A Natural Calamity like an earthquake has taken a million lives throughout in our past. The force induced due to earthquake is dangerous and last for short duration of time. There are various techniques that can be used resist the force of an earthquake such as base isolation, bracing etc. The principle of base isolation is to isolate the structure from the motion of an earthquake and protect the structure and also reduce the force being transmitted to the building due to earthquake. For this study, G 13 storied R.C. frame building is considered and time history analysis is carried out using E Tabs 2017 software, and also study investigates structural behavior of multi story building with or without base isolation subjected earthquake ground motion. The Lead Rubber Bearing LRB is designed as per UBC 97 code and the same was used for the analysis of base isolation system. Here we shall studying earthquake resistivity of structure by analyzing the base isolation structure to compare its structural performance with fixed base isolation. Rohan G Raikar | Dr. Shivakumaraswamy | Dr. S Vijaya | M. K Darshan "Seismic Analysis of Framed R.C. Structure with Base Isolation Technique using E-Tabs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33166.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33166/seismic-analysis-of-framed-rc-structure-with-base-isolation-technique-using-etabs/rohan-g-raikar
IRJET- A Study on Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Frame with L...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic performance of a 10-storey reinforced concrete frame with different lateral force resistant systems, including a base isolation system using lead rubber bearings. Three models of the frame were analyzed: fixed base, braced with X-bracing, and base isolated. Time history, static, and pushover analyses were conducted. The results show that the base isolated frame performed best in reducing story drift, displacement, shear, and acceleration under seismic loading compared to the fixed base and braced frames. Maximum drift was 0.415mm for the base isolated frame versus 26.62mm for the fixed base frame. The base shear was also significantly reduced from 2294.3kN to 32.935
This summarizes a document describing a seismic isolated building designed by Toyo Ito Architects. The building uses capital seismic isolation at the basement floor with all seismic isolators located on top of steel reinforced concrete columns. This allows for a shallow foundation and reduced drilling costs. Above the basement, the building uses a steel rigid frame structure with concrete-filled tubular steel columns and H-section steel beams. The document then describes the architectural plan and structural design, including verification using time history response analysis.
The base isolation system is well-known as a sophisticated device for reducing
earthquake energy that a building structure is subjected to under earthquake impact.
Currently, many researchers are attempting to develop low-cost base isolation
intended for low-rise buildings by replacing steel reinforcement with an alternative
material. In this research project, the seismic response of residential housing units
that used perforated-reinforced elastomeric isolators (PREIs) within one- and twostory
reinforced concrete (RC), are investigated. The nonlinear dynamic analysis
(time history) considered seven ground motions to assess the seismic performance of
the structure under extreme earthquake shaking. The nonlinear dynamic analysis
method was developed to provide a more realistic model of structural response to
strong ground shaking. The lateral displacement, inter-story drift, base shear,
acceleration and overturning moment were analyzed to ensure that the low-rise
building behaved elastically under strong ground motion without any damage on both
nonstructural and structural components. The results illustrated that the application
of the isolators in the low-rise building was reliable in providing low horizontal
stiffness and a longer fundamental period. In addition, the study illustrated the
advantage of applying isolators in the upper structure, reducing base shear,
acceleration and drift ratio drastically. The large lateral displacement of the isolator
played an important role in the stability of the isolated structure. Therefore, special
attention must be paid in the design process of the isolator to guarantee suitable
response of the upper structure under strong earthquake shaking.
SEISMIC ISOLATION OF RC FRAMED STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT INFILLSIAEME Publication
Earthquakes are the nature’s greatest hazard which cannot be exactly predicted by human
beings. Earthquake is a sudden movement of earth’s surface with the release of massive energy
in the form of seismic waves. There are so many methods to control the vibration of the
buildings like passive, active and hybrid control systems.[1] Base isolation is a passive control
system. In the present work, a (G+3) structure considering with and without infill’s subjected
to seismic force along with static gravity loads are analyzed using Response Spectrum Method
in ETABS-2015 package. From the study, the response of the structure obtained is time period,
base shear, story displacement and inter-story drifts and also the comparison is drawn for the
same parameters considering structure as bare and infill frames. The variation in percentage
of steel is also presented. It is found that the time period and story displacement increases
while base shear and story drifts gets reduces with the provision of effective base isolators.
Seismic analysis of reinforced concrete frame with steel bracingsTin Bui Van
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a 10-story reinforced concrete frame building with and without steel bracing through computer modeling. Three cases are considered: a bare frame (Case 1), a frame with bracing in the middle bays (Case 2), and a frame with bracing at the corners (Case 3). Results show that Case 2 with middle bracing has the lowest time period, displacements, and drift, indicating it best resists earthquake forces by increasing the lateral stiffness of the frame. While the bare frame has the lowest base shear, the addition of bracing in Cases 2 and 3 significantly improves the seismic performance of the building.
Seismic Base Isolators under Individual and Combined Use in Multi Storied Bui...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of seismic base isolators under individual and combined configurations in multi-story buildings. It discusses different types of base isolators including lead rubber bearings and friction pendulum bearings. It also reviews past literature that has evaluated the seismic response of buildings isolated with different isolator configurations and combinations. The literature shows that base isolation is effective at reducing floor accelerations, inter-story drifts, and base shear. Combined isolation systems that use multiple isolator types can further reduce responses compared to individual isolator systems, but may increase displacements.
Finite ElementAnalysis of Doubly Curved Thin Concrete ShellsHARISH B A
thin shell is a “Three-dimensional spatial structure made up of one or more curved surfaces whose
thickness is small compared to their other dimensions”. Shells belong to the class of stressed skin structures which,
because of their geometry and small flexural rigidity of the skin, tend to carry loads primarily by direct stresses acting in
their plane. The shells are subjected to pure membrane state of stress, under appropriate loading and boundary
condition the resulting bending and twisting moments are either zero or small which may be neglected. The coordinates
of funicular shells are determined by masonry mould method by developing a computer program. In this study doubly
curved thin shells are analysed using finite element software SAP 2000. Doubly curved shells which are in square plan
having 10mX10m and 15mX15m are considered and shells in rectangular plan having dimensions 10mX15m
and 15mX20m are considered. The behavior of shells under self-weight, live load varying from 0-20KN/m (UDL) is
obtained. In this case study deflection curves, membrane stress and stress contour diagram are obtained. It is observed
that with the increase in rise and thickness of funicular shell the deflection are reduced. The membrane stresses
decreases with the increase in rise and thickness of concrete funicular shell. The aim of this study is to develop shells of
different sizes and investigation is done on the shells by finite element analysis under given uniformly distributed load,
to find out the behavior of shells in various cases using standard software, Structural Analysis Package (SAP 2000).
Seismic base isolation in strengthening an existing retrofitted masonry reinf...eSAT Journals
Abstract Seismic base isolation is a fast advancing technology in which the superstructure is isolated from the entire structure or from the substructure by means of rubber bearing isolators or frictional sliding isolators. The main aim of the base isolation technology is to isolate the structure from the harmful effects of the ground accelerations or earthquake excitations. In this paper, the procedure for the selection of the three ground motions is briefly explained and they are used in analyzing a masonry – reinforced concrete office building for the Internal Revenue Service in the Huating County of the Pingliang City in China. The structure is first analyzed with the PKPM software to ascertain the structural internal forces are within reasonable limits but because this software cannot be used to advance analysis in the area of base isolation, Sap 2000 is used to remodel the structure, analyze, then apply the seismic base isolation. This office building has been strengthened to be fortified against ultimate bearing capacity failure as it is an existing structure. The lead rubber bearing isolators, LRB 400, LRB 500 and LRB 600 are used to isolate the building model and results from the structural response are compared, first amongst the time histories and then between the enveloped time histories and the response spectrum. The floor joint accelerations are observed to be reduced and the joint velocities as well, whereas the floor joint displacements are increased. The response spectrum alone is seen to not be an enough ground acceleration parameter in a seismic analysis and design of this model; as such it is recommended to include time history analysis. The maximum percentage decrease in acceleration and velocity can be seen occurring in the response spectrum, namely, 85.82% and 59.76%, respectively. The maximum percentage increase in the displacement is also evident in the response spectrum, 57.59%. In the time histories, the maximum is seen in Ec County Y-direction for the acceleration reduction at a value of 60.57%; Delta artif records a maximum velocity reduction of 28.42% in the Y-direction and finally, the Delta artif X-direction also records a maximum displacement increment, at a value of 26.36%.
