Bioburden is the measure of living microbes on a surface that has not yet been sterilized. It is usually tested for on medical devices and other products that come in contact with patients during care at a medical facility.
Considering: Environmental monitoring guidance, Background to USP <1116>, Main changes and debates Method limitations, Incident rates, Frequencies of monitoring, Locations of monitoring, Other changes, Regulatory issues and Rapid methods
Sterility Testing is defined as a testing which confirms that products are free from the presence of viable microorganisms. Sterility testing is very important for medical devices, pharmaceuticals, preparations, tissue materials and other materials that claim to be sterile or free from viable microorganisms.
Bioburden is the measure of living microbes on a surface that has not yet been sterilized. It is usually tested for on medical devices and other products that come in contact with patients during care at a medical facility.
Considering: Environmental monitoring guidance, Background to USP <1116>, Main changes and debates Method limitations, Incident rates, Frequencies of monitoring, Locations of monitoring, Other changes, Regulatory issues and Rapid methods
Sterility Testing is defined as a testing which confirms that products are free from the presence of viable microorganisms. Sterility testing is very important for medical devices, pharmaceuticals, preparations, tissue materials and other materials that claim to be sterile or free from viable microorganisms.
دورة مختصرة عن المعمل الميكروبيولوجى ودوره فى شركات ومصانع الادوية
المحتوى :
- Introduction to Microbiology
- Microbiology lab. Overview
- Microbiology Lab. Role
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology
- Microbiological tests for pharmaceuticals
الميكروبيولوجى ببساطة
Microbiological Environmental Monitoring in Pharmaceutical Facilitydelli_intralab
Merupakan jurnal tentang microbiological environment monitoring in pharma facility
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut atau diskusi mengenai environment monitoring, silahkan hubungi delli.intralab@gmail.com
Scope, roles and responsibilities of microbiologist inAuricle Nissim
useful for everyone interested in pharmaceutical microbiology, helpful for interviews, most asked question for candidates appearing interviews in pharmaceutical ,
A biosafety cabinet: also called a biological safety cabinet or microbiological safety cabinet—is an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with materials contaminated with (or potentially contaminated with) pathogens requiring a defined biosafety level.
Safety cabinets are intended to protect a laboratory worker from aerosols and airborne particles.
They will not protect the person from spillages and the consequences of mishandling and poor technique.
Aerosol particles of less than 5 µm in diameter and small droplets of 5–100 µm in diameter are not visible to the naked eye.
The laboratory worker is generally not aware that such particles are being generated and may be inhaled or may cross contaminate work surface materials.
BSCs, when properly used, have been shown to be highly effective in reducing laboratory-acquired infections and cross-contaminations of cultures due to aerosol exposures. BSCs also protect the environment.
Most BSCs use high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in the exhaust and supply systems.
The exception is a Class I BSC, which does not have HEPA filtered supply air.
Control on Cleanroom Environmental Monitoring (Pharmaceutical)Srinath Sasidharan
A general consideration of Environmental Monitoring in Pharmaceutical manufacturing area. Cleanroom Monitoring Tools and Utilities: Author Sreenath Sasidharan (Geltec Healthcare FZE)
دورة مختصرة عن المعمل الميكروبيولوجى ودوره فى شركات ومصانع الادوية
المحتوى :
- Introduction to Microbiology
- Microbiology lab. Overview
- Microbiology Lab. Role
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology
- Microbiological tests for pharmaceuticals
الميكروبيولوجى ببساطة
Microbiological Environmental Monitoring in Pharmaceutical Facilitydelli_intralab
Merupakan jurnal tentang microbiological environment monitoring in pharma facility
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut atau diskusi mengenai environment monitoring, silahkan hubungi delli.intralab@gmail.com
Scope, roles and responsibilities of microbiologist inAuricle Nissim
useful for everyone interested in pharmaceutical microbiology, helpful for interviews, most asked question for candidates appearing interviews in pharmaceutical ,
A biosafety cabinet: also called a biological safety cabinet or microbiological safety cabinet—is an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with materials contaminated with (or potentially contaminated with) pathogens requiring a defined biosafety level.
Safety cabinets are intended to protect a laboratory worker from aerosols and airborne particles.
They will not protect the person from spillages and the consequences of mishandling and poor technique.
Aerosol particles of less than 5 µm in diameter and small droplets of 5–100 µm in diameter are not visible to the naked eye.
