffness were created, from flexible columns only to stiffer combinations of columns and shear walls. The models were subjected to seismic and dynamic loads, and the structural responses like natural periods, base shear, displacement, and inter-story drift were studied. The results showed that providing edge beams and shear walls strengthened flat slab structures seismically. Key aspects analyzed included the natural period, base shear, displacement, and inter-story drift of flat plate and flat slab structures with different configurations, under static and dynamic seismic loads.
This document summarizes the seismic analysis of a 5-storey reinforced concrete frame building located in seismic zones II, III, and IV of India. The analysis was conducted using both manual calculations and ETABS software. Key results such as storey shear, lateral forces, and bending moments were calculated and compared for each zone and loading condition. Overall, the manual and software results showed good agreement with only minor differences.
Study on Effect of Wind Load and Earthquake Load on Multi-storey RC Framed Bu...IJSRD
This document summarizes a study on the effects of wind and earthquake loads on multi-storey reinforced concrete framed buildings. Six different building models with varying use of shear walls were analyzed using structural analysis software to determine parameters like base shear, displacement, story drift, story forces. Results showed that models incorporating shear walls experienced reduced displacement, drift and forces compared to models without shear walls. As lateral loads like wind and earthquakes become more influential in tall building design, shear walls can effectively resist these loads and provide a more stable and economic structure.
Evaluation of Structural Implication of Incorporating Base Isolator as Earthq...IOSR Journals
Introduction of the flexible element at the base of a structure and at the same time ensuring
damping is probably the best option for the seismic isolation technique. The device that meets such criteria is
known as isolator. In this study incorporation of such base isolator in buildings has been investigated. A study
was done considering different building with different plan to justify the applicability of base isolation. The
characteristics and performance effect of a building with and without base isolator system were compared.
Study shows the applicability of base isolator to the range up to buildings of 30m-40m height. The installation
of isolator in building considerably increases the time period of building, which means it reduces the possibility
of resonance of the structure. Provision of isolator in building often increases the total cost, but reinforcement
requirement and construction material cost is reduced due to isolator. So, isolator may be incorporated at the
bottom of the building to exploit economic and structurally safe alternative
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Dynamics analysis of structures subjected to earthquake load 53037EditorIJAERD
This document discusses the dynamics analysis of structures subjected to earthquake loads. It analyzes a 20-story irregular concrete building using time history and response spectrum methods in seismic zone IV of India. The building is modeled in STAAD Pro software and subjected to actual earthquake recordings from Alaska. Results are compared between the two dynamic analysis methods to investigate structural performance and displacement responses. Key findings include greater displacement from time history analysis compared to response spectrum analysis.
Basic points on earthquake resistant building
- Design considerations and different techniques employed to resist building from collapse during earthquake
IRJET-Analysis of G+25 RCC Bare Framed Structure with Shear Wall Under the Ef...IRJET Journal
This document presents an analysis of a G+25 reinforced concrete bare framed structure with shear walls under seismic loads. Four models are analyzed with shear walls placed at different locations (intermediate, corner, middle, core) and compared to a conventional structure without shear walls. The objectives are to analyze seismic forces for Zone III and compare bending moments and shear forces. The methodology uses STAAD Pro V8i to model and analyze the structures. Results show that the model with a shear wall at the corner performs best, with bending moments reduced by 37% compared to the conventional structure without shear walls. In conclusion, adding shear walls, especially at the corner, improves a structure's ability to resist seismic forces.