IRJET- A Study on Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Frame with L...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic performance of a 10-storey reinforced concrete frame with different lateral force resistant systems, including a base isolation system using lead rubber bearings. Three models of the frame were analyzed: fixed base, braced with X-bracing, and base isolated. Time history, static, and pushover analyses were conducted. The results show that the base isolated frame performed best in reducing story drift, displacement, shear, and acceleration under seismic loading compared to the fixed base and braced frames. Maximum drift was 0.415mm for the base isolated frame versus 26.62mm for the fixed base frame. The base shear was also significantly reduced from 2294.3kN to 32.935
This summarizes a document describing a seismic isolated building designed by Toyo Ito Architects. The building uses capital seismic isolation at the basement floor with all seismic isolators located on top of steel reinforced concrete columns. This allows for a shallow foundation and reduced drilling costs. Above the basement, the building uses a steel rigid frame structure with concrete-filled tubular steel columns and H-section steel beams. The document then describes the architectural plan and structural design, including verification using time history response analysis.
The base isolation system is well-known as a sophisticated device for reducing
earthquake energy that a building structure is subjected to under earthquake impact.
Currently, many researchers are attempting to develop low-cost base isolation
intended for low-rise buildings by replacing steel reinforcement with an alternative
material. In this research project, the seismic response of residential housing units
that used perforated-reinforced elastomeric isolators (PREIs) within one- and twostory
reinforced concrete (RC), are investigated. The nonlinear dynamic analysis
(time history) considered seven ground motions to assess the seismic performance of
the structure under extreme earthquake shaking. The nonlinear dynamic analysis
method was developed to provide a more realistic model of structural response to
strong ground shaking. The lateral displacement, inter-story drift, base shear,
acceleration and overturning moment were analyzed to ensure that the low-rise
building behaved elastically under strong ground motion without any damage on both
nonstructural and structural components. The results illustrated that the application
of the isolators in the low-rise building was reliable in providing low horizontal
stiffness and a longer fundamental period. In addition, the study illustrated the
advantage of applying isolators in the upper structure, reducing base shear,
acceleration and drift ratio drastically. The large lateral displacement of the isolator
played an important role in the stability of the isolated structure. Therefore, special
attention must be paid in the design process of the isolator to guarantee suitable
response of the upper structure under strong earthquake shaking.
SEISMIC ISOLATION OF RC FRAMED STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT INFILLSIAEME Publication
Earthquakes are the nature’s greatest hazard which cannot be exactly predicted by human
beings. Earthquake is a sudden movement of earth’s surface with the release of massive energy
in the form of seismic waves. There are so many methods to control the vibration of the
buildings like passive, active and hybrid control systems.[1] Base isolation is a passive control
system. In the present work, a (G+3) structure considering with and without infill’s subjected
to seismic force along with static gravity loads are analyzed using Response Spectrum Method
in ETABS-2015 package. From the study, the response of the structure obtained is time period,
base shear, story displacement and inter-story drifts and also the comparison is drawn for the
same parameters considering structure as bare and infill frames. The variation in percentage
of steel is also presented. It is found that the time period and story displacement increases
while base shear and story drifts gets reduces with the provision of effective base isolators.
Seismic analysis of reinforced concrete frame with steel bracingsTin Bui Van
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a 10-story reinforced concrete frame building with and without steel bracing through computer modeling. Three cases are considered: a bare frame (Case 1), a frame with bracing in the middle bays (Case 2), and a frame with bracing at the corners (Case 3). Results show that Case 2 with middle bracing has the lowest time period, displacements, and drift, indicating it best resists earthquake forces by increasing the lateral stiffness of the frame. While the bare frame has the lowest base shear, the addition of bracing in Cases 2 and 3 significantly improves the seismic performance of the building.
Seismic Base Isolators under Individual and Combined Use in Multi Storied Bui...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of seismic base isolators under individual and combined configurations in multi-story buildings. It discusses different types of base isolators including lead rubber bearings and friction pendulum bearings. It also reviews past literature that has evaluated the seismic response of buildings isolated with different isolator configurations and combinations. The literature shows that base isolation is effective at reducing floor accelerations, inter-story drifts, and base shear. Combined isolation systems that use multiple isolator types can further reduce responses compared to individual isolator systems, but may increase displacements.
Finite ElementAnalysis of Doubly Curved Thin Concrete ShellsHARISH B A
thin shell is a “Three-dimensional spatial structure made up of one or more curved surfaces whose
thickness is small compared to their other dimensions”. Shells belong to the class of stressed skin structures which,
because of their geometry and small flexural rigidity of the skin, tend to carry loads primarily by direct stresses acting in
their plane. The shells are subjected to pure membrane state of stress, under appropriate loading and boundary
condition the resulting bending and twisting moments are either zero or small which may be neglected. The coordinates
of funicular shells are determined by masonry mould method by developing a computer program. In this study doubly
curved thin shells are analysed using finite element software SAP 2000. Doubly curved shells which are in square plan
having 10mX10m and 15mX15m are considered and shells in rectangular plan having dimensions 10mX15m
and 15mX20m are considered. The behavior of shells under self-weight, live load varying from 0-20KN/m (UDL) is
obtained. In this case study deflection curves, membrane stress and stress contour diagram are obtained. It is observed
that with the increase in rise and thickness of funicular shell the deflection are reduced. The membrane stresses
decreases with the increase in rise and thickness of concrete funicular shell. The aim of this study is to develop shells of
different sizes and investigation is done on the shells by finite element analysis under given uniformly distributed load,
to find out the behavior of shells in various cases using standard software, Structural Analysis Package (SAP 2000).
Seismic base isolation in strengthening an existing retrofitted masonry reinf...eSAT Journals
Abstract Seismic base isolation is a fast advancing technology in which the superstructure is isolated from the entire structure or from the substructure by means of rubber bearing isolators or frictional sliding isolators. The main aim of the base isolation technology is to isolate the structure from the harmful effects of the ground accelerations or earthquake excitations. In this paper, the procedure for the selection of the three ground motions is briefly explained and they are used in analyzing a masonry – reinforced concrete office building for the Internal Revenue Service in the Huating County of the Pingliang City in China. The structure is first analyzed with the PKPM software to ascertain the structural internal forces are within reasonable limits but because this software cannot be used to advance analysis in the area of base isolation, Sap 2000 is used to remodel the structure, analyze, then apply the seismic base isolation. This office building has been strengthened to be fortified against ultimate bearing capacity failure as it is an existing structure. The lead rubber bearing isolators, LRB 400, LRB 500 and LRB 600 are used to isolate the building model and results from the structural response are compared, first amongst the time histories and then between the enveloped time histories and the response spectrum. The floor joint accelerations are observed to be reduced and the joint velocities as well, whereas the floor joint displacements are increased. The response spectrum alone is seen to not be an enough ground acceleration parameter in a seismic analysis and design of this model; as such it is recommended to include time history analysis. The maximum percentage decrease in acceleration and velocity can be seen occurring in the response spectrum, namely, 85.82% and 59.76%, respectively. The maximum percentage increase in the displacement is also evident in the response spectrum, 57.59%. In the time histories, the maximum is seen in Ec County Y-direction for the acceleration reduction at a value of 60.57%; Delta artif records a maximum velocity reduction of 28.42% in the Y-direction and finally, the Delta artif X-direction also records a maximum displacement increment, at a value of 26.36%.
Seismic characteristics of the folded cantilever shear structure 2-3-4IAEME Publication
This document discusses a proposed seismic isolation approach called a folded cantilever shear structure (FCSS) that combines base isolation and coupling methods. The FCSS consists of a fixed sub-frame, a movable sub-frame on roller bearings, and a connection sub-frame rigidly connecting the two at the top. Numerical analyses were conducted to investigate the seismic characteristics of the FCSS model with and without additional viscous dampers. The analyses found that the FCSS can extend the natural period and minimize accelerations, displacements, and base shear forces compared to an ordinary structure, though relative displacements were higher without dampers. Dampers were therefore added between beams to connect the sub-frames and avoid excessive displacements
This document discusses the design of base isolation systems for seismic response control. Base isolation involves installing isolation devices between the structure's foundation and superstructure to reduce the transmission of seismic energy. The document analyzes a 6-story hospital building model in SAP2000 software. Three common base isolator types are described: laminated rubber bearings, high damping rubber bearings, and lead rubber bearings. The properties of laminated rubber isolators are designed based on the axial loads from the building's columns. The isolator properties are then incorporated into the SAP2000 model as link elements. Time history analysis is performed before and after isolator installation to compare the building's response in terms of time period and frequency.
