In India, multi-storied buildings are usually constructed due to high cost and scarcity of land. In order to utilize maximum land area, builders and architects generally propose asymmetrical plan configurations. These asymmetrical plan buildings, which are constructed in seismic prone areas, are likely to be damaged during earthquake. Earthquake is a natural phenomenon which can generate the most destructive forces on structures. Buildings should be made safe for lives by proper design and detailing of structural members in order to have a ductile form of failure. The concept of earthquake resistant design is that the building should be designed to resist the forces, which arises due to Design Basis Earthquake, with only minor damages and the forces, which arises due to Maximum Considered Earthquake, with some accepted structural damages but no collapse. This project report comprises of seismic analysis and design of an five-storied R.C. building with asymmetrical plan in different soil conditions. The building is modelled as a 3D space frame with six degrees of freedom at each node using the software SAP2000 v 14. Building is analyzed using Response Spectrum method. The Response Spectra as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 for rocky or hard soil and soft soil is used. Dynamic response of a structure resting on soft soils in particular, may differ substantially in amplitude and frequency content from the response of an identical structure supported on a very stiff soil or rock. However, data on many failure examples of rigid structures resting on flexible soils and intensive analytical studies in recent years have made considerable advances in the field of soil-structure interaction and analytical techniques are now available. This interaction phenomenon is principally affected by the mechanism of energy exchanged between soil and the structure. Considering the soil – structure interaction effect which is mainly due to the fact that buildings with high stiffness on loose soils behave differently. Base shears have shown significant variation with high values for structures resting on loose soils and low values in case of hard rock. This attributes mainly due to more absorbing energy capacity of soils when compared to rock materials
Effect of soil structure interaction on high rise r.c regular frame structur...eSAT Journals
Abstract Reinforced concrete building structure consist of horizontal member (beam & slab) and vertical members (columns & walls), and supported by foundation. The structure is subjected to loads of self-weight, live load, wind load and earthquake load etc. The structural strength of slab and the brick walls is not normally considered in the analysis of the structure Generally the foundation support is assumed as either hinged or fixed support, while foundations transmit the load to the soil medium which undergoes a settlement (vertical) depending on the loads from the structure and characteristics of the soil medium, causing the additional forces in structure. However, this effect is normally neglected in the structural analysis due to its complicated analysis. An attempt is made to analyze the structure considering the foundation soil settlement as define like soil medium by spring. The structure is analyzed for various seismic zones of India. (II, III, IV,&V), sub grade modulus of soil (Gs) from 12000kN/m3 to 60,000kN/m3.The results of the above analysis are used to study the effect of soil – structure interaction on horizontal displacement ‘훿x’ at each floor, and vertical displacement ‘훿y’ at the supports of a building. From the study, it is observed that the maximum percentage of variation in x- trans is 337 percentage with respect to fixed support condition at sub grade modulus of 12,000 kN /m2/m at seismic zone V and the maximum percentage of variation in y- trans is 1420 percentage with respect to fixed support at sub grade modulus 12,000 kN/m2/m at seismic zone V. From pilot study, concluded that effect of soil – structure interaction has to consider especially for lower sub grade modulus of soil at higher seismic intensities. KeyWords: Soil structure interaction (SSI), R.C.frame, Seismic load, High rise buildings etc…
Soil structure interaction effect on dynamic behavior of 3 d building frames ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil flexibility effect is generally not considered in seismic design of building frames and the design is done based on results of dynamic analysis taking fixed base condition. Flexibility effect of soil causes lengthening of lateral natural period due to overall reduction in lateral stiffness of the structure. Such lengthening lateral natural period (T) may considerably vary the seismic response of building frames resting on raft foundation. Hence it is necessary to unite the flexibility of soil on which the foundation rests during analysis such study being termed as soil structure interaction (SSI). In the present study the dynamic behavior of building frames over raft footing under seismic forces uniting soil structure interaction is considered. The analysis is carried out using FEM software SAP2000 *Ver14. For the interaction analysis of space frame, foundation and soil are considered as parts of a single compatible unit and soil is idealized using the soil models for analysis. The soil system below a raft footing is replaced by providing a true soil model (continuum model). In continuum model, soil is considered as homogeneous, isotropic, elastic of half space for which dynamic shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio are the inputs. Influence of number of parameters such as number of storey’s, soil types and height ratio for seismic zone-V is considered in present study. Building responses are considered for bare frame with and without accounting for soil flexibility. The responses in terms of lateral natural period and seismic base shear, lateral displacement (story drift), with and without soil flexibility is compared to evaluate the contribution of soil flexibility on building frames. Keywords: soil structure interaction, natural period, base shear, max. lateral displacement and raft footing etc…
Seismic performance of r c buildings on sloping grounds with different types ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Structure are highly susceptible to serve damages in earthquake scenario, so choosing an appropriate lateral force resisting
bracing systems will have a significant effect on performance of the structure. So this present study is aimed at evaluating and
comparing various types of eccentric steel bracings for 12 storey RC frame building resisting on sloping ground configurations.