The laboratory worker is generally not aware that such particles are being generated and may be inhaled or may cross contaminate work surface materials.
BSCs, when properly used, have been shown to be highly effective in reducing laboratory-acquired infections and cross-contaminations of cultures due to aerosol exposures. BSCs also protect the environment.
Most BSCs use high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in the exhaust and supply systems.
The exception is a Class I BSC, which does not have HEPA filtered supply air.
Control on Cleanroom Environmental Monitoring (Pharmaceutical)Srinath Sasidharan
A general consideration of Environmental Monitoring in Pharmaceutical manufacturing area. Cleanroom Monitoring Tools and Utilities: Author Sreenath Sasidharan (Geltec Healthcare FZE)
Returning from Prison - Building Health, Purpose and CommunityMichael Changaris
This presentation was given at the 10th academic and health policy conference. The REMEDY (reentry making everyday yours) is a treatment group that supports individuals who are returning from prison. The REMEDY is an adjunctive treatment modality to the Transitions Care Network treatment clinics. This presentation explores health disparities, adverse child hood experiences, the impact prison on communities and how to develop integrated systems of treatment for individuals who are returning.
No need to wonder how the best on SlideShare do it. The Masters of SlideShare provides storytelling, design, customization and promotion tips from 13 experts of the form. Learn what it takes to master this type of content marketing yourself.
10 Ways to Win at SlideShare SEO & Presentation OptimizationOneupweb
Thank you, SlideShare, for teaching us that PowerPoint presentations don't have to be a total bore. But in order to tap SlideShare's 60 million global users, you must optimize. Here are 10 quick tips to make your next presentation highly engaging, shareable and well worth the effort.
For more content marketing tips: http://www.oneupweb.com/blog/
Are you new to SlideShare? Are you looking to fine tune your channel plan? Are you using SlideShare but are looking for ways to enhance what you're doing? How can you use SlideShare for content marketing tactics such as lead generation, calls-to-action to other pieces of your content, or thought leadership? Read more from the CMI team in their latest SlideShare presentation on SlideShare.
Not sure what to share on SlideShare?
SlideShares that inform, inspire and educate attract the most views. Beyond that, ideas for what you can upload are limitless. We’ve selected a few popular examples to get your creative juices flowing.
In our experiences, we have found a significant number of situations that force us to have to QC a much greater percentage of our LC/MS UV, ELSD compound QC results than we feel should be really necessary. This oftentimes means a 100% QC. Some of the reasons are summarized as: Target(s) Found (Green) but the purity or concentration of the sample being too low to be of practical usage. Targets found but eluting in a region of significant level impurities and therefore more challenging for auto-purification. Targets eluting within the solvent front or end of the chromatographic run typically with poor integration. Targets being poorly classified as found, maybe or not found due to challenges in the signal processing, baselining, peak integration, MS peak classification, poor assignment of adducts and so on. The major issue of course, was that we were not really sure to what level these issues were prevalent or were causing us to over QC results. To better understand these effects we have undertaken a relatively large scale review of our results to determine where most of the problem situation occurs and to remedy as many as possible. We were also looking to increase the trust we have our processing and to be able to trap those situations where an analyst needs to make an informed decision and communicate this effectively. This presentation summarizes some of our finding and how we have attempted to solve these issues.
Parenterals are the sterile preparation that is directly administered into the circulatory system avoiding the enteral route. And these preparation provide rapid onset of action that is why the administered preparation must be safe.
Stability problem arise from microbial contamination of these products so sterility and stability must be ensured for these preparations.
To ensure their sterility and stability, regulations regarding to quality control through pharmacopeial specifications has great importance.
STERILITY TESTING OF PHARMACEUTICALS ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Sterility Testing: done to detect if viable forms of micro-organisms are present or not on or in the pharmaceutical preparation.
The test is applied to substances or preparations which, according to the Pharmacopoeia, are required to be sterile. For example
✦ Injections
✦ Implants
✦ Syringes
✦ Bandages
✦ Dressings
✦ Surgical Instruments
✦ Needles
✦ Injectables
✦ Bulk Solids
✦ Ophthalmic Products..etc
If microorganisms are placed in a media that provides nutrients and water and kept at a favourable temperature the organism will grow and their growth can be indicated by turbidity in originally clear medium.