IRJET- A Review of Seismic Analysis of Shear Wall Optimization for Multi-...IRJET Journal
This document reviews seismic analysis of shear wall optimization in multi-storey buildings. It discusses different positions of shear walls, including at the middle, corners, and center of structures. Studies show shear walls improve structural performance under seismic loads by increasing stiffness and strength. Placing shear walls at the corners provides the highest reliability by minimizing drift, while a central location increases base shear and period. Properly designed and detailed shear walls improve earthquake resistance and are widely used in seismic regions.
IRJET- A Review of Seismic Behaviour of Multi-Story Building using various En...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the seismic behavior of multi-story buildings using various energy dissipation systems. It discusses three main types of energy dissipation systems - mass dampers, viscous dampers, and lead rubber bearings. The document provides details on how each system works and examples of their use. It also summarizes several other research papers that have analyzed the effectiveness of adding horizontal dampers at different floor levels on multi-story buildings to improve seismic performance in terms of reducing displacement, base shear, and inter-story drift. The focus is on evaluating the performance of viscous dampers placed at the ground floor level of multi-story buildings with basements.
This document summarizes the seismic analysis of a low to medium rise fixed base building and the effectiveness of base isolation. Response spectrum analysis was performed on a six-story fixed base building and the same building with seismic base isolators. The results show that for the base isolated building, maximum floor acceleration, inter-story drifts and storey shear forces are substantially reduced compared to the fixed base building. Introducing base isolators shifts the fundamental period of the structure away from the peak response range of the earthquake ground motion, leading to less amplification and damage.
IRJET- Case study on Lead Rubber Isolation BearingIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of lead rubber isolation bearings (LRBs) to improve the earthquake resistance of structures. LRBs consist of alternating layers of rubber and steel plates with a lead core inserted in the center. They provide elastic restoring force and damping to reduce seismic loads transmitted to the structure. The document presents a case study where LRBs are designed for a planned data center building in Delhi, India to isolate it from earthquake forces. Analysis shows that using LRBs reduces inter-story drift, displacements, and structural damage compared to a fixed-base structure. Therefore, the study demonstrates that LRB base isolation is an effective technique for improving earthquake resistance of buildings.
But recently due to use of high grade of concrete and better quality control in the RCC structures, confinements in the joints as per the new provision of codes leading us to the problem of the congestion. It has been observed at many construction sites that this congestion leads to poor workmanship at the joints, which actually making the joint more vulnerable than previous. Researcher has been working on this area to counter act by Increasing the size of the joints, Using the steel fiber in the joints, Using GRFP to wrap the joints, Prestressing the beam including the joint, Using of the crossed rebar at the joint cores. Due to prestressing of joint through the beam has not been so effective and economical, the present paper come up with the direct way of prestessing the joints. This paper tries to combine the benefits of the crossed rebar and prestressing in the joints together. Mohammad Mustafa"Beam and Column Joint Exterior Behavior" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11660.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/11660/beam-and-column-joint-exterior-behavior/mohammad-mustafa
This literature review examines methods for creating earthquake-resistant buildings, including structural designs, reinforcing materials, and tuned mass dampers (TMDs). It finds that seismic base isolation can reduce vibrations and change a building's fundamental frequency. Reinforced concrete is less likely than other materials to sustain moderate or severe damage from earthquakes. Stainless reinforced steel is more ductile and durable than regular steel. TMDs can reduce a structure's displacement by 25% when the TMD mass is 5% of the building's mass. The review concludes that combining these methods can significantly reduce earthquake damage and create buildings capable of withstanding even the most destructive quakes.
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolationeSAT Journals
This document analyzes the seismic behavior of high damping rubber bearings used for base isolation of structures. It describes modeling a rubber bearing in ANSYS and performing a transient analysis using the displacement time history from the 1940 El Centro earthquake. The analysis found that the bearing could withstand displacements up to 350% of the rubber layer thickness without cavitation occurring in the rubber. Stresses induced in the bearing remained below permissible limits, indicating it could effectively isolate structures from ground motions up to 0.3g accelerations.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Beam-Column joints are critical regions in reinforced con
which are most vulnerable or sensitive to seismic forces. Hence strengthening and
rehabilitant beam-column joint is imperative to save the structure and its inhabitants
in case of earthquake forces. Numerous and large scale retrofit
reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are being undertaken worldwide. This
experimental study aims to investigate the effectiveness of strengthening beam
joints using synthetic fibres. In this study, Aramid fiber (synthetic fibr
strengthening and rehabilitant of beam
and tested under monotonic loading with the help of universal testing machine. At the
end, test results of control and rehabilitated samples were compared t
experimental conclusions in all tested specimens will embolden future investigations
in same direction for long term performance to enhancing this AFRP in structural
applications.
This document summarizes a research paper that aims to revive traditional earthquake resistant construction techniques in Kashmir, India by making them more cost effective and stronger. Specifically, it focuses on replacing timber with bamboo in the traditional "Dhajji Dewari" bracing system. The document provides background on Dhajji Dewari, its earthquake resistance properties. It then discusses how replacing timber with bamboo could make this technique more affordable and strong, as bamboo has various advantages over timber. Various models of Dhajji Dewari frames using timber and bamboo were tested and their costs and strengths were compared to identify the best configuration.
1) The document presents a numerical study evaluating the use of fluid dampers for seismic protection of wood-framed structures.
2) A nonlinear finite element model of a wood-framed shear wall was developed and subjected to earthquake ground motions, both with and without a fluid damper installed diagonally.
3) The results demonstrate that the fluid damper was effective at dissipating a large portion of the seismic energy, reducing the peak drift of the wall by 87% and suppressing the pulse-like response.
Design of Multi Storied Buildings Considering Seismic Responseijtsrd
Now an afternoon the human lifestyles and the surroundings have often been endangered through the herbal risks like earthquake, tsunami, flood, cyclone and landslides. As a effect of which the human society and the nation's financial system get hampered at once after the incidence of a herbal disaster. In growing international locations like India, wherein the populace may be very huge and is growing day through day, the social and financial elements pressure the humans to stay in susceptible areas, because of which the results of those herbal screw ups are catastrophic. Praveen Verma | A. K. Jha | Barun Kumar "Design of Multi-Storied Buildings Considering Seismic Response" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46475.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46475/design-of-multistoried-buildings-considering-seismic-response/praveen-verma
Seismic Analysis of Fixed Base and Base Isolated RC Buildings Having Diaphrag...IRJET Journal
This document discusses seismic analysis of fixed base and base isolated reinforced concrete buildings with diaphragm discontinuities. Six models of a G+4 story building with different shapes and positions of slab openings are analyzed using ETABS software. Response spectrum analysis is conducted to evaluate the seismic response in terms of storey displacement, base shear, time period, and storey drift. Lead rubber bearings are used as base isolators, which increase time period and storey displacement while decreasing base shear and storey drift compared to a fixed base building. The goal is to determine the most vulnerable building model and evaluate the effectiveness of base isolation for improving seismic performance.
Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Self - Healing Concrete Using I...IJERA Editor
This document presents a study on the mechanical properties of self-healing concrete using industrial waste steel scrap and polyethylene fiber. Methyl methacrylate is used as the self-healing agent and encapsulated in microcapsules added to the concrete mix. When cracks form, the microcapsules rupture and release the monomer to polymerize and heal the cracks. Industrial waste steel scrap and polyethylene fiber are added to evaluate their effects on compressive and tensile strength. Experimental results show that polyethylene fiber increases compressive strength while industrial waste steel scrap increases tensile strength compared to self-healing concrete without these additions. Using waste steel scrap is also found to be more economical than steel fiber for self-healing concrete applications
This document discusses base isolation as a seismic protection system for buildings. It defines base isolation as reducing the interaction between a structure and the ground by incorporating seismic isolation at the base. It describes the principles of base isolation, including allowing the ground to move without transmitting motions to the structure. It also outlines different isolation components like elastomeric isolators and sliding isolators. Examples of base isolation being used in real buildings in India are provided. The document concludes that base isolation is a reliable earthquake resistant design method when properly planned and developed isolation systems are used.
IRJET- A Review of Behaviour of Building under Earthquake with or without...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on comparing the effectiveness of base isolation systems in multi-story reinforced concrete buildings. The study uses computer modeling software to conduct time history analyses of buildings both with and without base isolation, subjected to earthquake records of increasing intensity. Three different base isolation systems are analyzed: laminated rubber bearings, high damping rubber bearings with viscous dampers, and a hybrid system of rubber bearings coupled with friction pendulum bearings. Results show that all isolation systems significantly improve structural performance compared to fixed-base structures, with the hybrid system providing the best control of inter-story drift without excessive displacements or impacts on floor accelerations.