For this 5 types of bracing systems like X-Bracing, Diagonal bracing, K- bracing, V-bracing and inverted V bracing are
considered on the outer periphery of the buildings with step back and set back – step back type configurations are modeled and
analyzed. The models are compared for different aspects within the structure, such as the maximum storey displacement, base
shear, storey drift and storey shear, the structure is analyzed for seismic zone V and medium soil condition as per IS 1893:2002
using ETABS software. Results conclude that on sloping ground due to irregularity on ground surface, the structures are more
vulnerable to earthquakes. Hence use of eccentric steel bracing is an effective and economical way to resist earthquake forces,
Inverted V type bracing performs well compared to other bracing types. By using inverted V type bracing in step back buildings
types maximum storey displacement of 70% and storey drift of 66% are obtained. Similarly for setback – step back configuration
maximum storey displacement of 74% and storey drift of 70% are obtained respectively.
Keywords: X-Bracing, Diagonal Bracing, K- Bracing, V-Bracing and Inverted V Bracing
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of Friction Dampers on RC Structures Subjected to Earthquakeijtsrd
Among all the natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, drought, hurricanes the least understood and the most destructive one is earthquake. Since, they cause many of injuries and economical losses leaving behind a series of signs of panic. Necessity to implement seismic codes in building design. For this a better method of analysis such as static analysis, dynamic analysis and time history analysis has to be adopted for performing the structures seismic risk assessment. This dissertation work is concerned with the "Studies on Effect of Friction Dampers on the Seismic Performance of RC G 15 Storey Buildings" According to IS 1893 part 1 2002 codal provisions the structures are analyzed by Equivalent Static method and Time History method. The modeling and analysis is done with ETAB SOFTWARE and the results obtained are seismic parameters such as Time period, Base shear, Lateral displacement and Inter storey drift, storey stiffness, storey accelaration are tabulated and then comparative study of structures with and without Friction dampers has been done. Akshay R | B. S. Suresh Chandra "Effect of Friction Dampers on RC Structures Subjected to Earthquake" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28017.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/28017/effect-of-friction-dampers-on-rc-structures-subjected-to-earthquake/akshay-r
Effect of soil structure interaction on high rise r.c regular frame structur...eSAT Journals
Abstract Reinforced concrete building structure consist of horizontal member (beam & slab) and vertical members (columns & walls), and supported by foundation. The structure is subjected to loads of self-weight, live load, wind load and earthquake load etc. The structural strength of slab and the brick walls is not normally considered in the analysis of the structure Generally the foundation support is assumed as either hinged or fixed support, while foundations transmit the load to the soil medium which undergoes a settlement (vertical) depending on the loads from the structure and characteristics of the soil medium, causing the additional forces in structure. However, this effect is normally neglected in the structural analysis due to its complicated analysis. An attempt is made to analyze the structure considering the foundation soil settlement as define like soil medium by spring. The structure is analyzed for various seismic zones of India. (II, III, IV,&V), sub grade modulus of soil (Gs) from 12000kN/m3 to 60,000kN/m3.The results of the above analysis are used to study the effect of soil – structure interaction on horizontal displacement ‘훿x’ at each floor, and vertical displacement ‘훿y’ at the supports of a building. From the study, it is observed that the maximum percentage of variation in x- trans is 337 percentage with respect to fixed support condition at sub grade modulus of 12,000 kN /m2/m at seismic zone V and the maximum percentage of variation in y- trans is 1420 percentage with respect to fixed support at sub grade modulus 12,000 kN/m2/m at seismic zone V. From pilot study, concluded that effect of soil – structure interaction has to consider especially for lower sub grade modulus of soil at higher seismic intensities. KeyWords: Soil structure interaction (SSI), R.C.frame, Seismic load, High rise buildings etc…
Soil structure interaction effect on dynamic behavior of 3 d building frames ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil flexibility effect is generally not considered in seismic design of building frames and the design is done based on results of dynamic analysis taking fixed base condition. Flexibility effect of soil causes lengthening of lateral natural period due to overall reduction in lateral stiffness of the structure. Such lengthening lateral natural period (T) may considerably vary the seismic response of building frames resting on raft foundation. Hence it is necessary to unite the flexibility of soil on which the foundation rests during analysis such study being termed as soil structure interaction (SSI). In the present study the dynamic behavior of building frames over raft footing under seismic forces uniting soil structure interaction is considered. The analysis is carried out using FEM software SAP2000 *Ver14. For the interaction analysis of space frame, foundation and soil are considered as parts of a single compatible unit and soil is idealized using the soil models for analysis. The soil system below a raft footing is replaced by providing a true soil model (continuum model). In continuum model, soil is considered as homogeneous, isotropic, elastic of half space for which dynamic shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio are the inputs. Influence of number of parameters such as number of storey’s, soil types and height ratio for seismic zone-V is considered in present study. Building responses are considered for bare frame with and without accounting for soil flexibility. The responses in terms of lateral natural period and seismic base shear, lateral displacement (story drift), with and without soil flexibility is compared to evaluate the contribution of soil flexibility on building frames. Keywords: soil structure interaction, natural period, base shear, max. lateral displacement and raft footing etc…
Seismic performance of r c buildings on sloping grounds with different types ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Structure are highly susceptible to serve damages in earthquake scenario, so choosing an appropriate lateral force resisting
bracing systems will have a significant effect on performance of the structure. So this present study is aimed at evaluating and
comparing various types of eccentric steel bracings for 12 storey RC frame building resisting on sloping ground configurations.
