Segregation
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This document discusses patterns of racial and ethnic relations, focusing on segregation, discrimination, prejudice, and structural violence. It defines segregation as separating people based on race or ethnicity through both de jure segregation enforced by law and de facto segregation in practice. Discrimination can be individual acts that harm members of subordinate groups or institutional practices with harmful effects. Prejudice involves negative generalizations about racial or ethnic groups, while structural violence refers to social structures that deprive individuals of opportunities through both individual and systemic means, with impacts lasting for generations.
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This document was adopted from the Resource Center Team within the Office of Diversity & Inclusion of Amherst College as a guide to common, shared language around identity.
This project emerged out of a need to come to a common and shared understanding of language in order to foster opportunities for community building and effective communication within and across difference.
This is a list of carefully researched and thoughtfully discussed definitions for key diversity and inclusion terms. It is by no means a comprehensive list, but it is a good place for us to start. We understand that language around identity, privilege, oppression and inclusion is always changing, evolving and expanding.
If there is a term that you feel should be included here, or possibly redefined, please let us know. You can email The Office of Equity & Inclusion (OSEI), at osei@georgetown.edu.
Race and Inequality Demo.pptx
1. A minority group is a subordinate group whose members have less power and control over their lives than the dominant group. Members experience unequal treatment and share distinguishing physical or cultural traits.
2. Racial groups are minorities set apart by obvious physical differences. While race can refer to genetically isolated groups, it is also a social construct based on physical traits and historical, cultural, and economic factors.
3. Prejudice, discrimination, and intolerance harm individuals and society by depriving people of equal rights and opportunities and perpetuating inequality. Discrimination occurs through unjustified distinctions in policy, law, or treatment based on attributes like race, ethnicity, or religion.
Race & Ethnicity - Part 2
Stereotypes are overgeneralizations about groups that lead to prejudices, which are negative attitudes toward groups. Racism involves believing in the superiority of one racial group and inferiority of others. Discrimination refers to actions that harm subordinate groups and can occur between individuals or be institutionalized through organizational practices. Theories propose prejudice stems from aggression displacement or is socially learned. Discrimination can involve prejudiced or unprejudiced attitudes and behaviors according to Merton's typology, while Feagin identifies four major types of discrimination.
Participant Guide Social Justice Training
This document provides materials for a social justice training, including:
- An agenda that covers definitions of social justice, privilege and oppression, identity, and how to discuss sensitive issues with residents.
- Group agreements for the training encourage respect, participation at one's comfort level, and learning from discomfort.
- Definitions of key social justice terms like ally, privilege, oppression, and microaggressions to aid discussion.
SOC100 v8Reading Guide Deviance, Social Stratification, and In.docx
SOC/100 v8
Reading Guide: Deviance, Social Stratification, and Inequality
SOC/100 v8
Page 2 of 2
Reading Guide: Deviance, Social Stratification, and Inequality
This reading guide covers Chapters 7, 9, 11, and 12 in your textbook:
Griffiths, H., Keirns, N., Strayer, E., Cody-Rydzewski, S., Scaramuzzo, G., Sadler, T., Vyain, S., Bry, J., & Jones, F. (2015). Introduction to sociology (2nd ed.). OpenStax College, Rice University.
Review these notes to assist with your assignment this week.
DevianceDeviance and Social Control
Deviance: behavior that does not conform with cultural norms or social standards
· Deviance depends on a person’s culture and subculture; deviant actions may not be considered deviant in a different place or time.
· For example, actions such as smoking indoors, playing loud music, or being nude in public can be considered deviant or not, depending on when and where they happen. Deviance and Crime: Formal and Informal Sanctions
Informal sanctions: forms of punishment for mild violations of social norms
· Examples of mild violations: cutting in line, eating with your fingers at a nice restaurant, texting during a film in a movie theater
· Examples of informal sanctions: nasty looks, rude comments, isolation from social groups
Formal sanctions: forms of punishment for serious violations of social norms that are written laws
· Examples of serious violations: murder, rape, theft, speeding
· Examples of sanctions: fines, jail time, criminal recordTheoretical Perspectives on Deviance
· Functionalist perspective
· A functional society needs deviance to reaffirm current social norms and to set boundaries for social control and morality.
· Conflict theorist perspective
· Deviance and crime are caused by social and economic factors created by a wealthy elite class of people in power who maintain the status quo in society, decide what is deviant, and determine who gets criminalized for deviant behavior.
· Symbolic interactionist perspective
· Deviance is behavior that is learned from social interactions with other people, either as a response to others’ reactions or by modeling their deviance.