PPT prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD &Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Cleaning Validation Protocol for Cannabis Certificate Programs.docxNACPT Pharma College
The cannabis industry is rapidly growing in Canada, the world industry leader, and there is a lack of skilled workers in the cannabis space. According to the research performed by International Medical Cannabis Association in 2019, many growing cannabis Licensed Producers and related companies are struggling to find skilled workers in the space. Many individuals have a growing experience, but most do not have the appropriate education, credentials, and regulatory updates to be genuinely successful in the cannabis industry. Therefore, educational training is an essential and critical element in the cannabis space.
Detection techniques for microorganisms in food of animalMANJEET RATHOUR
The detection and enumeration of microorganisms in food are an essential
part of any quality control or food safety plan. Traditional methods of detecting foodborne pathogenic bacteria are often time-consuming because of the need for growth
in culture media, followed by isolation, biochemical and/or serological identifi cation,
and in some cases, subspecifi c characterization. Advances in technology have made
detection and identifi cation faster, more sensitive, more specifi c, and more convenient than traditional assays. These new methods include for the most part antibodyand DNA-based tests, and modifi cations of conventional tests made to speed up
analysis and reduce handling.
Ipqc tests for sterile formulations are as follows :
Leakage Test
Clarity Test
pH
Particulate Matter Injection
SterilityTest
Pyrogen Test
Content Uniformity & Weight
Volume Filled
The tests For Sterile products are as per IP, BP & USP
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Mammalian Pineal Body Structure and Also Functions
Bioburden
1. Prepared By:- ARPIT BANA
PQA,M.PHARM
M.S UNIVERSITY.
GUIDED BY: Dr. RAJASHREE MASHRU
Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S University.
2. Bioburden is the population of viable
microorganism on a particular object,
formulation and/or finished product.
It is the number of bacteria living on a surface
that has not been sterilized.
Bioburden Testing, also known as microbial
limit testing, is performed on pharmaceutical
products and medical products for quality
control purposes.
Bioburden is generally expressed as CFU/mL
(Colony Forming Units)
3. The development of a microbial contamination control program
is critical to the effort to get a new facility qualified, and to
maintain the facility in a state of control once qualified.
To determine the total number of viable microorganisms in or on
a medical device, container or component after completion of all
in-process steps before sterilization.
To act as an early warning system for possible production
problems which could lead to inadequate sterilization or possible
product recall.
To calculate the necessary dose for effective radiation
sterilization and to monitor product to ensure adequate dosing.
To test the effectiveness of cleaning agent against bacteria.
Act as an indicator of manufacturing condition. The purpose of
environmental monitoring is to correct problems before product
is placed at risk.
4. The Legal basis for Bioburden testing lies in CFR 21
(Code of Federal Register 21) and ISO 11737 worldwide.
21 C.F.R. 211.110 (a)(6) states that bioburden in-process
testing must be conducted pursuant to written
procedures during the manufacturing process of drug
products.
Current good manufacturing practice (CGMP)
requirements as specified in 21 CFR Part 211.113, Control
of Microbiological Contamination, state that “Appropriate
written procedures, designed to prevent objectionable
microorganisms in drug products not required to be sterile,
shall be established and followed.”
The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) outlines several
tests that can be done to quantitatively determine the
Bioburden of non-sterile drug products.
It is important when conducting these tests to ensure that
the testing method does not either introduce bacteria into
the test sample or kill bacteria in the test sample.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. Raw material: 1) warehouse
2) sampling equipment
3) sampling personal
4) sampling environment
Dispensing: 1) dispensing equipment
2) dispensing personal
3) dispensing equipment
Manufacturing:1) equipment
2) air system
3) no. of personnel
Packaging : 1) primary packaging
2) secondary packaging
17. 1. Types of Non-viable contamination:
2. Types of Viable contamination:
Fibers Particles
Clothing Dead skin
Papers Dandruff
Hair Tobacco smoke
Cleaning equipment
Microorganism Insects & pest
bacteria Rodent
Fungi Cockroach
Viruses mice
18. Water is a frequent source of endotoxins
and bioburden, which can carry Gram
negative bacteria. It is therefore
important to examine process water
usage.
These arise from several mfg or
processing steps- for example from
extrusion, grinding, milling or cleaning
processes, etc.
19.
20. 1. Air-borne bioburden- organisms found
in critical environment.
2. Water-borne bioburden- due to use of
purified water as an ingredient or during
processing steps.
3. Surface-borne bioburden- organisms
present on surface of particular
equipments and devices.