For this 5 types of bracing systems like X-Bracing, Diagonal bracing, K- bracing, V-bracing and inverted V bracing are
considered on the outer periphery of the buildings with step back and set back – step back type configurations are modeled and
analyzed. The models are compared for different aspects within the structure, such as the maximum storey displacement, base
shear, storey drift and storey shear, the structure is analyzed for seismic zone V and medium soil condition as per IS 1893:2002
using ETABS software. Results conclude that on sloping ground due to irregularity on ground surface, the structures are more
vulnerable to earthquakes. Hence use of eccentric steel bracing is an effective and economical way to resist earthquake forces,
Inverted V type bracing performs well compared to other bracing types. By using inverted V type bracing in step back buildings
types maximum storey displacement of 70% and storey drift of 66% are obtained. Similarly for setback – step back configuration
maximum storey displacement of 74% and storey drift of 70% are obtained respectively.
Keywords: X-Bracing, Diagonal Bracing, K- Bracing, V-Bracing and Inverted V Bracing
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of Friction Dampers on RC Structures Subjected to Earthquakeijtsrd
Among all the natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, drought, hurricanes the least understood and the most destructive one is earthquake. Since, they cause many of injuries and economical losses leaving behind a series of signs of panic. Necessity to implement seismic codes in building design. For this a better method of analysis such as static analysis, dynamic analysis and time history analysis has to be adopted for performing the structures seismic risk assessment. This dissertation work is concerned with the "Studies on Effect of Friction Dampers on the Seismic Performance of RC G 15 Storey Buildings" According to IS 1893 part 1 2002 codal provisions the structures are analyzed by Equivalent Static method and Time History method. The modeling and analysis is done with ETAB SOFTWARE and the results obtained are seismic parameters such as Time period, Base shear, Lateral displacement and Inter storey drift, storey stiffness, storey accelaration are tabulated and then comparative study of structures with and without Friction dampers has been done. Akshay R | B. S. Suresh Chandra "Effect of Friction Dampers on RC Structures Subjected to Earthquake" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28017.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/28017/effect-of-friction-dampers-on-rc-structures-subjected-to-earthquake/akshay-r
Influence of stratified soil on seismic response of pile supported buildingIJARIIT
In the last few decades, it has been perceived that Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) changed the reaction attributes of
a structural system due to huge and firm nature of structure and frequently, soil softness. In the current study, to depict the
influence of soil structure interaction on the seismic response of a structure due to earthquake loading, a 5 storied (G+4)
simple square building supported on pile foundation resting on stratified soil was selected. The building sections were
modelled and analysed for different configurations (i.e., with and without slab and infill) using finite element method
SAP2000. The deformations under seismic loading in the structure and piles by incorporating the effect of soil-structure
interaction and fixed base condition were extracted, compared and discussed. Impact of variety of the parameters on different
soil conditions like variation in soil profile and number of soil layers, influence of slab and infill are considered for which the
buildings are modelled by alternate approaches, namely, (1) bare frame with fixed supports, (2) frames including slab and
infill with support accounting for soil-flexibility. The results indicate that the roof displacement varies significantly for
different soil layer combinations if included the soil structure interaction compared to that of fixed base analysis. Thus
considering the effect of SSI is essential. The horizontal displacement of the structure is maximum for a bare frame with slab
when compared to bare frame and infill frame. When infill wall is added to the structure, the horizontal displacement is
decreased due to the stiffness of the infill wall.
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
The Effect of Structure -Soil Interaction on Eccentrically Loaded FrameIJERD Editor
The interaction among structures, their foundations and the soil medium below the foundations alter
the actual behaviour of the structure considerably than what is obtained from the consideration of the structure
alone. Thus, a reasonably accurate model for the soil–foundation–structure interaction system with
computational validity, efficiency and accuracy is needed in improved design of important structures. The
framed structures are normally analyzed with their bases considered to be either completely rigid or hinged.
However, the foundation resting on deformable soils also undergoes deformation depending on the relative
rigidities of the foundation, superstructure and soil. Interactive analysis is, therefore, necessary for the accurate
assessment of the response of the superstructure.
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
SEISMIC REACTION OF BUILDING FRAME UNDER VARIOUS ZONES CONSIDERING FLEXIBLE A...IAEME Publication
Objectives: To find seismic reaction of building frame under various zones considering flexible and rigid supports. Methods/Analysis: If a structure is subjected to an earthquake excitation, it interacts with the foundation and soil, and the ground motion is varied. That means, the movement of the whole ground structure system is under the influence of soil type also by the type of structure. As the seismic waves transfer from the ground which consist of alteration in soil properties and performs according to soil’s respective properties differently. In this study, different soil strata are taken and corresponding vertical and lateral displacement are determined with G+4 in zones II, III, IV and V. A G+4 building is modeled in STAAD. Pro for different types of soils such as hard, medium and soft. Findings: The work consist the calculations of vertical and lateral support reactions for soil types in various seismic zones and the comparison of Rigid and Flexible supports is obtained. Applications: Effect of seismic reaction of building frame under various zones considering flexible and rigid supports concept can be extended to different types of buildings and number of bays and storeyes can be increasd further the analysis can be carried out for the different types of zones using STAAD - PRO.