Social Stratification
Social stratification: society’s way of categorizing people by socioeconomic status, ranked by tiers based on factors that reflect an unequal distribution of resources
· Sociologists recognize that social stratification is a society-wide system that makes inequalities apparent.
Class system: a way of describing the level of someone’s social standing based on their individual accomplishments and social factors
· Examples of class systems in the U.S.: lower, middle, and higher income
· Primary characteristics of each class serve as social boundaries between them.
· Socioeconomic status (SES) in a class system determines individuals’ life outcomes.
Wealth: the value of assets owned by a household
· Wealth enhances one’s life chances by creating opportunities and desired stature, command over labor and businesses, and the abil.
Oppression harms targeted populations_.pdf
Systemic oppression harms targeted populations in several ways: it often results in discrimination that denies people access to opportunities and resources; it can lead to poverty and economic insecurity through discriminatory practices in education, employment, and housing; and it can cause health disparities by limiting access to healthcare and exposing people to bias in medical care. Systemic oppression also makes targeted populations more likely to experience violence and harm, and causes trauma through discrimination and erosion of self-worth. Overall, systemic oppression denies access to resources, limits opportunities, and subjects people to violence, discrimination, and trauma based on their identities.
The types of discrimination and human rights
The document discusses several types of discrimination and intolerance that are prohibited by law:
- Religious intolerance refers to refusing to tolerate another's religious practices, persons, or beliefs.
- Disability discrimination occurs when someone is treated less favorably because of their disability.
- Political belief or activity discrimination involves treating someone unfavorably due to their political beliefs.
- National origin discrimination involves treating people unfavorably due to the country they were born in or their ancestry. It can also involve discrimination due to someone's marriage to a person of a certain national origin.
Deviance and crime perspective of deviance
Deviance refers to violations of social norms and cultural standards. It can be formal, involving criminal acts, or informal. Deviance is defined differently across cultures and societies according to their norms. Society uses social control, both informal means and formal laws and rules, to regulate behavior. Theoretical perspectives on deviance include structural functionalism, which views it as serving essential functions; conflict theory, seeing it as a result of economic factors; and symbolic interactionism examining how societies label behaviors as deviant.
Building a True Democracy: Illuminating the Interaction of Spirituality, Ethi...
Building a True Democracy: Illuminating the Interaction of Spirituality, Ethi...Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity
The document discusses the life and work of Bill Sutherland, a conscientious objector during WWII who later co-founded civil rights organizations. It notes his work with Martin Luther King Jr. and other leaders on issues of nonviolence, racial justice, and activism in both North America and Africa. Sutherland believed social change required addressing the roots of problems through a language of shared humanity rather than short-term strategies that divide people.Discrimination
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Discrimination
The aim of the essay is to link sociology and the law and show how law and society are related and interdependent.
INTRODUCTION
Discrimination separates people instead of uniting them. Discrimination also hampers the self confidence and affects the psychology of the person being discriminated against. Prejudice causes several changes in society .Even though these changes might not be intended .Discrimination is a threat to democracy, democracy is based on the idea of a society in which all individuals enjoy equal rights and treatment irrespective of their caste , gender, wealth etc. Democracy recognizes the equal worth of all citizens and has laws that help prevent discrimination in...show more content...Prejudice could also exist in order to get approval from peers and to be accepted in a group for behaving in a discriminatory way towards someone from another group. Prejudice, discrimination, and violence against others is effected by times of economic difficulty when others come into the city to do jobs that the indigenous people would otherwise do. Prejudices normally are carried on after generations and such prejudice with histories are not easy for societies to get rid of. It could be the result of race, religion, disability, social status, upbringing, trying to maintain an advantage, for financial/material gain, prejudice, gender, looks, age, background etc.
It is a right of every individual to be given equal protection against discrimination to ensure there is equality before the law. This right is a universal human right(Universal D eclaration on Human Rights) and its violation is not limited to a country in particular; discrimination in today s world is every
Understanding violence in conflict resolution diplomacy
The document introduces three types of violence: direct, structural, and cultural. Direct violence involves physical harm, while structural violence refers to social injustices built into systems and policies. Cultural violence comprises the attitudes and beliefs that justify direct and structural violence. Examples of each type are provided. The document aims to help participants recognize and classify different scenarios as direct, structural, or cultural violence, and understand how the three forms can interact and reinforce one another.