C12-AuthersCopy.pdf on earthquake resistance buildingAblodeyAgbeko
This document summarizes a study on using base isolation techniques in building construction. Base isolation involves installing rubber bearings between the foundation and superstructure of a building to decouple the building from ground motions during an earthquake. The study models a two-story steel building both with and without base isolation bearings. Dynamic analysis shows that base isolation significantly reduces shear forces, moments, and drift in the building by increasing its fundamental period of vibration. Compared to a fixed base, the isolated base building experiences less deformation and damage for the same seismic loads.
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF HYBRID STRUCTURAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN RC BUILDINGIRJET Journal
The document discusses seismic analysis of a hybrid structural control system for RC buildings that combines lead rubber bearing (LRB) seismic isolation and fluid viscous dampers (FVD). Finite element models of RC buildings with heights of 60m, 105m, and 150m were created with the isolators located at the base or one-fifth of the building height. Time history analyses were performed under three earthquake records to compare the structural response parameters between the fixed-base building and various structural control configurations. The analyses aimed to investigate the effectiveness of combining LRB isolation with FVD energy dissipation in reducing seismic demands on high-rise buildings.
This document summarizes research on base isolated structures. It discusses how base isolation systems work to decouple structures from ground shaking during earthquakes by increasing the fundamental period. This period shift reduces floor accelerations and drift. Three elements of base isolation systems are identified: flexible mounts, dampers for energy dissipation, and means of providing rigidity under low loads. Literature on nonlinear analysis of base isolated buildings using various isolation systems like lead-rubber bearings and friction sliders is reviewed. Studies show base isolation significantly reduces seismic response like base shear, drift and accelerations compared to fixed base structures.
Seismic characteristics of the folded cantilever shear structure 2-3-4IAEME Publication
This document discusses a proposed seismic isolation approach called a folded cantilever shear structure (FCSS) that combines base isolation and coupling methods. The FCSS consists of a fixed sub-frame, a movable sub-frame on roller bearings, and a connection sub-frame rigidly connecting the two at the top. Numerical analyses were conducted to investigate the seismic characteristics of the FCSS model with and without additional viscous dampers. The analyses found that the FCSS can extend the natural period and minimize accelerations, displacements, and base shear forces compared to an ordinary structure, though relative displacements were higher without dampers. Dampers were therefore added between beams to connect the sub-frames and avoid excessive displacements
This document discusses the design of base isolation systems for seismic response control. Base isolation involves installing isolation devices between the structure's foundation and superstructure to reduce the transmission of seismic energy. The document analyzes a 6-story hospital building model in SAP2000 software. Three common base isolator types are described: laminated rubber bearings, high damping rubber bearings, and lead rubber bearings. The properties of laminated rubber isolators are designed based on the axial loads from the building's columns. The isolator properties are then incorporated into the SAP2000 model as link elements. Time history analysis is performed before and after isolator installation to compare the building's response in terms of time period and frequency.
IRJET- A Review of Seismic Analysis of Shear Wall Optimization for Multi-...IRJET Journal
This document reviews seismic analysis of shear wall optimization in multi-storey buildings. It discusses different positions of shear walls, including at the middle, corners, and center of structures. Studies show shear walls improve structural performance under seismic loads by increasing stiffness and strength. Placing shear walls at the corners provides the highest reliability by minimizing drift, while a central location increases base shear and period. Properly designed and detailed shear walls improve earthquake resistance and are widely used in seismic regions.
IRJET- A Review of Seismic Behaviour of Multi-Story Building using various En...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the seismic behavior of multi-story buildings using various energy dissipation systems. It discusses three main types of energy dissipation systems - mass dampers, viscous dampers, and lead rubber bearings. The document provides details on how each system works and examples of their use. It also summarizes several other research papers that have analyzed the effectiveness of adding horizontal dampers at different floor levels on multi-story buildings to improve seismic performance in terms of reducing displacement, base shear, and inter-story drift. The focus is on evaluating the performance of viscous dampers placed at the ground floor level of multi-story buildings with basements.
This document summarizes the seismic analysis of a low to medium rise fixed base building and the effectiveness of base isolation. Response spectrum analysis was performed on a six-story fixed base building and the same building with seismic base isolators. The results show that for the base isolated building, maximum floor acceleration, inter-story drifts and storey shear forces are substantially reduced compared to the fixed base building. Introducing base isolators shifts the fundamental period of the structure away from the peak response range of the earthquake ground motion, leading to less amplification and damage.
IRJET- Case study on Lead Rubber Isolation BearingIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of lead rubber isolation bearings (LRBs) to improve the earthquake resistance of structures. LRBs consist of alternating layers of rubber and steel plates with a lead core inserted in the center. They provide elastic restoring force and damping to reduce seismic loads transmitted to the structure. The document presents a case study where LRBs are designed for a planned data center building in Delhi, India to isolate it from earthquake forces. Analysis shows that using LRBs reduces inter-story drift, displacements, and structural damage compared to a fixed-base structure. Therefore, the study demonstrates that LRB base isolation is an effective technique for improving earthquake resistance of buildings.
But recently due to use of high grade of concrete and better quality control in the RCC structures, confinements in the joints as per the new provision of codes leading us to the problem of the congestion. It has been observed at many construction sites that this congestion leads to poor workmanship at the joints, which actually making the joint more vulnerable than previous. Researcher has been working on this area to counter act by Increasing the size of the joints, Using the steel fiber in the joints, Using GRFP to wrap the joints, Prestressing the beam including the joint, Using of the crossed rebar at the joint cores. Due to prestressing of joint through the beam has not been so effective and economical, the present paper come up with the direct way of prestessing the joints. This paper tries to combine the benefits of the crossed rebar and prestressing in the joints together. Mohammad Mustafa"Beam and Column Joint Exterior Behavior" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11660.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/11660/beam-and-column-joint-exterior-behavior/mohammad-mustafa
This literature review examines methods for creating earthquake-resistant buildings, including structural designs, reinforcing materials, and tuned mass dampers (TMDs). It finds that seismic base isolation can reduce vibrations and change a building's fundamental frequency. Reinforced concrete is less likely than other materials to sustain moderate or severe damage from earthquakes. Stainless reinforced steel is more ductile and durable than regular steel. TMDs can reduce a structure's displacement by 25% when the TMD mass is 5% of the building's mass. The review concludes that combining these methods can significantly reduce earthquake damage and create buildings capable of withstanding even the most destructive quakes.
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolationeSAT Journals
This document analyzes the seismic behavior of high damping rubber bearings used for base isolation of structures. It describes modeling a rubber bearing in ANSYS and performing a transient analysis using the displacement time history from the 1940 El Centro earthquake. The analysis found that the bearing could withstand displacements up to 350% of the rubber layer thickness without cavitation occurring in the rubber. Stresses induced in the bearing remained below permissible limits, indicating it could effectively isolate structures from ground motions up to 0.3g accelerations.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Beam-Column joints are critical regions in reinforced con
which are most vulnerable or sensitive to seismic forces. Hence strengthening and
rehabilitant beam-column joint is imperative to save the structure and its inhabitants
in case of earthquake forces. Numerous and large scale retrofit
reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are being undertaken worldwide. This
experimental study aims to investigate the effectiveness of strengthening beam
joints using synthetic fibres. In this study, Aramid fiber (synthetic fibr
strengthening and rehabilitant of beam
and tested under monotonic loading with the help of universal testing machine. At the
end, test results of control and rehabilitated samples were compared t
experimental conclusions in all tested specimens will embolden future investigations
in same direction for long term performance to enhancing this AFRP in structural
applications.
This document summarizes a research paper that aims to revive traditional earthquake resistant construction techniques in Kashmir, India by making them more cost effective and stronger. Specifically, it focuses on replacing timber with bamboo in the traditional "Dhajji Dewari" bracing system. The document provides background on Dhajji Dewari, its earthquake resistance properties. It then discusses how replacing timber with bamboo could make this technique more affordable and strong, as bamboo has various advantages over timber. Various models of Dhajji Dewari frames using timber and bamboo were tested and their costs and strengths were compared to identify the best configuration.
1) The document presents a numerical study evaluating the use of fluid dampers for seismic protection of wood-framed structures.
2) A nonlinear finite element model of a wood-framed shear wall was developed and subjected to earthquake ground motions, both with and without a fluid damper installed diagonally.