Seismic Analysis of Structures under Different Soil ConditionsIJERA Editor
In India, multi-storied buildings are usually constructed due to high cost and scarcity of land. In order to utilize maximum land area, builders and architects generally propose asymmetrical plan configurations. These asymmetrical plan buildings, which are constructed in seismic prone areas, are likely to be damaged during earthquake. Earthquake is a natural phenomenon which can generate the most destructive forces on structures. Buildings should be made safe for lives by proper design and detailing of structural members in order to have a ductile form of failure. The concept of earthquake resistant design is that the building should be designed to resist the forces, which arises due to Design Basis Earthquake, with only minor damages and the forces, which arises due to Maximum Considered Earthquake, with some accepted structural damages but no collapse. This project report comprises of seismic analysis and design of an five-storied R.C. building with asymmetrical plan in different soil conditions. The building is modelled as a 3D space frame with six degrees of freedom at each node using the software SAP2000 v 14. Building is analyzed using Response Spectrum method. The Response Spectra as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 for rocky or hard soil and soft soil is used. Dynamic response of a structure resting on soft soils in particular, may differ substantially in amplitude and frequency content from the response of an identical structure supported on a very stiff soil or rock. However, data on many failure examples of rigid structures resting on flexible soils and intensive analytical studies in recent years have made considerable advances in the field of soil-structure interaction and analytical techniques are now available. This interaction phenomenon is principally affected by the mechanism of energy exchanged between soil and the structure. Considering the soil – structure interaction effect which is mainly due to the fact that buildings with high stiffness on loose soils behave differently. Base shears have shown significant variation with high values for structures resting on loose soils and low values in case of hard rock. This attributes mainly due to more absorbing energy capacity of soils when compared to rock materials
Assessment of seismic damage of multistory structures using fragility curvesIJERA Editor
Performance-based design, PBD, is gaining popularity and its concept hasbeen applied in many international
seismic building codes. In this research, five real structures designed according to the Egyptian Building Code,
which does not consider PBD, are considered and modeled in a three dimensional way using the software
SeismoStruct in order to assess their performance under expected earthquakes. The structures are 2-story, 4-
story, 6-story, 8-story and 10-story reinforced concrete framed structures. The structural system of these
structures is of the moment-resisting frame type, with and without shear walls. The structures weredesigned
under dead, live and seismic forces of “Zone 3” with a design acceleration of 0.15g.The models were analyzed
using incremental dynamic analysis, IDA, considering 12 real records of historical earthquakes. IDA curves
were developed for all analyzed models, considering four damage states. Fragility curves were subsequently
developed to provide an overview of the expected seismic performance of a typical low or mid-rise multistory
reinforced concrete framed structure in Egypt as designed in accordance with thecurrent Egyptian Building
Code.
Assessment of seismic damage of multistory structures using fragility curvesIJERA Editor
This document assesses the seismic damage of multistory reinforced concrete structures using fragility curves. Five real structures designed according to the Egyptian Building Code are modeled and analyzed using incremental dynamic analysis considering 12 earthquake records. Fragility curves are developed based on the analysis results to provide an overview of expected seismic performance for typical low to mid-rise reinforced concrete structures in Egypt. The fragility curves quantify probable damage states of fully operational, operational, life safe, and near collapse under potential earthquakes and provide a performance assessment not defined in the current Egyptian Building Code.
Similar to Seismic evaluation of masonry building a case study (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
2. Seismic Evaluation of Masonry Building A Case Study,
Mohd Hanief Dar, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp
spontaneously and informally constructed in the traditional manner with bricks or stones with
intervention by qualified architects and engineers in their design.
Reinforced masonry, reinforced
types of structural systems, and
although some of the principles stated herein will
2. SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF AMAR SINGH COLLEGE
Masonry buildings in India are generally designed for vertical loads based on IS 1905.
It is not confirmed whether the lateral load effects from wind or earthquake have been
considered in analysis or not, particularly when the buildings are considered in seismic prone
areas.
2.1 Building Data
The plan is shown in fig 1.
2.2 Material Strength
Permissible compressive strength of masonry (f
(Assuming unit strength = 35 MP
Permissible stress in steel in tension
(Use high strength deformed bars (Fe 415)
2.3 Live load data
Live load on roof = 1.0 KN/m2 (
for seismic calculations = 0)
Live load on first floor = 3.0 KN/m
f Masonry Building A Case Study, Suhail Shafi, Dr. A R Dar, Danishzafar Wani,
, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
80
spontaneously and informally constructed in the traditional manner with bricks or stones with
chitects and engineers in their design.
reinforced concrete or steel frame buildings, tall buildings using various
and major industrial buildings, etc., are excluded from
stated herein will equally apply to these constructions.
2. SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF AMAR SINGH COLLEGE
Masonry buildings in India are generally designed for vertical loads based on IS 1905.
s not confirmed whether the lateral load effects from wind or earthquake have been
considered in analysis or not, particularly when the buildings are considered in seismic prone
Figure 1 Plan of the Building
Permissible compressive strength of masonry (fm) = 2.5 N/mm2
(Assuming unit strength = 35 MPa and mortar H1 type)
Permissible stress in steel in tension = 0.55 fy
ngth deformed bars (Fe 415) i.e. fy= 230 MPa)
for seismic calculations = 0)
Live load on first floor = 3.0 KN/m2
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spontaneously and informally constructed in the traditional manner with bricks or stones with
buildings using various
excluded from consideration
to these constructions.