Influence of stratified soil on seismic response of pile supported buildingIJARIIT
In the last few decades, it has been perceived that Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) changed the reaction attributes of
a structural system due to huge and firm nature of structure and frequently, soil softness. In the current study, to depict the
influence of soil structure interaction on the seismic response of a structure due to earthquake loading, a 5 storied (G+4)
simple square building supported on pile foundation resting on stratified soil was selected. The building sections were
modelled and analysed for different configurations (i.e., with and without slab and infill) using finite element method
SAP2000. The deformations under seismic loading in the structure and piles by incorporating the effect of soil-structure
interaction and fixed base condition were extracted, compared and discussed. Impact of variety of the parameters on different
soil conditions like variation in soil profile and number of soil layers, influence of slab and infill are considered for which the
buildings are modelled by alternate approaches, namely, (1) bare frame with fixed supports, (2) frames including slab and
infill with support accounting for soil-flexibility. The results indicate that the roof displacement varies significantly for
different soil layer combinations if included the soil structure interaction compared to that of fixed base analysis. Thus
considering the effect of SSI is essential. The horizontal displacement of the structure is maximum for a bare frame with slab
when compared to bare frame and infill frame. When infill wall is added to the structure, the horizontal displacement is
decreased due to the stiffness of the infill wall.
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
The Effect of Structure -Soil Interaction on Eccentrically Loaded FrameIJERD Editor
The interaction among structures, their foundations and the soil medium below the foundations alter
the actual behaviour of the structure considerably than what is obtained from the consideration of the structure
alone. Thus, a reasonably accurate model for the soil–foundation–structure interaction system with
computational validity, efficiency and accuracy is needed in improved design of important structures. The
framed structures are normally analyzed with their bases considered to be either completely rigid or hinged.
However, the foundation resting on deformable soils also undergoes deformation depending on the relative
rigidities of the foundation, superstructure and soil. Interactive analysis is, therefore, necessary for the accurate
assessment of the response of the superstructure.
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
SEISMIC REACTION OF BUILDING FRAME UNDER VARIOUS ZONES CONSIDERING FLEXIBLE A...IAEME Publication
Objectives: To find seismic reaction of building frame under various zones considering flexible and rigid supports. Methods/Analysis: If a structure is subjected to an earthquake excitation, it interacts with the foundation and soil, and the ground motion is varied. That means, the movement of the whole ground structure system is under the influence of soil type also by the type of structure. As the seismic waves transfer from the ground which consist of alteration in soil properties and performs according to soil’s respective properties differently. In this study, different soil strata are taken and corresponding vertical and lateral displacement are determined with G+4 in zones II, III, IV and V. A G+4 building is modeled in STAAD. Pro for different types of soils such as hard, medium and soft. Findings: The work consist the calculations of vertical and lateral support reactions for soil types in various seismic zones and the comparison of Rigid and Flexible supports is obtained. Applications: Effect of seismic reaction of building frame under various zones considering flexible and rigid supports concept can be extended to different types of buildings and number of bays and storeyes can be increasd further the analysis can be carried out for the different types of zones using STAAD - PRO.
Integrated ERT and Magnetic Surveys in a Mineralization Zone in Erkowit - Red...IJERA Editor
The present study focus on integrated geophysical surveys carried out in the mineralization zone in Erkowit region, Eastern Sudan to determine the extensions of the potential ore deposits on the topographically high hilly area and under the cover of alluvium along the nearby wadi and to locate other occurrences if any. The magnetic method (MAG) and the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were employed for the survey. Eleven traverses were aligned approximately at right angles to the general strike of the rock formations. The disseminated sulfides are located on the alteration shear zone which is composed of granitic and dioritic highly ferruginated rock occupying the southwestern and central parts of the area, this was confirmed using thin and polished sections mineralogical analysis. The magnetic data indicates low magnetic values for wadi sedimentary deposits in its southern part of the area, and high anomalies which are suspected as gossans due to magnetite formed during wall rock alteration consequent to mineralization. The significant ERT imagesdefinelow resistivity zone as traced as sheared zones which may associated with the main loci of ore deposition. The study designates that correlation of magnetic and ERT anomalies with lithology are extremely useful in mineral exploration due to variations in some specific physical properties of rocks.
Change Management Soup for the Business Soul: Provide Support and Manage Resistance to Maintain Morale and Sustain High Performance
Learning objective: Evaluate guidelines for managing change
Many employees gain validation and value through what they contribute, and for some, it has taken years to solidify the value of this knowledge. Changing business practices and processes seems to threaten the value one perceives he/she is contributing. It is important to foster a learning environment that celebrates the value of contributions and encourages the collective, team-based approach to managing and leading through transitions. On the other hand, individuals must challenge faulty thinking and become aware of how resistance and poor attitudes impact personal and professional growth. Understanding the stages of change is critical in understanding the psychology of an individual and how one tends to naturally respond to change. Of all the stages, the most useful component to business is the concept of resistance.