Prejudice
Prejudice has cognitive, affective, and behavioral components known as stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. Stereotypes are beliefs about social groups while prejudice consists of negative feelings toward those groups. Discrimination involves differential actions toward group members. Gender stereotypes see women as kind but dependent and men as assertive but insensitive. Prejudice and discrimination stem from threats to social groups, such as threats to status, resources, or self-esteem. Changing attitudes requires addressing the underlying emotions that drive prejudice.
Chapter 6 deviance and social control ppt
This document provides an overview of deviance and social control. It defines deviance as a violation of social norms and discusses how both acts and individuals can be defined as deviant. The document then examines several sociological theories that aim to explain deviance, such as structural-functionalism, social control theory, and conflict theory. It also discusses the role of the criminal justice system and different types of crimes. The document concludes by looking at prisons as total institutions and alternatives to incarceration.
Prejudice ppt-3.pptx
Prejudice arises from social, motivational, and cognitive sources. Socially, prejudice stems from unequal status between groups, socialization by parents and institutions, and the need to conform. Motivationally, prejudice arises from frustration and the need for a scapegoat, as well as the desire for social dominance and positive social identity. Cognitively, categorization of others into in-groups and out-groups, perception of distinctiveness, and causal attribution influence stereotypes. The consequences of prejudice include self-perpetuating stereotypes through confirmation bias, discrimination that becomes self-fulfilling through lower expectations, and stereotype threat in evaluative situations.
Bba L07 Dt Deviation And Social Control
1) The document discusses the concept of social deviation and social control, including definitions, types, causes, and effects of deviation as well as definitions and agencies of social control.
2) Deviation refers to behavior that does not conform to social norms, while social control refers to the processes by which society influences individuals to conform.
3) Key agencies of social control discussed include customs, public opinion, family, education, law, religion, and leadership. Social control can be direct, indirect, positive, or negative.
Prejudice
The document defines prejudice as a judgment formed before considering the facts that puts others at an unjust disadvantage. It discusses how prejudice arises from sources like socialization, competition over resources, and social learning of negative attitudes. Prejudice contains attitudes of favor/disfavor related to overgeneralized beliefs about social groups. The document also outlines steps that can be taken to reduce prejudice, such as direct intergroup contact, recategorization of groups, and cognitive interventions to reduce stereotyping.
Soc 2113 ch 7 2017
This document discusses deviance and social control. It defines deviance as a violation of social norms and explains that what is considered deviant can change over time and depend on context. Theories of deviance, such as functionalism, conflict theory, and labeling theory, are summarized. The document also discusses crime and different types of crimes. It provides statistics on reported hate crimes in the US. Formal social control through laws and informal social control through social norms are compared.
Discrimination And Discrimination
This document discusses discrimination and its negative impacts. It argues that discrimination has existed throughout human history and is a source of societal problems. Discrimination takes many forms, including prejudice, bullying, racism, machismo, homophobia, and stereotypes. The document notes that discrimination can cause serious psychological harm, leading to mental health issues like depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and PTSD. Overall, the document presents discrimination as an abusive practice that should be avoided due to its psychological and social consequences.
Chapter 4Social Structure and Process TheoriesSocial
Chapter 4
Social Structure and Process Theories
Social Factors
All Social Delinquency theories are based on the belief that crime is caused by a person’s interaction with conflicts in society. What can cause conflict?
Poor relations with school, family and the government
Poor Community conditions
Exposure to Violence
Social Change (divorce, immigration, religion)
Poverty and perceived economic disparity
Racial Inequality
Two Classes
The concept of social conflict has been developed into two distinct theories of juvenile delinquency. They are:
Social Structure Theories
Delinquency is caused by a person’s place in the
economic structure of society.
Social Process Theories
Delinquency is caused by a person’s interaction with corrupt or
disturbed members of society
Social Structure
All Social Structure Theories are based on the concept that modern capitalist society is divided (stratified) based on economic levels
Crime is most likely to form in the underclasses of society, where a culture of poverty changes the civic values and ethics of children, from generation to generation.
As children are more formative and fragile, they are more prone to the negative effects of poverty.
Racial inequality also fuels the cycle of poverty, as certain classes in society have less opportunities.
The Three forms of Structure
1) Social Disorganization
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay first developed the social disorganization theory. The premise of this theory is that the breakdown of the sense of community creates social unrest. The connection of a person to their community is the single greatest deterrent to criminal behavior.
People are less likely to participate in crime, if there is a social stigma or shame, to being identified as a criminal against the community.
Modern Disorganization
Shaw and McKay based their theories on the concept that as a city expanded, neighborhoods would break down, and the city as a whole would lose it’s sense of continuity.