Masonry buildings in India are generally designed for vertical loads based on IS 1905.
s not confirmed whether the lateral load effects from wind or earthquake have been
considered in analysis or not, particularly when the buildings are considered in seismic prone
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2.4 Dead load data
Thickness of floor and roof slab = 120 mm
Weight of slab = 3 KN/m2
(Assuming weight density of concrete =25 KN/m3
)
Thickness of ground Storey wall = 350mm
Thickness of first Storey wall = 250mm
2.5 Seismic data
Seismic zone = v,
Zone factor = 0.36,
Importance factor (I) = 1.5
Response reduction factor (R) = 3 (as per IS 1893 (part1): 2002)
Direction of seismic force = E-W direction
3. DETERMINATION OF DESIGN LATERAL LOAD
3.1 Seismic weight calculations
Description Load calculations Total weight (KN)
DL and LL at roof level
(i) Weight of roof 15.7 × 11 × 3 518.1
(ii) Weight of walls ½ × {2 × (15.7 + 11) × 3.66× 5} 488.6
(Assume half weight of walls at
Second Storey lumped at roof)
(iii) Weight of live load (LL) 0 0
(Wr) Weight at roof level
(i) + (ii) + (iii) 1006.7
DL and LL at floor level
(i) Weight of floor 15.7 × 11 × 3 518.1
(ii) Weight of walls
(Assume half weight of walls at ½ × {2 × (15.7 + 11) × 3.66× 7} 1368.1
2nd
Storey and half weight of walls
At 1st Storey is lumped at roof)
(iii) Weight of live load (LL) 3 × 15.7 × 11 518.1
(Wf) weight at second level (i) +(ii) + (iii) 2404.3
Total seismic weight of building (Wr+ Wf) 3411 KN
3.2 Time period calculation
The approximate fundamental natural time period of a masonry building can be calculated
from the clause 7.6.2 of IS (part1): 2002 as,
Ta = 0.09 h/vd = 0.199
Where,
h = height of building in m, {i.e. 3.66 (first Storey) + 3.66 (second Storey) = 7.32m}
d = base dimension of building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered
Direction of lateral force (i.e. 11m, assuming earthquake in E-W direction)
Soil medium type, for which average response acceleration coefficient are as:
Sa/g = 2.5, for T = 0.199
Ah = ZISa/2Rg = (0.36/2) (1.5/3) (2.5) = 0.225
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The total design base shear (Vb) along the direction of motion is given by,
Vb = AhW = .225 × 3411 = 767.475 KN
Lateral force at roof level = VB
= 767.475 × 1006.7 × 7.322
/ (1006.7 × 7.32
= 438.475 KN
Lateral force first floor level = V
= 767.475 × 1006.7 × 3.662
/ (1006.7 × 7.32
= 329 KN
Figure 2 (a) Elevation
4. DETERMINATION OF WALL RIGIDITIES
In the second step, we will calculate the relative stiffness of exterior shear walls. It is
assumed here that all the lateral force will be resisted by the exterior shear walls. Therefore,
the stiffness and masses of interior wall may
Rigidity of cantilever pier is given by R
Rigidity of fixed pier is given by R
Rigidity of North shear wall = 0.5Et
Rigidity of south shear wall = Rigidity of North sh
Rigidity of east shear wall = 0.69Et
Rigidity of west shear wall = 1.16Et
Relative stiffness of walls
North shear wall = 0.5 / (0.5 + 0.5)
South shear wall = 0.5
East shear wall = 0.69/ (0.69 + 1.16)
West shear wall = 1.16/ (0.69 + 1.16) = 0.63
5. DETERMINATION OF TORSIONAL FORCES
To calculate the shear forces due to torsion, first calculation of Center of mass and center of
rigidity are done as:
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82
) along the direction of motion is given by,
= 767.475 KN
BWihi
2
/∑ Wihi
2
/ (1006.7 × 7.322
+ 3411×3.662
)
VBWihi
2
/∑ Wihi
2
/ (1006.7 × 7.322
+ 3411×3.662
)
Elevation of Building (b) Seismic Load (c) Storey
4. DETERMINATION OF WALL RIGIDITIES
In the second step, we will calculate the relative stiffness of exterior shear walls. It is
assumed here that all the lateral force will be resisted by the exterior shear walls. Therefore,
the stiffness and masses of interior wall may be neglected in seismic analysis.