4. Personnel bioburden- arising on
account of improper personnel hygiene,
clothing, cleanliness or sanitation.
21. 1. Airborne particulate bioburden:
2. Surface bioburden:
CLASS OF
AREA
ACTION
LEVEL
ALERT LEVEL
I 1 CFU 1 CFU
II 10 CFU 5 CFU
III 25 CFU 15 CFU
CLASS OF AREA ACTION LEVEL ALERT LEVEL
I 1 CFU 1 CFU
II 10 CFU 5 CFU
III 25 CFU 15 CFU
22. 3. Personnel Bioburden:
MATERIAL ACTION LEVEL ALERT LEVEL
Gloves ≥ 5 CFU/plate ≥ 2 CFU/plate
Gown ≥ total 30 CFU/ 3 plates ≥ total 20 CFU/3 plates
23. LEVEL ROOM :NOT IN
USE
ROOM:PRIO
R TO USE
ROOM: IN USE
I Once a week 3 days CL: once before start, once
during process, once after
finishing.
II Once a week 3 days SL: once during process &
once a week.
III Once every 2
weeks
3 days SL: once a day
OL: once every 2 weeks
CL: critical locations
SL: selected locations
OL: other locations
26. General sampling strategies and
characteristics:
The method of obtaining samples for bioburden
influences the test results. Preferred method is
to obtain random samples.
ASCEPTIC: Be clean as possible. The method of
sampling itself should not contribute to
microbial contamination, else it gives faulty
results.
RANDOM: Random samples are taken from each
area of production room and not just from one
specific location.
27. REPRESENTATIVE: Units sampled for
testing should represent each phase of
production process.
REJECTED SAMPLES: rejected samples
may be used for laboratory testing if they
have been through the same process that
the normal units have undergone.
SIMULATED PRODUCT: Special units
used for sampling made exactly similar
to the original product via the same
processing. Such units are used due to
expensive nature of original product.
28. Goal of sampling:
• It will help to determine whether
microorganism present at various places is
affecting the individual or preparation.
• Sampling is use to identify the location of
microbes, because they are collected from
different spaces.
• It will help in identification of microorganism.
Sr.no Various system Sample site
1. Environmental
air
Near open door and/or
filled container.
2. Room air Proximal to work area.
3. Water Point of use.
4. operator Finger impression
30. This method mainly determine the quality of
parenteral processing environment,
It provides the information about the type of
microbes present in air.
a) Culturable air sampling: Requires culture
medium for the growth of microbes.
slit to agar sampler
Anderson technique
Surface air system
The gelatin membrane system
Sterilization microbial sampling
Liquid impingers
33. b) Non Culturable air sampling:
In this method, measured volume of
air is passed through sampling devices.
The collector of air has a sticky surface of
glass where microbes get stick and
trapped which are further analyzed.
Hence no use of culture medium.
The efficiency of air sampling technique
depends on :
The design of sampler
Sampling rate and volume of air taken
The nature of collection medium
Sampling time
34. Nichrome wire loop method-
• In this method nichrome wire loop is used which
has rounded tip and by using this tip, sample is
collected and observed under microscope or put in
a specific growth medium.
• Generally, microbiologists use inoculating loops
to transfer microorganisms to growth media.
• Loop consists of a three inch long, 25 gauge
nichrome wire with a loop at one end and
mounted on an eight inch long aluminum handle.
• It is easy to sterilize and reuse because nichrome
wire resists deterioration with repeated
heat/cooling cycles.
35.
36. It includes the sampling from the floors, walls, machinery,
equipment, rooms etc.
a. Rodac plate method
(RODAC- Replicate Organism Detection and Counting)
In this method, a 100mm diameter agar contact plate is used in
which agar is poured. Then this plate is pressed against a flat
surface, microbes will stick to the medium.
Instead of agar plate, nylon plates are also used.
b. Cotton swab method
It can be collected by cotton Q-tip applicator that has been moist
with growth media and than send to testing laboratory.
Disadvantage is the presence of cotton fibers on its surface.
c. Tape lift surface sampling
In this cotton adhesive tape is positioned on the surface and press
gently without rubbing, and then directly observed under
microscope.
38. After sample collection, it is required that the
sample is extracted from the sampler and
transferred to a suitable medium for further
growth of microbes and analysis.
Methods:
1. Ultrasonicating
2. Vortex mixing
3. Blending
4. Shaking
5. Agar overlaying
39. After extracting the sample, growth of microbes on
suitable media to count them.