At the end of this session, participants will be able to:
a. Explore the cycles of change
b. Review team strategies and learning tools to manage change
c. Examine the concept of resistance and tips to motivating self and others to overcome barriers to successful change process
Suomen Ympäristökeskuksen tutkimusprofessori ja ryhmäpäällikkö Pekka Leskisen ja
tutkija Anne Holman esitelmä "Biotalouden kestävyys" Säätytalolla 4.2.2015
Limit State Design: IS: 800 2007 a New Challenge for Structural Engineers in ...IJERA Editor
Since last two decades Limit State concept of Design (LSD) of steel structure has been adopted by the structural engineers worldwide. In India it is still a new concept for the practicing structural engineers as the formal publication of IS 800-2007 was made in Dec, 2007, only seven years back. As a result Indian engineers are to face a real challenge to cover-up the gap in between. Publication of ISO: 2943 in 90‟s is a mile stone of global acceptance of LSD. Revision of IS 800-1984 to IS: 800: 2007 is made for a complete change of concept of design hitherto followed. Implementation of LSD was a problem in all most all the countries in the world. India is also facing the same due to delayed introduction of LSD codes when the level of knowledge on limit state developed very fast internationally. Today it becomes an urgent task for the Indian structural engineers to study and review more and more the basic philosophy and concept in contrast to the traditional method of Working Stress Design (WSD) in a documented manner so that this can help everyone in this field for effective application of LSD in practical design. This paper will address this issue as why it becomes a real historical challenge for engineers in India. Here it will also be attempted to highlight the basic philosophical understanding required for successful transformation from the traditional concept to this new concept of LSD. Some comparative design review of both the codes will also be presented for practical understanding of the conceptual changes.
Speed Control of Induction Motor by Using Intelligence TechniquesIJERA Editor
This paper gives the comparative study among various techniques used to control the speed of three phase induction motor. In this paper, indirect vector method is used to control the speed of Induction motor. Firstly Simulink Model is developed by using MATLAB/ Simulink software. PI controller, Fuzzy PI Hybrid controller, Genetic Algorithm (GA) are the techniques involved in control Induction motor and the results are compared. By converting three phase supply currents coming from stator to Flux and Torque components of current the speed responses such as rise time, overshoot, settling time and speed regulation at load have been observed and compared among the techniques. The PI controller parameters defined by an objective function are calculated by using Genetic Algorithms presented good performance compared to Fuzzy PI Hybrid controller which has parameters chosen by the human operator.
The Project Management Professional (PMP certification) is a must-have for any serious project manager. EITAcies® we pride ourselves on making sure that you are prepared to pass the project management certification exam on your first attempt.
After our 36 hours PMP camp you will have all the knowledge and tools needed to take the next step in your career. EITACIES solution consulting team assist in placements
OTP, Phishing, QR code, Shares, Visual Cryptography.IJERA Editor
Minimum spanning tree can be obtained for connected weighted edges with no negative weight using classical algorithms such as Boruvka’s, Prim’s and Kruskal. This paper presents a survey on the classical and the more recent algorithms with different techniques. This survey paper also contains comparisons of MST algorithm and their advantages and disadvantages.
Earthquake Resistance Design-Impact On Cost Of Reinforced Concrete BuilidingsIJMER
Earthquakes strike suddenly, violently and without warning at any time of the day or night.It
is highly impossible to prevent an earthquake from occuring, but the damage to the builiding can be
controlled through proper design and detailing. Hence it is mandatory to do the sesmic analysis and
design to structure against collapse. This study addresses the performance and variation of precentage
steel and concrete quantity of R.C framed structure in different seismic zones and influence on overall
cost of construction. This study mainly focuses on the comparision of percentage steel and concrete
quantities when the builiding is designed for gravity loads as per IS 456:2000 and when the builiding is
designed for earthquake forces in different seismic zones as per IS 1893:2002. A five storied R.C.C
framed structure has been analyse and designed using STAAD ProV8i. Ductile detailing has been done
in conformation with IS:13920
Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Se...ijtsrd
This study work focuses on the analysis of a structural system to determine the deformations and comparison of steel quantity of seismic zones. In this study, we have taken G 12 multi storied RC moment resisting framed structure building with the shear wall by analyzing the structure for gravity load, wind load and seismic loads for different cities. By Selecting four different cities on the basis of seismic zones zone II, zone III, zone IV, zone V and also considering that the basic wind speed. We have mainly focus on the structural system to determine the deformations and also forces induced by applied loads or ground excitation is an essential step in the design of a structure to resist earthquake. The analysis and design for all the cities are carried out using STAAD Pro' and STAAD Foundation' software which are industry standard software the world over. The wind resistant design is carried out as per IS 875 Part 3 1987 and the earthquake resistant design is carried out as per IS 1893 Part 1 2002. Analysis and design of beams, columns and shear wall have been done in STAAD Pro and the foundation is done in STAAD Foundation. We have also checked the design of some beams, columns, and footings manually and find correct. Design of RCC slabs is carried out manually for which an excel sheet is developed for working out moment coefficients for different edge conditions as per IS code. In this study work, we design and analyze a reinforced concrete frame structure in various seismic zones and we observing the variation in the behavior of the structure in various loading conditions. Priyatam Kumar | Vikash Kumar Singh "Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Seismic Zone" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26688.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26688/design-and-analysis-of-a-multistory-reinforced-concrete-frame-in-different-seismic-zone/priyatam-kumar
Dynamic Analysis of Multi-Storeyed Frame-Shear Wall Building Considering SSIIJERA Editor
The structural system of a high-rise building often has a more pronounced effect than a low rise building on the
total building cost and the architecture aspect of building. Shear walls are lateral load resisting structural
systems which provide stability to structures from lateral loads like wind and seismic Loads. The design of multi
storey building is to have good lateral load resisting System along with gravity load system for safety of
occupant and for better performance of structure even in most adverse condition. The main scope of this project
is to apply class room knowledge in the real world by designing a multi-storied residential building. Shear walls
are more efficient in resisting lateral loads in multi storied buildings. Steel and reinforced concrete shear walls
are kept in major positions of multi storied buildings which are made in consideration of seismic forces and
wind forces. To solve this purpose shear walls are a very powerful structural elements, if used judiciously can
reduce deflections and stresses to a very great extent. Our project contains a brief description of building with
shear wall and without shear wall thoroughly discussed structural analysis of a building to explain the
application of shear wall. The design analysis of the multi storied building in our project is done through
STAAD-PRO, most popular structural engineering software. It is featured with some ultimate power tool,
analysis and design facilities which make it more users friendly.