As American society has become more mobile and transient, cities have radically changed. The modern Disorganization Theory is Social Ecological Theory.
Social Ecology
Social Ecology states that criminal behavior is directly linked to breakdowns in a community structure. These breakdowns come from:
Seeing physically abandoned buildings and decay
Poverty
Fear of crime or corrupt law enforcement
Siege Mentality
Loss of a community identity (race, religion, ethnicity)
Loss of social controls (family, peers, mentors, role models)
A Strain on us all
2) Strain Theory
Strain Theory holds that while most people have the same goals and desires out of life, the feeling of being locked out, or not having the opportunity to achieve those same goals, is the impetus for criminal behavior.
While some children will continue to seek to overcome their limitations, and others will simply accept their place in society, the delinquent portion of disaffected ...
CPCJ_Module_10_Violence_against_Women.ppsx
The document discusses violence against women and girls from a human rights perspective. It defines key terms related to gender, gender identity, and violence against women. It discusses how violence against women manifests in different forms, from domestic violence to harmful practices. It outlines common factors like harmful gender stereotypes and economic inequality. It discusses the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women which recognizes violence against women as a form of discrimination and human rights violation.
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SOC100 v8Reading Guide Deviance, Social Stratification, and In.docx
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Racial and ethnic relations follow patterns of how dominant groups treat subordinate groups, including segregation, expulsion, genocide, internal colonialism, and rejection through mass violence, displacement, and dehumanization.
Pluralism
The document discusses patterns of racial and ethnic relations, specifically ethnic pluralism and multiculturalism. It defines ethnic pluralism as the coexistence of multiple racial and ethnic groups within a society with equality, mutual respect, and an absence of discrimination and prejudice. However, it notes that ethnic pluralism is often more ideal than reality and depends on population composition. It provides Switzerland as an example of ethnic pluralism through accommodation of French, German, and Italian groups, but notes Switzerland has recently seen a surge in racism against immigrants.
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Patterns of racial and ethnic relations refer to the regular ways in which dominant groups treat subordinate groups. These patterns include internal colonialism, where non-white indigenous groups in colonized countries are controlled and exploited by white immigrant groups after independence, rather than whites from the colonizing country. Internal colonialism is created through population transfer or expulsion and results in slavery, segregation, discrimination, prejudice, violence, and intergenerational inequalities. It also leads to a split labor market with a primary market for the dominant group and a secondary market for minorities, dividing the working class along racial lines and compounding income and wealth inequality.
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Segregation
- 1. Patterns of Racial & Ethnic Relations Professor Christine Monnier
- 2. What are patterns of racial & ethnic relations? Regular ways in which the dominant group treats the subordinate group(s):
- 3. Segregation PATTERNS OF RACIAL / ETHNIC RELATIONS
- 4. Segregation The practice of separating people socially and spatially based on race and / or ethnicity. Segregation is imposed upon the minority(ies) by the dominant group. United States before the Civil Rights (p.211) South Africa’s apartheid system
- 5. Segregation – The Macro View Segregation is a system Segregation inscribed in the law: de jure segregation Segregation in fact: de facto segregation
- 6. Segregation – The Macro View
- 7. Discrimination Discrimination involves actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful effect on members of a subordinate group.
- 8. Discrimination Individual: one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property. Institutional: the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful effect on members of subordinate groups.
- 9. Discrimination Merton’s Typology of attitude v. behavior Prejudiced Attitude? Yes No Discriminatory Behavior? Yes Prejudiced discriminator Unprejudiced discriminator No Prejudiced non- discriminator Unprejudiced non- discriminator
- 10. Discrimination Joe Feagin’s four major types of discrimination: 1. Isolate discrimination 2. Small-group discrimination 3. Direct institutionalized discrimination 4. Indirect institutionalized discrimination
- 11. Segregation – The Micro View Prejudice Stereotype Micro-aggressions Interpersonal violence Social control Social sanctions
- 12. Stereotype Overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.
- 13. Prejudice A prejudice is a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.
- 14. Racism Racism is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.
- 15. Macro + Micro = Structural Violence Structural violence Concept coined by Prof. Johann Galtung Refers to the multiple ways in which social structures deprive individuals of the means of achieving their needs and aspirations. Contrast to interpersonal violence. Structural violence produces worse social outcomes for its victims.
- 16. Structural Violence There is no benign segregation. No “separate but equal” is possible in a structurally violent system. Structural violence includes interpersonal violence. System lasts longer than individuals. Social structures can persist even when belief systems are less prevalent. The effects persist over generations. De facto segregation.