3) The results demonstrate that the fluid damper was effective at dissipating a large portion of the seismic energy, reducing the peak drift of the wall by 87% and suppressing the pulse-like response.
Design of Multi Storied Buildings Considering Seismic Responseijtsrd
Now an afternoon the human lifestyles and the surroundings have often been endangered through the herbal risks like earthquake, tsunami, flood, cyclone and landslides. As a effect of which the human society and the nation's financial system get hampered at once after the incidence of a herbal disaster. In growing international locations like India, wherein the populace may be very huge and is growing day through day, the social and financial elements pressure the humans to stay in susceptible areas, because of which the results of those herbal screw ups are catastrophic. Praveen Verma | A. K. Jha | Barun Kumar "Design of Multi-Storied Buildings Considering Seismic Response" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46475.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46475/design-of-multistoried-buildings-considering-seismic-response/praveen-verma
Seismic Analysis of Fixed Base and Base Isolated RC Buildings Having Diaphrag...IRJET Journal
This document discusses seismic analysis of fixed base and base isolated reinforced concrete buildings with diaphragm discontinuities. Six models of a G+4 story building with different shapes and positions of slab openings are analyzed using ETABS software. Response spectrum analysis is conducted to evaluate the seismic response in terms of storey displacement, base shear, time period, and storey drift. Lead rubber bearings are used as base isolators, which increase time period and storey displacement while decreasing base shear and storey drift compared to a fixed base building. The goal is to determine the most vulnerable building model and evaluate the effectiveness of base isolation for improving seismic performance.
Comparative Study of Mechanical Properties of Self - Healing Concrete Using I...IJERA Editor
This document presents a study on the mechanical properties of self-healing concrete using industrial waste steel scrap and polyethylene fiber. Methyl methacrylate is used as the self-healing agent and encapsulated in microcapsules added to the concrete mix. When cracks form, the microcapsules rupture and release the monomer to polymerize and heal the cracks. Industrial waste steel scrap and polyethylene fiber are added to evaluate their effects on compressive and tensile strength. Experimental results show that polyethylene fiber increases compressive strength while industrial waste steel scrap increases tensile strength compared to self-healing concrete without these additions. Using waste steel scrap is also found to be more economical than steel fiber for self-healing concrete applications
This document discusses base isolation as a seismic protection system for buildings. It defines base isolation as reducing the interaction between a structure and the ground by incorporating seismic isolation at the base. It describes the principles of base isolation, including allowing the ground to move without transmitting motions to the structure. It also outlines different isolation components like elastomeric isolators and sliding isolators. Examples of base isolation being used in real buildings in India are provided. The document concludes that base isolation is a reliable earthquake resistant design method when properly planned and developed isolation systems are used.
IRJET- A Review of Behaviour of Building under Earthquake with or without...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on comparing the effectiveness of base isolation systems in multi-story reinforced concrete buildings. The study uses computer modeling software to conduct time history analyses of buildings both with and without base isolation, subjected to earthquake records of increasing intensity. Three different base isolation systems are analyzed: laminated rubber bearings, high damping rubber bearings with viscous dampers, and a hybrid system of rubber bearings coupled with friction pendulum bearings. Results show that all isolation systems significantly improve structural performance compared to fixed-base structures, with the hybrid system providing the best control of inter-story drift without excessive displacements or impacts on floor accelerations.
C12-AuthersCopy.pdf on earthquake resistance buildingAblodeyAgbeko
This document summarizes a study on using base isolation techniques in building construction. Base isolation involves installing rubber bearings between the foundation and superstructure of a building to decouple the building from ground motions during an earthquake. The study models a two-story steel building both with and without base isolation bearings. Dynamic analysis shows that base isolation significantly reduces shear forces, moments, and drift in the building by increasing its fundamental period of vibration. Compared to a fixed base, the isolated base building experiences less deformation and damage for the same seismic loads.
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF HYBRID STRUCTURAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN RC BUILDINGIRJET Journal
The document discusses seismic analysis of a hybrid structural control system for RC buildings that combines lead rubber bearing (LRB) seismic isolation and fluid viscous dampers (FVD). Finite element models of RC buildings with heights of 60m, 105m, and 150m were created with the isolators located at the base or one-fifth of the building height. Time history analyses were performed under three earthquake records to compare the structural response parameters between the fixed-base building and various structural control configurations. The analyses aimed to investigate the effectiveness of combining LRB isolation with FVD energy dissipation in reducing seismic demands on high-rise buildings.
This document summarizes research on base isolated structures. It discusses how base isolation systems work to decouple structures from ground shaking during earthquakes by increasing the fundamental period. This period shift reduces floor accelerations and drift. Three elements of base isolation systems are identified: flexible mounts, dampers for energy dissipation, and means of providing rigidity under low loads. Literature on nonlinear analysis of base isolated buildings using various isolation systems like lead-rubber bearings and friction sliders is reviewed. Studies show base isolation significantly reduces seismic response like base shear, drift and accelerations compared to fixed base structures.
This document provides a review of seismic isolation techniques for buildings. It summarizes the current practices of seismic isolation, describes common seismic isolation hardware including elastomeric bearings and sliding bearings, and chronicles the history of seismic isolation through shake table testing. The document also reviews past efforts to achieve three-dimensional seismic isolation and identifies areas where further research is needed, such as protecting nonstructural components from vertical ground motions and mitigating local uplift demands in isolation systems.
This document discusses base isolation as a technique for earthquake engineering. Base isolation involves separating the structure from its foundation using flexible isolators, which increases the fundamental period of the structure and provides damping. This reduces accelerations, drifts, and seismic impacts on the structure. The document provides an overview of base isolation methodology, purposes of base isolation like shifting the structure's period away from ground motion frequencies, and common base isolation devices like elastomeric bearings.
IRJET- The State of the Art on Seismic Isolation of Shear Wall Structure ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using elastomeric base isolators to seismically isolate shear wall structures. It begins with an introduction to base isolation and different types of isolators. It then reviews several past studies that analyzed the seismic performance of buildings with base isolators using computer modeling and found base isolation reduced accelerations, drifts, and forces on the structure. The document concludes that base isolation is effective at mitigating seismic demands but further research is still needed to address issues like vertical excitation of building components and overturning forces in slender structures.
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the dynamic response of different 11-story building structures subjected to earthquake ground motions, including:
1) A fixed-base structure; 2) A structure with rubber seismic bearings; and 3) A proposed folded cantilever shear structure (FCSS) with movable subframes supported by roller bearings and connected with additional viscous dampers.
Numerical models of each structure were analyzed under ground motions from past earthquakes. Results showed that seismic isolation generally reduced acceleration and displacement responses compared to the fixed-base structure.
IRJET- Dynamic Analysis and Design of G+ 8 Storey RC Structure by Providing L...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the performance of a G+8 reinforced concrete building using lead rubber bearings as a base isolation system compared to a fixed base structure. Key points:
1) A G+8 RC building was modeled in SAP2000 software. Static pushover and nonlinear time history analyses were performed considering Kobe ground motion for both fixed base and base isolated conditions.
2) Lead rubber bearings were designed and used as the base isolation system by modeling their properties as link elements in SAP2000.
3) Results for period, base shear, and displacements were compared between the fixed base and base isolated structures to analyze the effectiveness of lead rubber bearings in reducing seismic response
This document summarizes a study on the parametric behavior of a base isolated building with eccentricity in the superstructure and various locations of base isolators. A 3-story reinforced concrete building was modeled with fixed base conditions and 4 base isolated conditions with isolator distributions that produced 5%, 10%, and 15% mass eccentricity. The properties of lead-rubber bearing isolators were defined. The stiffness of isolators was varied to shift the center of isolators and induce eccentricity between the mass center and isolator center. Dynamic analysis found that the base isolated model with isolators positioned at the mass center minus the stiffness center had the longest period, indicating best performance in reducing seismic forces.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the seismic response of a base isolated building frame compared to a fixed-base building frame. It first reviews previous literature on base isolation systems and their increasing use. It then describes modeling a reinforced concrete frame in SAP2000 software to conduct modal and time-history analyses. Modal analysis found the first natural frequency of the fixed frame. Time-history analysis used ground motion records from the 1994 Northridge earthquake to determine displacement, velocity, and acceleration responses in the frame. The study found lower responses in lower stories for the base isolated frame compared to the fixed frame.