Comparison of percentage steel and concrete quantities of a r.c building in d...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper addresses the performance and variation of percentage steel and concrete quantities of R.C.C framed structure in different seismic zones. One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of a nature is a severe earthquake and it terrible after effect. It is highly impossible to prevent an earth quake from occurring, but the damage to the buildings can be controlled through proper design and detailing. Hence it is mandatory to do the seismic analysis and design to structures against collapse. Designing a structure in such a way that reducing damage during an earthquake makes the structure quite uneconomical, as the earth quake might or might not occur in its life time and is a rare phenomenon. The present IS code 1893:2002 doesn’t provide information about the variation of concrete and percentage of steel from zone to zone. This study mainly focus on the comparison of percentage steel and concrete quantities when the building is designed for gravity loads as per IS 456:2000 and when the building is designed for earthquake forces in different seismic zones as per IS 1893:2002. Keywords: Earthquakes, Reinforcement, Ductility, Damageability, STAAD-Pro.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Basic points on earthquake resistant building
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GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
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Seismic Analysis of Structures under Different Soil Conditions
1. Ranu R.Akulwar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 1, ( Part -6) January 2015, pp.64-69
www.ijera.com 64 | P a g e
Seismic Analysis of Structures under Different Soil Conditions
Ranu R. Akulwar
Bapurao Deshmukh College Of Engineering,Wardha Rashtrasanth Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, INDIA
Abstract
In India, multi-storied buildings are usually constructed due to high cost and scarcity of land. In order to utilize
maximum land area, builders and architects generally propose asymmetrical plan configurations. These
asymmetrical plan buildings, which are constructed in seismic prone areas, are likely to be damaged during
earthquake. Earthquake is a natural phenomenon which can generate the most destructive forces on structures.
Buildings should be made safe for lives by proper design and detailing of structural members in order to have a
ductile form of failure.
The concept of earthquake resistant design is that the building should be designed to resist the forces, which
arises due to Design Basis Earthquake, with only minor damages and the forces, which arises due to Maximum
Considered Earthquake, with some accepted structural damages but no collapse. This project report comprises
of seismic analysis and design of an five-storied R.C. building with asymmetrical plan in different soil
conditions. The building is modelled as a 3D space frame with six degrees of freedom at each node using the
software SAP2000 v 14. Building is analyzed using Response Spectrum method. The Response Spectra as per
IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 for rocky or hard soil and soft soil is used.
Dynamic response of a structure resting on soft soils in particular, may differ substantially in amplitude and
frequency content from the response of an identical structure supported on a very stiff soil or rock. However,
data on many failure examples of rigid structures resting on flexible soils and intensive analytical studies in
recent years have made considerable advances in the field of soil-structure interaction and analytical techniques
are now available. This interaction phenomenon is principally affected by the mechanism of energy exchanged
between soil and the structure.
Considering the soil – structure interaction effect which is mainly due to the fact that buildings with high
stiffness on loose soils behave differently. Base shears have shown significant variation with high values for
structures resting on loose soils and low values in case of hard rock. This attributes mainly due to more
absorbing energy capacity of soils when compared to rock materials
I. INTRODUCTION
Earthquake is known to be one of the most
destructive phenomenon experienced on earth. It is
caused due to a sudden release of energy in the
earth’s crust which results in seismic waves. When
the seismic waves reach the foundation level of the
structure, it experiences horizontal and vertical
motion at ground surface level. Due to this,
earthquake is responsible for the damage to various
man-made structures like buildings, bridges, roads,
dams, etc. It also causes landslides, liquefaction,
slope-instability and overall loss of life and property.
Most of the time earthquakes are caused by the
slippage along a fault in the earth’s crust. When the
fault ruptures in the earth’s crust, the seismic waves
will travel away from the source known as focus, in
all direction to the ground surface. As they travel
through different geological materials, the waves are
reflected and refracted. Throughout the whole
journey from the bedrock to the ground surface, the
waves may experience amplification.Seismic wave
amplification may cause large acceleration to be
transferred to the structures, especially when the
resulting seismic wave frequencies match with the
structure resonant frequencies. This phenomenon
may result in catastrophic damages and losses. Thus,
with respect to the possible risk of earthquake hazard,
it is essential to estimate the peak ground acceleration
at the ground surface in order to produce appropriate
response spectra for the purpose of structural design
and structural safety evaluation. An earthquake is a
ground vibration due to the rapid release of
energy.The vibration produced causing the ground to
be in motion where such ground motion generates
complicated transient vibrations in structures. The
response of a structure under earthquake loading is
directly associated with the response of soil to ground
shaking. Thus, the extent and degree of damage
during an earthquake is mainly influenced by the
response of soil to ground vibrations. Therefore, it is
vital to evaluate the response of soil due to ground
vibration.