Rigidity of cantilever pier is given by Rc= Et/ {4(h/d) 3
+ 3(h/d)}
Rigidity of fixed pier is given by Rf = Et/ {(h/d) 3
+ 3(h/d)}
Rigidity of North shear wall = 0.5Et
Rigidity of south shear wall = Rigidity of North shear wall = 0.5Et
Rigidity of east shear wall = 0.69Et
Rigidity of west shear wall = 1.16Et
North shear wall = 0.5 / (0.5 + 0.5) = 0.5
East shear wall = 0.69/ (0.69 + 1.16) = 0.37
wall = 1.16/ (0.69 + 1.16) = 0.63
5. DETERMINATION OF TORSIONAL FORCES
To calculate the shear forces due to torsion, first calculation of Center of mass and center of
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(c) Storey Shear
In the second step, we will calculate the relative stiffness of exterior shear walls. It is
assumed here that all the lateral force will be resisted by the exterior shear walls. Therefore,
be neglected in seismic analysis.
To calculate the shear forces due to torsion, first calculation of Center of mass and center of
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5.1 Location of the center of mass
Centre of mass, XCM and YCM is calculated by taking statical moments about a point, say,
south west corner, using the respective weights of walls as forces in the moment summation. The
calculation of Centre of mass is shown in table 1.
Table 1 Calculation of Centre of Mass
Item Weight i (KN) X (m) Y (m) WX (KN-m) WY (KN-m)
Roof slab
518.1
5.5 7.85 2849.6 4067
North Wall 224.7 5.5 15.7 1235.85 3527.8
South Wall 224.7 5.5 0 1235.85 0
East Wall 302.3 5.5 7.85 3325.3 2373
West Wall 367 0 7.85 0 2881
Total ∑W = 1636.8
∑WX =
8646.6
∑WY =
12848.8
XCM = ∑WX/∑ W = 8646.6/1636.8 = 5.28
YCM = ∑WY/∑ W = 12848.8/1636.8 =7.85
5.2 Location of center of rigidity
The center of rigidity, XCR and YCR, is calculated by taking statical moments about apoint,
say, south-west corner, using the relative stiffness of the walls as the forces inthe moment
summation. The stiffness of slab is not considered in the determinationof center of rigidity. The
calculation for the center of rigidity is shown in table 2.
Table 2 Calculation For The Center Of Rigidity
ITEM RX RY X(m) Y(m) YRX XRY
NORTH
WALL
0.5 - - 15.7 7.85 -
SOUTH
WALL
0.5 - - 0 0 -
EAST
WALL
- .37 11 - - 4.04
WEST
WALL
- .63 0 - - 0
TOTAL ∑RX = 1 ∑RY = 1
∑YRX =
7.85
∑XRY =
4.07
XCR = ∑XRY/∑RY = 4.07
YCR = ∑YRX/∑RX = 7.85
5.3 Torsional eccentricity
Torsional eccentricity in y-direction
Eccentricity between center of mass and center of rigidity
eY = 7.85 -7.85 = 0m
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Add 5% accidental eccentricity = .05 × 15.7 = 0.785m
Total eccentricity = 0 + 0.785 = 0.785m
Torsional eccentricity in x-direction
Eccentricity between center of mass and center of rigidity
eX = 5.5 – 4.07 = 1.43m
Add 5% accidental eccentricity = .05 × 11 = 0.55m
Total eccentricity = 1.43 + 0.55 = 1.98m
5.4 Torsional moments
The torsional moment due to E
MTX = VXeY = 767.475 × 0.785 = 602.5
MTY = VYeX = 767.475 × 1.98 = 1519.6
(VY = VX, because SA/g is constant value of
5.5 Distribution of direct shear force and torsional shear force
Since, we are considering the seismic force only in E
direction will resist the forces and the walls in
the calculation of distribution of direct shear and torsional shear.
Table 3 calculation of distribution of direct shear and torsional shear
ITEM RX dY R
NORTH
WALL
.5 7.85 3.925
SOUTH
WALL
.5 7.85 3.925
dY = distance of considered wall from center of rigidity (15.7
Direct shear force = relative stiffness of wall × total base shear (0.5 × 767.475
Torsional force in North wall = R
Torsional force in South wall = R
Figure
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84
entricity = .05 × 15.7 = 0.785m
Total eccentricity = 0 + 0.785 = 0.785m
direction
Eccentricity between center of mass and center of rigidity
Add 5% accidental eccentricity = .05 × 11 = 0.55m
icity = 1.43 + 0.55 = 1.98m
The torsional moment due to E-W seismic force rotate the building in y
= 767.475 × 0.785 = 602.5
= 767.475 × 1.98 = 1519.6
/g is constant value of 2.5 for the time period 0.11 = T = 0.55)
Distribution of direct shear force and torsional shear force
Since, we are considering the seismic force only in E-W direction, the walls in N
direction will resist the forces and the walls in E-W direction may be ignored. Table 7.3 shows
the calculation of distribution of direct shear and torsional shear.