Dynamic Analysis of Soft Storey Frame with IsolatorsIJMTST Journal
Soft storey buildings are very common in Indian housing construction and the bottom storey is left open without walls for car parking. Past earthquakes showed that these kinds of buildings performed poor and the damages are also heavy. As the base isolation is a technique developed to prevent or minimize damage to building during an earthquake, this study focuses on the time history analysis of a soft-storey building with and without lead rubber isolator. The soft-storey building with and without isolator is analysed using Elcenrto earthquake data and the dynamic characteristics are compared.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MULTISTORY BUILDING WITH AND WITHOUT SHEAR WALL, X BR...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of the seismic behavior of multistory reinforced concrete buildings with and without shear walls, X-bracing, and fluid viscous dampers. Four 30m tall building models are analyzed using ETABS software: a basic reinforced concrete structure, one with added shear walls, one with fluid viscous dampers, and one with X-bracing. The results show that the addition of shear walls is most effective at reducing displacement, drift, and increasing story stiffness compared to the other seismic retrofitting methods. In conclusion, shear walls placed at building corners provide the best seismic performance by significantly decreasing displacement while increasing structural strength and stiffness.
IRJET- Performance Study of High Rise Building with Bracing and Diagrid Struc...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the performance of high-rise buildings with bracing and diagrid structures under lateral loads. It analyzes a 30-story building model with different structural configurations - a regular frame, diagrid system, and bracing system - using the ETABS software. The study finds that the diagrid structure performs best in terms of minimizing storey displacement, drift, and increasing frequency compared to the other models. It concludes that the diagrid structure is the stiffest and most effective at resisting lateral loads like earthquakes. Bracing systems are also better than bare frames at increasing stability, but diagrid structures provide the best performance overall.
The document discusses base isolation, which aims to protect structures from earthquake damage by partially decoupling the structure from ground motion. It describes various types of base isolation systems, including elastomeric and sliding systems. Research is ongoing to develop natural base isolation using materials like soil and sand. Case studies demonstrate the successful application of base isolation in retrofitting historic structures and new construction. In conclusion, base isolation is a proven seismic protection method when isolation devices and planning are properly implemented.
The document analyzes the seismic response of a 4-story reinforced concrete building both with and without masonry infill walls. Base isolation systems are added to study their effects. Key findings include:
1) Base isolation increases the fundamental period of the building, reducing accelerations experienced.
2) Masonry infill walls increase lateral stiffness but can crack under seismic loads, transferring forces between frame and infill.
3) A base-isolated building shows reduced base shear, story drifts and displacements compared to a fixed-base building, with or without infills. Period and displacement increase with isolation.
Eatrhquake response of reinforced cocrete multi storey building with base iso...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the earthquake response of base isolated reinforced concrete buildings. It describes the basic concept of base isolation, which aims to protect structures from seismic forces by isolating the building from ground movement using devices called isolators. It then discusses different types of isolators and presents the results of analyzing a 3D 8-story building model using different isolators, finding that base isolation substantially reduces base shear, displacements, and member forces compared to a fixed-base building.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Effects of Base Isolator & Fluid Viscous Dampe...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of the effects of base isolators and fluid viscous dampers on the seismic response of reinforced concrete structures. It describes base isolators and fluid viscous dampers as passive seismic control techniques that help reduce structural response compared to fixed-base buildings. The objectives are to develop simplified models of a multi-story building with each seismic control technique and compare their responses through time history analysis under earthquake loads. Results show that base isolators generally provide better vibration control than fluid viscous dampers in terms of reducing story displacements, drifts, and other seismic demands.
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
Review on Structural Performance of Braced Steel Sturtures Under Dynamic LoadingIRJET Journal
This document reviews the structural performance of braced steel structures under dynamic loading. It discusses three main types of bracings: eccentric braced frames, shape memory alloys, and buckling restrained braces. Eccentric braced frames provide energy dissipation and ductility through a ductile link. Shape memory alloys can regain their original shape after deformation and dissipate energy. Buckling restrained braces prevent buckling of steel braces under seismic loads through a composite action of a steel core encased in mortar. The document reviews various literature studying the seismic behavior and failures of these bracing systems.
Similar to Seismic Analysis of Framed R.C. Structure with Base Isolation Technique using E Tabs (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33166 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1478
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Many methods have been proposed for achieving the
optimum performance of structures subjected to
earthquake excitation. The use of Lead rubber bearing
isolators for absorbing energy is the best technique.
Many papers have been published related with base
isolation technique as an earthquake resistant device.
Some of them are discussed below.
Radmila B. Salic et all In this paper the authors have
demonstrated the effect of dynamic response of the
seven-story residential building under the earthquake
ground motion. The fixed base model represents the
dynamic behavior of the structure and seismic isolated
model representing the dynamic behavior of the
structure isolated by lead rubber bearing seismic
isolation system. Dynamic analyses of both the model
have been performed by E-tabs. Dynamic responses of
fixed base and seismic isolated model have been
calculated for four types of real earthquake time
histories of different frequency characteristics whose
value is determined based on detailed site response
analysis. The authors have showed that increase of
natural period of structure increases flexibility of the
same structure. In seismic isolated model, base shear
force is highly reduced. Increased flexibility of the
system led to increase of the total displacements due to
the elasticity of existing isolation.
V. Kilaret al In this paper four storey RCC building is
designed according to Euro Code 8 for seismic analysis
and dynamic performance evaluation. Different sets of
base isolation devices are studied for investigation. First
case is the use of simple rubber bearing and second one
is the use of lead rubber bearing as a base isolation
system. For the investigation of each system a soft,
normal and hard rubber stiffness with different
damping values were used. Non-linear pushover
analysis was performed with the recent version of
computer analysis software Sap2000. From this study it
is concluded that the stiffer isolators with higher
damping gives smaller target base displacements as
compared to softer one with lower damping.
A. B. M. Saiful Islam et al In this paper a soft storey
building is analyzed for seismic loading by creating a
building model having lot of open spaces. The soft
stories creates the major weak point in earthquake
which means that during the event when soft storey
collapses, it can make the whole building down. The
research includes the placement of two types of
isolators, first is lead rubber bearing (LRB) and second
one is high damping lead rubber bearing (HDRB). Each
storey is provided by isolators and its consequences
were studied for different damping values. Finally, it has
concluded that the flexibility, damping and resistance to
service loads are the main parameters which affects for
practical isolation system to be incorporated in building
structures.
Di Sarno, et al has presented the structural analysis of
the complex irregular multi storey RC frame used for the
hospital building. It was carried out by means of modal
analysis with response spectrum. The structure exhibits
large mass eccentricity due to its irregularity in shape.
The building provided by circular shape high damping
rubber bearing as per required diameter in accordance
with Euro Code 8 to act as a base isolation system. The
main objective of this study is to improve the
earthquake resistant design approach by studying the
properties like horizontal flexibility to increase
structural period and reduce the transfer of seismic
energy to super structure.
Juan C. Ramallo, et al In this paper authors have
investigated the effects of using controllable semi active
dampers, such as magneto rheological fluid dampers, in
a base isolation system. A two degree of freedom model
of a base isolated building is used. The fundamental
concept is to isolate a structure from ground, especially
in the frequency range where the building is most
affected. The goal is to reduction in interstory drifts and
floor accelerations to limit damage to the structure and
its contents in a cost effective manner.
J. C. Ramallo, et al have presented an innovative base
isolation strategy and shows how it can effectively
protect the structures against extreme earthquakes
without sacrificing performance during the more
frequent, moderate seismic events. This innovative
concept includes base isolation system with semi active
or controllable passive dampers for the seismic
response mitigation.
Pradeep Kumar T. V. et al has shown force
deformation behavior of isolation bearings. In this paper
the isolation bearing consists of isolators which increase
the natural period of the structure away from high
energy periods of the earthquake and a damper to
absorb energy in order to reduce seismic force.
3. METHODOLOGY
By introducing the flexible layer between the foundation
and the superstructure, the upper structure will act as a
rigid body and the behaviors can be predicted by linear
theory for 2-degree of freedom system. In order to
obtain the behavior of isolation system, linear spring
and linear viscous damping will be implemented to this
simple 2-DOF system, linear spring and linear viscous
damping will be implemented to this simple 2-DOF
system model. The model shown in Figure 3.1
represents a rigid body sitting on a layer of flexible
bearings.
Fig 2: Parameters of 2-DOF Isolation Model
Where,
M, US = The mass and the shear displacement of the
superstructure, respectively
Mb, Ub = The mass and the shear displacement of the
base floor above the isolation layer
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD33166 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 1479
Ks, Cs = Structure stiffness and structure damping,
respectively
Kb, Cb = Stiffness and damping of the isolation.
Ug = Ground Displacement.