Though the structures are supported on soil, most
of the designers do not consider the soil structure
interaction and its subsequent effect on structure
during an earthquake. Different soil properties can
affect seismic waves as they pass through a soil layer.
When a structure is subjected to an earthquake
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN
ACCESS
2. Ranu R.Akulwar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 1, ( Part -6) January 2015, pp.64-69
www.ijera.com 65 | P a g e
excitation,it interacts the foundation and soil, and
thus changes the motion of the ground. It means that
the movement of the whole ground structure system
is influenced by type of soil as well as by the type of
structure.Tall buildings are supposed to be of
engineered construction in sense that they might have
been analyzed and designed to meet the provision of
relevant codes of practice and building bye-laws. IS
1893: 2002 “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design
of Structures” gives response spectrum for different
types of soil such as hard, medium and soft soil.
II. PROPOSED DESIGN
The building considered in the present report is
G+4 storied R.C framed Guest house building, of
asymmetrical plan configuration. The building is
having following dimensions.
Length = 31.364 m
Width = 17.411 m
Height = 17.00 m
Typical elevation and plan of building is shown in
Fig.
Figure 2.1:Elevation of building in x-z plane
Figure 2.2 Elevation of building in y-z plane
Figure 2.3 Plinth level beam plan
Figure 2.4 First floor level plan
3. Ranu R.Akulwar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 1, ( Part -6) January 2015, pp.64-69
www.ijera.com 66 | P a g e
Figure 2.5 Second floor level plan
III. BUILDING PROPERTIES
3.1 Site Properties:
Location of building :: Amritsar Punjab
Seismic Zone :: IV
3.2 Geometric Properties of Components:
Beam section ::350 mm X 550 mm
Column section ::400 mm X 600 mm
Slab thickness :: 125 mm
External wall thickness ::230 mm
Internal wall (partition wall) ::115 mm
Height of parapet wall ::1.5 m
Thickness of parapet wall:: 230 mm
3.3 Material Properties:
Material property of Concrete, Masonry and Reinforcement are given in tabular form
Table 3.3.1 Material properties of concrete,masonry and reinforcement.
Material Modulus of
elasticity(kN/m2
)
Unit Weight
(kN/m3)
Yield Stress MPa Compressive
strength (MPa)
Concrete 25 X 106
25 - 25000
Masonry 2 X 106
20 -
Reinforcement 2 X 108
415 -
Reinforcement
(column)
2 X 108
500 -
3.4 Loading Types:
The structure should be safe against all possible loads which are expected to come during its lifetime. The
load cases should be considered for design of structural component of building.
3.5 Primary Loads
Dead load: It includes dead weight of beam column, floor slab, Floor finish roof finish, roof slab wall.
Self weight of beam and column
Weight of slab =3.125kN/m2
Dead Weight of wall =14.26kN/m
Dead Weight of Internal wall (partion wall) =7.13kN/m
Dead Weight of parapet wall =6.9kN/m
Floor finish =1kN/m2
Roof treatment =1.5kN/m
Live Loads
Live load (Bed room) =2kN/m2
Live load (passage) =3kN/m2
Live load on roof =1.5kN/m2
4. Ranu R.Akulwar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 1, ( Part -6) January 2015, pp.64-69
www.ijera.com 67 | P a g e
3.6 Earthquake Load
The earthquake load is considered as per IS:1893 (Part I):2002,for the zone IV and hard rock type and soft
soil with importance factor 1.5 and Reduction factor 5.
Seismic zone factor Z for Zone IV =0.24
Scale factor = (Z/2)*(I/R)*g
= (.24/2)*(1.5/5)*9.8=0.3532
3.7 Load Combinations
Load combinations that are to be used for Limit state Design of reinforced concrete structure are listed
below.
1. 1.5(DL+LL)
2. 1.2(DL+LL±EQ-X)
3. 1.2(DL+LL±EQ-Y)
4. 1.5(DL±EQ-X)
5. 1.5(DL±EQ-Y)
6. 0.9DL±1.5EQ-X
7. 0.9DL±1.5EQ-Y
3.8 Seismic Load
Table 3.8.1 Load calculated by SAP and by manual calculation.
The seismic load is calculated as per IS
1893(Part 1):2002.The building is analysed in two
principal horizontal directions.
Fundamental time period of building are
calculated as per IS 1893(Part 1):2002 cl.7.6.2 as
given below
T=0.09*h/√d
h is height of building
d =Base dimension of building at plinth level.