A. Membrane Filtration
B. Plate count methods
i. Pour-plate method
ii. Surface spread method
C. Serial dilution method
40.
41. Membrane filters used are 50 mm in
diameter, having a nominal pore size of
0.45 µm for retaining bacteria.
45. The bioburden validation is a test to determine
the efficacy of a method that is used to estimate
the bioburden on the product.
With the results of bioburden validation a
correction factor is calculated which is used in
the estimation of the product’s bioburden.
45
46. EN-ISO 11737-1 describes two general methods
for the BV:
1. Repetitive(Exhaustive) Recovery Method
2. Inoculation Method
46
47. In this method the extraction procedure on a single
sample product is to be repeated until there is no
significant increase in the number of recovered
microorganims.
The goal is to recover all viable microorganisms by
washing the sample product repeatedly.
The counts in CFU that are recovered from the first
extraction are compared to the total counts
recovered from all the washes to calculate a
percent recovery when doing just one extraction.
47
48. The percent recovery is used to calculate a
correction factor which is then applied to the
bioburden test numbers for the product.
In this way routine bioburden tests require
only one extraction.
The CFU recovered from one extraction are
then simply multiplied by the correction factor
to determine the total bioburden of a product.
48
49. In this method a sterile product is inoculated
with a known amount of viable
microorganisms in order to create an artificial
bioburden.
After inoculation, the product is allowed to dry
for a defined period of time.
Once the inoculum has dried, the chosen
method for extracting the microorganisms from
the product is applied.
49
50. A ratio of recovered titer to initial inoculum
count establishes the recovery efficiency and
correction factor for the product.
Disadvantage of this method is that sterile
samples are required and viability of
microorganisms after drying process can not be
guaranteed.
50
51. EN-ISO 11737-1 describes a number of methods that
can be combined in order to obtain the best result in
recovering the bioburden from the product.
Elution methods for releasing of bioburden from the
product into a rinsing fluid:
1. Stomaching
2. Ultra Sonication
3. Shaking
4. Vortex Mixing
5. Flushing
6. Blending
7. Swabbing
51
52. Non elution methods for estimation of
bioburden:
1. Contact Plating
2. Agar Overlaying
For the transfer into culture medium different
methods like membrane filtration, pour
plating, spread plating or spiral plating can be
applied.
Best method for a specified product is
determined by the BV.
52
53. For estimation of bioburden, mainly two
medias are used:
1. Tryptone Soya Agar(TSA)- for aerobic m.o.
with incubation of 3-5 days at 32.5 ºC ± 2.5ºC.
2. Sabouraud Dextrose Agar(SDA)- for yeast and
mould with incubation of 5-7 days at 22.5ºC ±
2.5ºC.
53
54.
55. When the population of microorganism is
subjected to a sterilization process, all the cells do
not die at the same time.
The no. of surviving cells decreases exponentially
with time of exposure until viable organism can no
longer be detected. So in order to find out the
efficiency of the sterilization process some
terminologies are employed i.e.
1) D value
2) Z value
3) F value
4) Inactivation factor
1)D VALUE
The resistance of a given organism to any specified
killing process can be characterized by the D value.
This is the time in minutes required to reduce the
no. of organisms by 90% i.e. upto10% of the original
count.
56. Sterilization by heating in an autoclave or by
dry heat: the D value is expressed by time in
minutes at defined temperature. The
temperature is shown as subscript Ex. D₁₂₁,
D₁₇₀.
Sterilization by exposure to ionizing
radiation: the D value is expressed by
absorbed dose.
Sterilization by exposure to ethylene oxide:
the D value is expressed by time in minutes.
The D value is mathematically shown by
following equation
D = U/log N₀−log Nu
Here, U = exposure time
N₀ = initial microbial population
Nu = microbial population after receiving U
time.
57. 2) Z VALUE( THERMAL DESTRUCTION VALUE):
Z value relates the heat resistance of a microorganism to
change in temperature.
It is the total degrees of temperature change to produce a 10
fold reduction in D value or the temperature change required
for 1 log reduction in D-value.
Z-value is obtained from the plot of log D value vs
temperature.
Z= T2-T1/ log D1-log D2
Bacterial spores have Z value in range 10 to 15ºC while most
non- sporing organisms have Z value of 4 to 6ºC.