calculation of distribution of direct shear and torsional shear
RX dY RX dY
2 DIRECT SHEAR
FORCE(KN)
TORSIONAL
SHEAR
FORCE(KN)
3.925 30.8 383.7 38.4
3.925 30.8 383.7 -38.4
= distance of considered wall from center of rigidity (15.7 – 7.85 = 7.85)
lative stiffness of wall × total base shear (0.5 × 767.475
Torsional force in North wall = RXdy × VXeY/ RXdy
2
= 38.4 KN
Torsional force in South wall = RXdy × VXeY/ RXdy
2
= 38.4 KN
Figure 3 Torsional forces in building
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W seismic force rotate the building in y-direction, hence
2.5 for the time period 0.11 = T = 0.55)
W direction, the walls in N-S
W direction may be ignored. Table 7.3 shows
calculation of distribution of direct shear and torsional shear
TORSIONAL
SHEAR
FORCE(KN)
TOTAL
SHEAR
FORCE(KN)
422.1
345.3
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The torsional forces are additive on the north wall and subtractive on the south wall as
shown, since the code directs that negative torsional shear shall be neglected. Hence the total shear
acting on the south wall is simply direct shear only.
5.6 Distribution of the total shear to individual piers within the wall
The shear carried by the north and south shear wall is now distributed to individual piers on
the basis of their respective stiffness. Since the relative stiffness of all the piers is same, hence, the
shear force will be distributed equally among all the individual piers.
Shear force in North shear wall piers = 422.1/5 =84.42 KN
Shear force in South shear wall piers = 345.3/5 = 69.06 KN
5.7 Increase in axial load due to overturning
Total overturning moment due to lateral force acting on building is,
MOVT = total shear (VX) × vertical distance between first floor level to critical plane ofweakness,
assuming at the level of sill + applied overturning moment at first floorlevel.,
Assume the stiffness of second Storey walls is the same e as first Storey, the
totaldirect shear in E-W direction of seismic load i.e. in X-direction is divided in North andSouth
shear wall in the proportion of their stiffness
Direct shear in north wall (VNX) = 383.7 KN = Direct shear in south wall (VSX)
Distribution of lateral force along the height of North and South wall is:
North shear wall
Lateral force at roof level = VNX × Wrhr
2
/ Wihi
2
= 383.7 × 0.57 = 218.7KN
Lateral force at first floor level = VNX × W1h1
2
/ Wihi
2
= 383.7 × 0.43 = 165KN
South shear wall
Lateral force at roof level = VSX × Wrhr
2
/ Wihi
2
= 383.7 × 0.57 = 218.7KN
Lateral force at first floor level = VSX × W1h1
2
/ Wihi
2
= 383.7 × 0.43 = 165KN
Increase in axial load in piers of North shear wall
Overturning moment in North wall (MOVT) is:
MOVT = 383.7 × 2.56 + 218.8 × 3.66 = 1783 KN
Increase in axial load due to overturning moment
Povt = Movtȴ iAi/In
Where,ȴiAi = centroid of net section of wall is calculated as shown in table 4
In = moment of inertia of net section of wall is calculated as shown in table 5
Table 4 centroid of net section of net section of wall
Pier Area (Ai) m2 ȴ (distance of left edge of wall to centroid of
piers) m
Aiȴ (m3
)
1 1.24 × 0.35 = 0.434 0.62 0.269
2 1.24 × 0.35 = 0.434 2.44 1.058
3 1.24 × 0.35 = 0.434 4.26 1.848
4 1.24 × 0.35 = 0.434 6.08 2.638
5 1.24 × 0.35 = 0.434 7.9 3.429
Σ = 2.17 Σ = 9.2416
Distance from left edge to centroid of net section of wall = 9.2416/2.12 = 4.26
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Table 5 Calculation of Moment of Inertia of Net Section of Wall
Pier Area (Ai) m2 ȴi (m) Aiȴi (m3) Aiȴi2 (m4) I = td3/12 In = I + Aiȴi2
1 1.24 × 0.35 = 0.434 3.64 1.58 5.75 0.35 × 1.73/12 = 0.143 5.89
2 1.24 × 0.35 = 0.434 1.82 0.79 1.44 0.35 × 1.73/12 = 0.143 1.58
3 1.24 × 0.35 = 0.434 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 × 1.73/12 = 0.143 0.14
4 1.24 × 0.35 = 0.434 1.82 0.79 1.44 0.35 × 1.73/12 = 0.143 1.58
5 1.24 × 0.35 = 0.434 3.64 1.58 5.75 0.35 × 1.73/12 = 0.143 5.89
Σ = 2.17 Σ = 15.08
Table 6 Increase in Axial Load in the Pier on North Wall
Pier Aiȴi (m3
)
Povt = Movtȴ iAi/In
(KN)
1 1.58 186.85
2 0.79 93.42
3 0.00 0.00
4 0.79 93.42
5 1.58 186.85
Movt = 1783 KN-m
In = 15.08
The increase in axial load of south shear wall is the same as that for the North shear wall as
the two walls are symmetric.