For rocky or hard soil sites
Sa/g =1+15*T 0.00≤T≤0.10
=2.5 0.10≤T≤0.40
=1.0/T 0.40≤T≤4.00
For soft soil sites
Sa/g =1+15*T 0.00≤T≤0.10
= 2.5 0.10≤T≤0.67
= 1.67/T 0.67≤T≤4.00
3.9 Calculation of Base shear
Tx =0.09*15.5/√31.364
=0.25 sec
Ty =0.334 sec
(Sa/g)x =(Sa/g)y =2.5
Ah =(Sa/g)*(Z/2)*(I/R)
(Ah)x = (Ah)y =0.09
VB =Ah*W
Base shear from manual calculation
(ṼB)X = (ṼB)Y =3490.38kN
From SAP
(VB)X =1638.728kN
(VB)Y =1732.327kN
For soft soil sites
Sa/g =1+15*T 0.00≤T≤0.10
= 2.5 0.10≤T≤0.67
= 1.67/T 0.67≤T≤4.00
(Sa/g)x =6.68
(Sa/g)y =5
Ah =(Sa/g)*(Z/2)*(I/R)
(Ah)x = 0.240
(Ah)y = 0.180
VB =Ah*W
Base shear from manual calculation
(ṼB)X = 9307.68kN
(ṼB)Y = 6980.76kN
3.10 Base Shear Correction (ṼB/VB)
Scale factor = (ṼB/VB)X *(Z/2)*(I/R)*g
= 2.13*0.3532
= 0.7523
Scale factor = (ṼB/VB)y *(Z/2)*(I/R)*g
= 2.01*0.3532
= 0.7116
VB =Ah*W
Base shear from manual calculation
(ṼB)X = (ṼB)Y =3490.38kN.
Load type SAP result (kN) Manual Calculation(kN)
DEAD WALL 15810.67 15810.67
DEAD SALB 5225.206 5225.206
DEAD FF 1262.695 1262.695
DEAD RT 614.056 614.056
LIVE 2816.216 2816.216
DEAD 13053.18 13053.18
Total load 38782.023 38782.023
5. Ranu R.Akulwar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 1, ( Part -6) January 2015, pp.64-69
www.ijera.com 68 | P a g e
OBSERVATIONS
1.The fundamental time period of the
building,calculated as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, is
0.25sec in longitudinal direction.
2.The fundamental time period of the
building,calculated as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, is
0.334 sec in transverse direction.
3.The modal mass participation percentage is 0.63%
along X (longitudinal) directions of the building.
4.The modal mass participation percentage is
0.006465% along Y (transverse) direction of the
building.
5.Maximum modal mass participation is in mode
no.10 is 91% in the longitudinal direction and 90%
in transverse direction.
6.In a typical beam, shear force obtained from
applied loads is 271.46kN for member.
7.The Base shear from manual calculation is (ṼB)X =
(ṼB)Y =3490.38 kN for hard soil condition.
8.The Base shear from SAP is (VB)X =1638.728 kN
and (VB)Y =1732.327 kN.
9.The Base shear from manual calculation is (ṼB)X
=9307.68 kN (ṼB)Y =6980.76 for soft soil condition.
10.Base shear correction (ṼB/VB)x, of 0.7523 is
applied in longitudinal directionBase shear correction
(ṼB/VB)Y of 0.7116 is applied in transverse direction.
IV. CONCLUSION
In the present project report seismic design
analysis of a asymmetrical plan building is carried
out.Building is modelled as a 3D frame using
SAP2000v14 which is analysed by Response
Spectrum method. Following conclusions have been
drawn from the seismic analysis and design of the
building
The modal mass participation percentage are
0.63% and .006465% along X and Y
directions of the building, respectively. This
is because of low torsional rigidity of the
building.
From the manual design of a typical beam
and column, it has been found that the
required flexure and shear reinforcement as
obtained from SAP2000 is in reasonable
agreement with manual calculations.
Special confining reinforcement in potential
plastic hinge zone has to be provided
because SAP2000 does not provide any such
special confining reinforcement.
Out of the different load combinations the
governing load cases consist of different
combinations with earthquake load.
The period of vibration as calculated from
the empirical formula of IS: 1893(Part1)-
2002 comes out to be 0.25 sec in the
longitudinal direction and 0.334 sec in the
transverse direction. The period of the
structure as obtained from the software is
0.6099 sec and 0.60991sec in longitudinal
and transverse directions, respectively. So
correction for base shear (ṼB/VB) is
considered for the capping on time period
prescribed by IS: 1893 -2002.
Considering the soil – structure interaction
effect which is mainly due to the fact that
buildings with high stiffness on loose soils
behave differently. Base shears have shown
significant variation with high values for
structures resting on loose soils and low
values in case of hard rock. This attributes
mainly due to more absorbing energy
capacity of soils when compared to rock
materials.
Time periods of the structure invariably
decrease with the increase of soil stiffness.
Due to earthquake forces, base shear
decreases with increase of soil stiffness.
In general, it is seen that the displacement
values increase with the decrease of soil
stiffness, which is mainly attributed due to
the rocking effect of the soil.
It is also observed that there is a wide
variation in the decrease of displacements
from loose soil to hard rock at ground floor
level when compared with the
displacements.
The soil damping normally ranges from low
value for flexible structure on rigid
foundation to a high value for rigid
structures on flexible foundations.
Particularly for structures like nuclear power
plants, which are more rigid than high rise
buildings, the influence of soil-structure
interaction is more significant.
It is necessary to consider soil-structure
interaction effect when structures rest on
loose soils.
REFERENCES
[1.] Reddy.S.R.K(2002), Proc.of 12th S.E.E, Vol
I, Roorkee, pp 232-240“Integrated Remote
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