The governing equation of motions is
𝑚𝑢 𝑆̈ + 𝑐𝑢 𝑠̇ + 𝑘𝑢 𝑠 = −𝑚(𝑢𝑔 + 𝑢𝑏̈̈ )
For the fixed-based building, we can obtain the frequency
and the fundamental period by following formulas:
𝑊𝑓 = √
𝐾
𝑚
𝑇𝑓 =
2𝜋
𝑊 𝑓
𝜉 𝑓 =
𝐶
2𝑚𝑤 𝑓
Where, Wf, Tf are the natural frequency and period,
respectively, ξ represents the damping ratio. By including
the stiffness and the damping of an isolation layer into a
fixed-based building, we will obtain a new frequency and
period of the isolated structures as follows.
𝑊𝑏 = √
𝑘 𝑏
𝑚+𝑚 𝑏
𝑇𝑏 =
2𝜋
𝑊 𝑏
𝜉 𝑓 =
𝐶 𝑏
2(𝑚+𝑚 𝑏)𝑤 𝑏
As a result of the much lower value of stiffness, we will
obtain the new much longer period Tb with respect to
fundamental period Tf of the building. The long period of
vibration is the effective factor that reduces the force
impacts to the structure. Linear theory equations and their
derivations are detailed in “Design of Seismic Isolated
Structures” by J.M. Kelly and “Introduction to Structural
Motion Control” by J.J. Connor. The mode shapes of the
building under linear theory can be determined as follows.
Fig 3: Mode Shape
In the calculation, by introducing the flexible layer to the
foundation, it is clear that the response of the second
mode is negligible in comparison with the first mode. The
first mode reflects the dynamic response of the isolated
floor while the structure above tends to act rigidly. The
higher modes, which produce the floor interstory drift and
accelerations, have very small participation factors. As a
result, the high energy in the ground motion at higher
frequencies cannot be transmitted to the structure. Given
the fact that an isolation system redirects earthquake
energy rather than absorb it, an isolation system doesn't
depend on damping, although additional damping can be a
supplemental tool to mitigate earthquake excitations.
Based on the fact that damping is not main factor in
isolation efficiency, we did not include the effect of
damping in previous analysis. Supplementing isolation
with damping can provide a means of energy dissipation,
and this is a second factor in reducing structural
responses.
4. MODELLING IN ETABS
First select the proper units and arrange the grid system
as per the plan. Draw the center line diagram of the
proposed building by providing the reference points and
drawing the lines. Other method of modeling includes
drawing center line diagram in AutoCAD save the file
in.dxf Format. Modeling involves defining material
properties, frame sections, for a said structure.
Table 1: Model Details
SI NO Particulars Description
1 Type of Frame SMRF
2 No of Storey’s G+13
3 Height of Storey’s 3
4 Height of Building 41.5m
5 Slab Thickness 200mm
6 Size of Column (750 X 750)mm
7 Size of Beam (230 X 450)mm
8 Wall Thickness 230mm
9 Concrete Grade M30
10 Steel Grade Fe 415
11 Specific Weight of RCC 25kN/m3
12 Specific Weight of Infill 20kN/m3
13 Type of Soil Hard Soil
14 Response Spectra UBC 97
15
Response Reduction
Factor(R)
5.5
16 Importance Factor(I) 1
Fig 4: 3D Model of (G+13) building
5. DESIGN OF LEAD RUBBER BEARING ISOLATOR
MANUAL DESIGN OF LRB ISOLATORS
The calculation of lead rubber bearing is carried out as
follows:
1. The first step is to decide the minimum rubber
bearing diameter depending on vertical reaction. This
maximum vertical reaction obtained from analysis
result of fixed base building which is found to be
6274.4738kN is considered as supporting weight
LRBs.
2. Second step is to set the target period (2.5 seconds
appears to be the desired one) and the effective
damping β is assumed to be 5% for reinforced
concrete structure according to IS 1893:200211
§7.8.2.1.
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3. In third step, the spectral acceleration from the
response spectrum graph in relation with the desired
period is found to be 0.544.
4. In next step design displacement is calculated:
𝑑 𝑏𝑑 = (
𝑇 𝑒𝑓𝑓
2𝜋
)𝑆 𝑎
𝑑 𝑏𝑑 = (
2.5
2𝜋
) 𝑥 0.544
𝑑 𝑏𝑑 = 0.216𝑚
Where,
Sa = 0.544,Spectral Acceleration
Teff = 2.5sec, Target Period
𝑑 𝑏𝑑 = Design displacement of isolator.
5. The required stiffness to provide a period is the
effective stiffness:
𝐾𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (
2𝜋
𝑇 𝑒𝑓𝑓
)2 𝑊𝑖
𝑔
𝐾𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (
2𝜋
2.5
)2 76676.7014
9.81
𝐾𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 49371.25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Where,
Teff = Effective fundamental period of the
superstructure corresponding to horizontal
translation, the superstructure assumed as a rigid
body.
Wi = The weight on the isolator i.e. maximum vertical
reaction.
𝐾𝑒𝑓𝑓 = Effective stiffness of the isolation system in the
principal horizontal direction under consideration,
at a displacement equal to the design displacement
dbd.
6. ED = Dissipated energy per cycle at the design
displacement (dbd)
ED = 2Keffdbd2β
ED = 2 x 49371.25 x 0.2162 x 0.05
ED = 230.35kN.m
7. Fo = Force at zero displacement under cyclic loading.
Fo =
𝐸 𝐷
4𝑑 𝑏𝑑
=
230.35
4 𝑥 0.216
= 266.61 kN
8. Kpb = Stiffness of lead core of lead – rubber bearing
𝐾𝑝𝑏 =
𝐹𝑜
𝑑 𝑏𝑑
=
266.61
0.216
= 1234.31𝑘𝑁/𝑚
9. Kr = Stiffness of rubber in LRB
Kr = Keff – Kpb = 49371.25 – 1234.31 = 48136.94kN/m
10. tr = Total thickness of LRB
𝑡 𝑟 =
𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝛾
=
0.216
1.5
= 0.144𝑚
11. D bearing = Diameter of lead rubber bearing
D bearing = √
𝐾 𝑟 𝑡 𝑟
400𝜋
= √
48136.94 𝑥 0.144
400 𝑥 𝜋
= 2.35m
Where.
Dbearing = Diameter of lead rubber bearing.
tr= Total lead rubber bearing thickness.
12. Total loaded area (AL) calculation
Dpb = Diameter of lead core of LRB
𝐷 𝑝𝑏 = √
4𝑓𝑜
𝜋𝜎 𝑝𝑏
= √
4 𝑥 266.61
𝜋 𝑥 11000
= 0.176m
Where,
𝜎 𝑝𝑏 = Total yield stress in lead, It is assumed to be 11Mpa.
Area of lead core in LRB
Apb =
𝜋
4
𝑥 (𝐷 𝑝𝑏)2
=
𝜋
4
𝑥 (0.176)2
= 0.024m2
Dff =Diameter of force free section
= D bearing – 2t
= 2.35 – 2(0.144)
= 2.062m
Aff = Force Free Area
=
𝜋
4
(𝐷𝑓𝑓)2 =
𝜋
4
(2.062)2 = 3.34m2
AL = Total loaded Area
= Force Free Area – Area of lead core
= 3.34 – 0.024
= 3.316m2
13. Circumference of force free section
Cf = π x t x Dff = π x 0.144 x 2.062 = 0.933m
14. Shape Factor = Si =
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Si =
𝐴 𝐿
𝐶 𝑓
=
3.316
0.933
= 3.55 = 4
14. H = Total Height of LRB
H = (N x t) + (N – 1)ts + 2tap
N =
0.2
𝑡
=
0.2
0.01
= 20
H = (20 x 0.01) + (20 – 1) x0.003 + 2 x 0.04
= 0.337m
Where,
N = Number of Rubber layer.
t = Single rubber layer thickness = 0.01m
ts = Thickness of steel lamination = 0.003m
tap = Laminated anchor plate thickness = 0.04m
15. Bearing horizontal stiffness (Kb)
Kb =
𝐺𝐴 𝑟
𝐻
=
700 𝑥 0.138
0.337
= 286.65kN/m
Where,
G = Shear modulus (Varying from 0.4 to 1.1Mpa)
Ar = Rubber layer area = 0.138m2
H = Height of LRB = 0.337m
16. Total bearing vertical stiffness (Kv)
Kv =
𝐺𝑆 𝑖
2 𝐴 𝑟 𝐾6
(6𝐺𝑆 𝑖
2+𝑘)𝐻
Kv =
700 𝑥 42 𝑥 0.138 𝑥 2000 𝑥 103 𝑥 6
(6 𝑥 700 𝑥 52+2000 𝑥 103)0.337
Kv = 26.6 MN/m
Where,
Si = Shape Factor = 5
K = Rubber Compression modulus = 2000Mpa.