6. DETERMINATION OF PIER LOADS, MOMENTS AND SHEAR
The total axial load (due to dead load, live load and overturning), shear and moments
in the individual piers of both the shear walls are calculated in table 7and 8 as below
Table 7 Axial load, moments, shear in piers of North shear wall
pier
Effective width of
pier (m)
Pd*
(KN)
PL#
(KN)
Povt
(KN)
Shear VE for
moment (KN)
Moment (KN-m) =
VE × h/2
1 1.84 152.54 57.77 186.85 84.42 71.8
2 2.44 202.276 76.62 93.42 84.42 71.8
3 2.44 202.276 76.62 0.00 84.42 71.8
4 2.44 202.276 76.62 93.42 84.42 71.8
5 1.84 152.54 57.77 186.85 84.42 71.8
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Table 8 Axial load, moments, shear in piers of south shear wall
pier
Effective width of
pier (m)
Pd*
(KN)
PL#
(KN)
Povt
(KN)
Shear VE for
moment (KN)
Moment (KN-m) =
VE × h/2
1 1.84 152.54 57.77 186.85 69.1 58.8
2 2.44 202.276 76.62 93.42 69.1 58.8
3 2.44 202.276 76.62 0.00 69.1 58.8
4 2.44 202.276 76.62 93.42 69.1 58.8
5 1.84 152.54 57.77 186.85 69.1 58.8
Where,
* Pd = effective loading width of pier × dead load intensity in KN/m
Effective loading width of pier = width of pier + ½ of each adjacent opening of pier
h = height of pier = 1.7m
Dead load intensity is calculated as (per meter length of wall) below:
North wall first storey
1. Weight of first storey (from level of first floor to sill level) = 2.56 × 0.35 × 20 = 17.5 KN/m
2. Weight of second storey = 3.66 × 0.25 ×20 = 18.3 KN/m
3. Weight of floor at second storey level = ½ × (.12 × 15.7 ×25) = 23.55
(Assume north and south shear wall will take equal amount of load)
4. Weight of roof = ½ × (.12 × 15.7 ×25) =23.55
Total load = 82.8 KN/m
South wall first storey
1. Weight of first storey (from level of first floor to sill level) = 2.56 × 0.35 × 20 = 17.5 KN/m
2. Weight of second storey = 3.66 × 0.25 ×20 = 18.3 KN/m
3. Weight of floor at second storey level = ½ × (.12 × 15.7 ×25) = 23.55
(Assume north and south shear wall will take equal amount of load)
4. Weight of roof = ½ × (.12 × 15.7 ×25) =23.55
Total load = 82.8 KN/m
# PL = effective loading width of pier × live load intensity in KN/m
Effective loading width of pier = width of pier + ½ of each adjacent opening of pier
Live load intensity is calculated as (per meter length of wall) below:
North wall: first storey
1. Live load on floor (3 KN/m2) = ½ × (3 × 15.7) = 23.55 KN/m
(Assume north and south shear wall will take equal amount of load)
2. Live load on roof (1KN/m2) = ½ × (1 × 15.7) = 7.85 KN/m
(Assume north and south shear wall will take equal amount of load)
Total load = 31.4 KN/m
South wall: first storey
1. Live load on floor (3 KN/m2) = ½ × (3 × 15.7) = 23.55 KN/m
(Assume north and south shear wall will take equal amount of load)
2. Live load on roof (1KN/m2) = ½ × (1 × 15.7) = 7.85 KN/m
(Assume north and south shear wall will take equal amount of load)
Total load = 31.4 KN/m
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7. DESIGN OF SHEAR WALLS FOR AXIAL LOAD AND MOMENTS
Determination of jamb steel at the pier boundary
North shear wall
The design is tabulated in table9
Table 9 design of north shear wall
Pier
Moment
(KN-m)
Effective depth
(mm)
Area of jamb steel
As* (mm2)
No. of bars P (KN)
(total)
d
(mm)
t
(mm)
fa/Fa fb/Fb fa/Fa
+ fb/Fb
result
1 71.8 1140 304.3 2@16Ø 397.2 1.24 0.35 0.37 0.26 0.63 OK
2 71.8 1140 304.3 2@16Ø 372.3 1.24 0.35 0.34 0.26 0.60 OK
3 71.8 1140 304.3 2@16Ø 278.9 1.24 0.35 0.26 0.26 0.52 OK
4 71.8 1140 304.3 2@16Ø 372.3 1.24 0.35 0.34 0.26 0.60 OK
5 71.8 1140 304.3 2@16Ø 397.2 1.24 0.35 0.37 0.26 0.63 OK
South shear wall
The design is tabulated in table10.