3) F VALUE
It is the time in minutes required to kill an organism at
250ºF(121ºC)
Thus if sterilization process said to have F value of 15min. It
implies that it has the same lethal effect on a given organism as
that of heating at 121ºC for 15min.
F value is a measure of the lethality of total process of
sterilization.
F₀ = ∆t ∑ 10(T-To)/Z
Where, ∆t is time interval for measurement of product tempT
And To is the reference temperature
Z = 10⁰C F₀ = total lethality
58. 4) INACTIVATION FACTOR
It is the amount by which a given
combination of temperature ,radiation dose
rate etc and time of exposure will reduce
the no. of survivors of a given organism.
It is calculated from known D value of
organism as follows
Inactivation factor = 10(t/D)
Where, t is the treatment time
D is D-value at that same time.
The lower the contamination rate and
higher the inactivation factor of a
sterilization process, less is the risk of
failure.
59. Here: B=No. of org. surviving after sterilization
A= Initial no. of micro-organisms
Ft = Equivalent exposure time
Dt=Log reduction microbial contamination(D-
value)
It is desirable that ‘B’ should be as low as
possible:-
1. By reducing Bioburden on bulk product (A)
2. Increasing the exposure time (Ft)
3. Employing micro-org. with a lower D-value at
specified temperature.
60. A pharmaceutical product has bioburden of
378 CFU. For how much time should it be
sterilized with D-value(121°C) of 1.5 min/log
so as to assure SAL of 106 ?
60
65. For airborne
bioburden at max of
12 inch upstream
from point of use.
For surface bioburden
measured per 25 sq
cm.
For personnel
bioburden exit test.
65
Level Action
Level
Alert
Level
I 1 CFU 1 CFU
II 10 CFU 5 CFU
III 25 CFU 15 CFU
Action
Level
Alert Level
Gloves 5
CFU/plate
2
CFU/plate
Gown 30 CFU/3
plates
20 CFU/ 3
plates
Airborne and Surface
Personnel
66. A product xyz was tested for bioburden. Batch
size is 10,000 bottles. Find the contamination
per bottle.
66
Ingredient Quantity (g) Bioburden per g
(CFU)
Active ingredient 5000 10
Preservatives 500 10
Vehicle 87400 10
Excipients 100 500
67. 67
Ingredient Quantity (g) Bioburden per g
(CFU)
Total Bioburden
(CFU)
Active
ingredient
5000 10 50,000
Preservatives 500 10 5000
Vehicle 87,400 10 8,74,000
Excipients 100 500 50,000
Grand Total 979,000
Contamination per bottle= 979,000/ 10,000≈ 98 CFU
68. For, a container with neck area of 0.8 sq cm is
open during filling for
(a) 10 min
(b) 1 sec
and a 14 cm plate(area= 154 sq cm) is exposed
adjacent in 4 hrs, 2 microorganisms are found
to have deposited on the settle plate. Find the
contamination rate for both (a) and (b).
68
70. A 125 litre capacity blender has internal surface
area of 2356 sq cm. Surface bioburden was
found to be 33 CFU per 25 sq cm. Calculate the
contamination risk per 100 ml of product
mixed in the blender.
70
72. Scott Sutton, PhD; “Bioburden Contamination Control: A Holistic Overview”;
American Pharmaceutical Review; Endotoxin Supplement; July/Aug 2015;
volume 18, issue 5.
Microbiological Validation according to EN-ISO 11137-2:2012, Method VDmax
25
Initial Validation; Pharma Help Bag; Synergy Health.
“Bioburden: Characterization, Method Validation and Determination”; Eurofins.
“The Microbial Bioburden of USP 797 Compliance”; Simplifying Environmental
Quality and Control Practices for Pharmaceutical Compounding; PathCon
Laboratories; Fall 2009.
Scott Sutton, PhD; “The Role of Bioburden in the Contamination-Control Plan”;
Equipment and Processing Report; Jan 19, 2011.
Microbial Risk Assessment Guideline, Pathogenic Microorganisms with focus on
Food and Water; Prepared by the Interagency Microbiological Risk Assessment
Guideline Workgroup; USDA and FSIS; July 2012(001).
S. P. Denyer, R. M. Baird; “Guide To Microbiological Control In
Pharmaceuticals”; Ellis Horwood Limited; England.
“Glimpses of Pharma Profession: A compilation of presentations made at
different programs organized by IPA Vadodara Branch (2000-2001); The Indian
Pharmaceutical Association, Vadodara Branch.
72