From above calculation summary of lead rubber bearing
design for symmetric building is as shown in Table 1
Table 2: Summary of LRB parameters
1.Required Stiffness (keff) 49371.25 kN/m
2.Bearing horizontal stiffness (kb) 286.65 kN/m
3.Vertical Stiffness (Kv) 26.6 MN/m
4.Yield Force (F) 266.61 kN
5.Stiffness Ratio 0.1
6.Damping 0.05
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BASE ISOLATION CALCULATION IN ETABS
Design the LRB isolator according to UBC-97 using the
Maximum Vertical Load
1. Maximum Vertical Load Column Support,
W=6274.4738 kN
2. Shear Modulus, G =0.7 N/mm2 (Mpa)
3. Design Time Period, TD =2.5 sec
4. Seismic Zone Factor, Z =0.2 (UBC-97 ,Vol-2, Table 16-I
& Zone Map)
5. Seismic Source Type =B
6. Near Source Factor, Na =1 (UBC-97,Vol-2,Table 16-S)
7. Near Source Factor, NV =1 (UBC-97,Vol-2,Table 16-T)
8. ZNV = 0.2
9. Maximum Capable earthquake response coefficient,
Mm =1.5 (UBC-97,Vol-2,Table A-16-D)
10. Soil Profile Type = SC(UBC-97,Vol-2,Table 16-J)
11. Seismic Coefficient, CV =CVD=0.32 (UBC-97,Vol-2,Table
16-R)
12. Seismic Coefficient, Ca=0.24 (UBC-97,Vol-2,Table 16-
Q)
13. Choose Response Reduction Factor, R for =5.5 (UBC-
97,Vol-2,Table 16-N)
14. For SMRF/IMRF/OMRF, Structural System =2 (UBC-
97,Vol-2,Table A-16-E)
15. Effective Damping (βd orβm) =5%
16. Damping Coefficient (Bd orBm) =1 Interpolate (UBC-
97,Vol-2, Table A-16-C)
17. Design Displacement, Dd= 0.1989m
DD =
𝑔𝐶 𝑉𝐷 𝑇 𝐷
4𝜋2 𝐵
18. Bearing Effective Stiffness, Keff = 4035.97kN/m
Keff =
𝑊
𝑔
𝑥 (
2𝜋
𝑇 𝐷
)
2
19. Energy Dissipated per Cycle, WD= 50.18kN-m
WD = 2πKeffDD2βeff
20. Force at Design Displacement or characteristic
strength,= 63.046kN
Q = WD/4DD
21. Pre Yield in Rubber,K2= 3719.14 kN/m
K2 = Keff – Q/DD
22. Post Yield Stiffness to Pre Yield Stiffness Ratio (η) for
Rubber =0.1
η = K2/K1
23. Post Yield Stiffness (Value for Non-linear Casealso),
K1= 37191.43 kN/m
24. Yield Displacement (Distance from End-J),
DY = 0.00188m
DY = Q/(K1 – K2)
25. Recalculation of Force Q to QR = 63.6484 kN
QR =
𝑊 𝐷
4∗(𝐷 𝐷− 𝐷 𝛾)
26. Yield Strength of Lead, =10 Mpa
27. So, Area of lead Plug Required. A = 0.006365 m2
APB = QR / 10x103
28. So, Diameter of Lead Plug Required, d = 0.090045m
= 90.045mm
29. Recalculation of Rubber Stiffness Keff toKeff(R) =
3716.1158 kN/m
Keff(R) = Keff – QR/DD
30. Maximum Shear Strain of Rubber, γ =100%
31. Total Thickness of Rubber, tr= 0.198994 m
tr= DD / γ
32. Area of Bearing, ALRB = 1.0564 m2
ALRB =
𝐾 𝑒𝑓𝑓(𝑅)∗𝑡 𝑟
𝐺
33. Diameter of Bearing, DLRB = 1.1600605 m = 1160.06
mm
34. Horizontal Time Period Consider =2 sec (Taking
horizontal period to be 2sec)
35. Horizontal Frequency, fh= 0.5Hz
fh = ½ = 0.5 Hz
36. Set Vertical Frequency, fV =10 Hz
37. So, Shape Factor, S = 8.3333
S = (1/2.4)*(fV/fh)
38. Single Layer of Rubber, t = 34.8018 mm
t = φLRB / 4S
39. So, Number of Rubber Layer, N = 5.718 ~ 6
40. So, Provide Single layer of Rubber = 25 mm
(Round up to nearest 5)
41. Let, Thickness of Shim Plates =2.8 mm
42. Number of Shim Plates, n = 5 n = N-1
43. End Plate Thickness is between 19mm to
38mm,Choose =25 mm
44. So, Total Height of LRB, h = 214 mm
45. Bulk Modulus, K = 2000 Mpa
46. Compression Modulus, EC = 249131.94 kN/m2
EC = 6GS2 (1-(6GS2/K))
47. Horizontal Stiffness, KH = 3716.1158 kN/m
KH = GALRB/tf
48. Vertical Stiffness, KV = 1256557.836
kN/m= 1256.5578 MN/m
49. Cover From Lead to End Plate = 25 mm
50. Bonded Diameter = 1.11006 m
51. Moment of Inertia, I = 74496559729 kN/mm
Cir: I = πB4/64
= 0.07449656 kN/m
52. Area of Hysteresis Loop, Ah= 49.708 kN/m
Ah = 4Q (Dd – Dy)
53. Yield Strength, FY = 70.051 kN
Fy = Q+K2*Dy
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Reference: UBC-97 & DESIGN OF SEISMIC ISOLATED
STRUCTURE FROM THEORY OF PRACTICE by JAMES
M.KELLY and FARZAD NAEIM
Final input values for ETABS
Table 3: Summary of LRB Parameters in E-tabs
Rotational Inertia 0.074497 kN/m
For U1 Effective Stiffness 4035967 kN/m
For U2 & U3 Effective Stiffness 4035.967 kN/m
For U2 & U3 Effecyive Damping 0.05
For U2 & U3 Distance From End J 0.001884m
For U2 & U3 Stiffness 37191.43 kN/m
For U2 & U3 Yield Strength 70.05101 kN
6. RESULT OBTAINED FROM ETAB SOFTWARE
All results are computed after analysis of model in
software E-tabs 2017.
Result Obtained From Seismic Load Calculation
Fig 5: Applied Storey Force in Both X & Y Direction
(Fixed Support)
Fig 6: Applied Storey Force in Both X & Y Direction
(Base Isolation Support)
Fig 7: Details of el-centro Earthquake in X-180
Fig 8: Details of el-centro Earthquake in Y-270
Fig 9: Storey Drift in X-Direction
Fig 10: Storey Drift in Y -Direction
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Fig 11: Base Force along X-Direction
Fig 12: Base Force along Y-Direction
Fig 13: Moment along Z Direction
CONCLUSION
Improvement of base isolation system under extreme
excitations, such as
Reduction in Storey Drift in both X and Y direction
Reduction in Base Force in both X and Y direction
Reduction in Moment along Z direction
When referring the consideration of the designed
building subjected to service load, semi – active
control is a preferred alternative that can reduce the
response of the building and does not have large
power requirement. By adjusting the mechanical
properties, such as stiffness and damping, the
performance of base – isolated building can be
improved under low power excitations.
It has been observed that maximum shear force,
bending moment, storey acceleration, base shear
decreases; whereas increase in lateral displacements
were observed for bottom storey of base isolated
building as compared with fixed base building model.
From analytical study, it is observed that fixed base
building have zero displacement at base of building.
Whereas, base isolated building models shows
appreciable amount of lateral displacement at base.
Floor Height increases lateral displacement increases
drastically in fixed base building as compare to base
isolated building. Due to this reduction in lateral
displacement during earthquake damages of
structural as well as non-structural is minimized.
At base more storey drift was observed for base
isolated model as compared to model of fixed base
building. As storey height increases, the storey drifts
in base isolation building model drastically decreases
as compared to model of fixed base building.
Acknowledgment
I am extremely thankful and indebted to, almighty, my
family, friends, Dr. Shivakumaraswamy, Dr. S Vijaya, M.
K. Darshan for their constant encouragement without
which this project would not be possible.
References
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