Table 10 design of south shear wall
Pier
Moment
(KN-m)
Effective
depth
(mm)
Area of jamb
steel
As* (mm2)
No. of
bars
P
(KN)
(total)
d
(mm)
t
(mm)
fa/Fa fb/Fb
fa/Fa
+
fb/Fb
result
1 71.8 1140 304.3 2@16Ø 397.2 1.24 0.35 0.37 0.26 0.63 OK
2 71.8 1140 304.3 2@16Ø 372.3 1.24 0.35 0.34 0.26 0.60 OK
3 71.8 1140 304.3 2@16Ø 278.9 1.24 0.35 0.26 0.26 0.52 OK
4 71.8 1140 304.3 2@16Ø 372.3 1.24 0.35 0.34 0.26 0.60 OK
5 71.8 1140 304.3 2@16Ø 397.2 1.24 0.35 0.37 0.26 0.63 OK
* Jamb steel at the pier boundary is given by
As = M/{fs × 0.9 × defective}
Fs = 0.55 Fe = 0.55 × 415 = 230 N/mm2
deffective = dtotal – cover
Assume cover of 50mm on both sides
** Adequacy of individual pier under compression and moment is checked by interaction formula
i.e.
fa/Fa + fb/Fb ≤ 1
fa = Ptotal/{width of pier (d) × t } where, Ptotal = Pd + PL + Povt
fb = M/(td2/6)
Fa = permissible compressive stress = 2.5N/mm2 (as per IS: 1905)
Fb = permissible bending stress = 2.5 + 0.25 × 2.5 = 3.125 N/mm2 (as per IS: 1905)
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8. DESIGN OF SHEAR WALLS FOR SHEAR
Shear in building may be resisted by providing the bands or bond beams. The bands represent
a horizontal framing system, which transfer the horizontal shear induced by the earthquakes from the
floors to shear (structural) walls. It als
action. In combination with vertical reinforcement, it improves the strength, ductility and energy
dissipation capacity of masonry walls. Depending upon its location in the building it may be term
as roof, lintel, and plinth band.in case of a flexible diaphragm, both roof and lintel band is required
however, in case of rigid diaphragm, a band at lintel level is sufficient. Plinth band is useful in
sustaining differential settlements, particularly
8.1 Design of bond beam
Total shear force in E-W direction (V) = 767.475 =768
Moment produced by this is given by
M = V × L/8 = 768 × 15.7/8 = 1507.2
Now,
T = M/d = 1507.2/11 = 137 KN
As = T/fs =137 × 1000/230 = 595.65 mm2
Provide 2 @ 16Ø and 2 @ 12Ø i.e. a total of four bars
A provided = 628mm2
Therefore, provide 150mm thick band and four bars of steel tied with stirrups 6mm dia at 150 c/c.
9. STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF THE BUILDING
Figure
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89
AR WALLS FOR SHEAR
Shear in building may be resisted by providing the bands or bond beams. The bands represent
a horizontal framing system, which transfer the horizontal shear induced by the earthquakes from the
floors to shear (structural) walls. It also connects all the structural walls to improve the integral
action. In combination with vertical reinforcement, it improves the strength, ductility and energy
dissipation capacity of masonry walls. Depending upon its location in the building it may be term
as roof, lintel, and plinth band.in case of a flexible diaphragm, both roof and lintel band is required
however, in case of rigid diaphragm, a band at lintel level is sufficient. Plinth band is useful in
sustaining differential settlements, particularly, when foundation soil is soft or has uneven properties.
W direction (V) = 767.475 =768
Moment produced by this is given by
= 1507.2
/fs =137 × 1000/230 = 595.65 mm2
Provide 2 @ 16Ø and 2 @ 12Ø i.e. a total of four bars
Therefore, provide 150mm thick band and four bars of steel tied with stirrups 6mm dia at 150 c/c.
9. STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF THE BUILDING
gure 4 structural details of the building
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Shear in building may be resisted by providing the bands or bond beams. The bands represent
a horizontal framing system, which transfer the horizontal shear induced by the earthquakes from the
o connects all the structural walls to improve the integral
action. In combination with vertical reinforcement, it improves the strength, ductility and energy
dissipation capacity of masonry walls. Depending upon its location in the building it may be termed
as roof, lintel, and plinth band.in case of a flexible diaphragm, both roof and lintel band is required
however, in case of rigid diaphragm, a band at lintel level is sufficient. Plinth band is useful in
, when foundation soil is soft or has uneven properties.
Therefore, provide 150mm thick band and four bars of steel tied with stirrups 6mm dia at 150 c/c.
12. Seismic Evaluation of Masonry Building A Case Study, Suhail Shafi, Dr. A R Dar, Danishzafar Wani,
Mohd Hanief Dar, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 90 editor@iaeme.com
10. CHECKING ADEQUACY OF AMAR SINGH COLLEGE BUILDING FOR ABOVE
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
The design details are now compared with the existing details of the building.
Table 11 Checking Adequacy of Amar Singh College Building for above Design Requirements
S.NO Data of Building under Assessment
Required as per design/IS
code
Whether
Complying?
1. Number of storeys, S =2 Equal to or less than 4 yes
2.
Wall building unit:
BURNED BRICK CONSTRUCTION
Compressive strength = 35 kg/cm2
Compressive strength ≥
35 kg/cm2 yes
3.
Thickness of load bearing walls, t
External wall =350mm
Internal wall =250mm
BB = 230 mm
CCB = 200 mm yes
4. Mortar used =1:6 C:S = 1:6 or richer yes
5.
Longest wall in room, L = 11m BB ≤ 8 m
CCB ≤ 7 m
No
6.
Height of wall, floor to ceiling
h = 3.66 m
BB = 3.45 m
CCB = 3.0 m
No
7.
Door, Window openings (See fig.3)
Overall (b1 + b2+….)/l,
=0.403
One storeyed 0.50
Two Storeyed 0.42
3 or 4 Storeyed 0.33
b4 min 560 mm
b5 min 450 mm
Yes
8.
Floor type
Reinforced Concrete slab
OK
With RC screed
With bracing
With ties & bracing
Yes
9.
Roof type
Sloping trussed,
With bracing
OK
With bracing
With ties &bracing
Yes
10. Seismic Bands
(i) at plinth = provided Required No
(ii) at lintel level = provided Required NO
(iii) at window = not provided
sill level
Required
No
(iv) at ceiling = not provided
eave level
Required
No
(v) at gable ends provided / not provided Required NO
(vi) at ridge top provided / not provided Required NO
11. Vertical bar
(i) at external corners = provided Required in all masonry
Buildings
NO
(ii) at external T-junctions = provided Required in all masonry
Buildings
NO
(iii) at internal corners = provided Required in all masonry
Buildings
NO
(iv) at internal T-junctions = provided Required in all masonry NO
13. Seismic Evaluation of Masonry Building A Case Study, Suhail Shafi, Dr. A R Dar, Danishzafar Wani,
Mohd Hanief Dar, Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com
www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 91 editor@iaeme.com
CONCLUSION
Earthquakes in Kashmir have been causing extensive damage to buildings and loss of many
valuable lives since times immortal. Such devastations due to earthquake demand the need of making
structures that are earthquake resistant. Since most of the construction in Kashmir is still being done
in masonry, the aim of this project was to study various earthquake resistant measures in masonry
buildings in context with Kashmir then point out the various flaws in construction practices in the
current ongoing masonry constructions particularly important buildings like school buildings etc. and
compare them with the actual seismic requirements.
For the current building it was concluded that the design of the building is susceptible to
earthquake and can fail under design base earthquake because the earthquake resistant features were
either missing or not complying with the design requirements.
REFERENCES
1. Introduction to international disaster management by Damon P. Coppola.
2. Indian Standard Code of practices IS 1893:2002.
3. Indian Standard Code of Practices IS 13828:1993.
4. Mohd Hanief Dar, Zahid Ahmad Chat and Suhail Shafi, “Flaws In Construction Practices of
Masonry Buildings In Kashmir With Reference To Earthquakes (A Case Study)” International
Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 6, Issue 1,
2015, pp. 67 - 72, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499.
5. Mohammed S. Al-Ansari,Qatar University, “Building Response To Blast and Earthquake
Loading” International journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 3,
Issue 2, 2012, pp. 327 - 346, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6375.
6. Dharane Sidramappa Shivashaankar and Patil Raobahdur Yashwant, “Earthquake Resistant
High Rise Buildings –New Concept” International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 5, Issue 6, 2014, pp. 121 - 124, ISSN Print:
0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499.