Its about economics reforms that were introduced in 1991.
why such reforms were needed ?
what was situation at that time ?
what were the achievement and limitations of economic reforms ?
a brief history, sectors and outlook of the Indian economy.
effect of liberalisation on economy, foreign trade, current state of the Indian economy, gst, demonetisation and their effects of Indian economy, issues with the Indian economy and ways to deal with them
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1973
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1977
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1980
The New Industrial Policy of 1991
Trade Policy Reform of India 2008 - 2019
The Trade Policies in India are formulated by Government of India, Ministry Of Commerce And Industries and Department of Commerce.
Its about economics reforms that were introduced in 1991.
why such reforms were needed ?
what was situation at that time ?
what were the achievement and limitations of economic reforms ?
a brief history, sectors and outlook of the Indian economy.
effect of liberalisation on economy, foreign trade, current state of the Indian economy, gst, demonetisation and their effects of Indian economy, issues with the Indian economy and ways to deal with them
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1973
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1977
Industrial Policy Resolution of 1980
The New Industrial Policy of 1991
Trade Policy Reform of India 2008 - 2019
The Trade Policies in India are formulated by Government of India, Ministry Of Commerce And Industries and Department of Commerce.
This presentation explains the conditions which led to the introduction of 1991 economic reforms of India, the key features of the reforms and the impact it created on Indian economy.
A power point presentation about India foreign trade's introduction, compostion of its imports and exports, also the direction of its imports and exports, with the help of some data diagrams.
Liberalization is a very broad term that usually refers to fewer government regulations and restrictions in the economy.
Privatization means transfer of ownership and/or management of an enterprise from the public sector to the private sector .It also means the withdrawal of the state from an industry or sector partially or fully.
Globalization implies integration of the economy of the country with the rest of the world economy and opening up of the economy for foreign direct investment by liberalizing the rules and regulations and by creating favorable socio-economic and political climate for global business.
Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization in India. The economy of India had undergone significant policy shifts in the beginning of the 1990s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the LPG or Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation model.
The presentations describes the 1991 Liberalization Privatization Globalization(LPG) model of Indian economy. Following are the topics discussed in the ppt:
Reasons for implementing LPG
Definitions
Advantages
Disadvantages
Disinvestment Commission
Successful privatizations in India
FDI
MNCs
Effects
This presentation explains the conditions which led to the introduction of 1991 economic reforms of India, the key features of the reforms and the impact it created on Indian economy.
A power point presentation about India foreign trade's introduction, compostion of its imports and exports, also the direction of its imports and exports, with the help of some data diagrams.
Liberalization is a very broad term that usually refers to fewer government regulations and restrictions in the economy.
Privatization means transfer of ownership and/or management of an enterprise from the public sector to the private sector .It also means the withdrawal of the state from an industry or sector partially or fully.
Globalization implies integration of the economy of the country with the rest of the world economy and opening up of the economy for foreign direct investment by liberalizing the rules and regulations and by creating favorable socio-economic and political climate for global business.
Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization in India. The economy of India had undergone significant policy shifts in the beginning of the 1990s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the LPG or Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation model.
The presentations describes the 1991 Liberalization Privatization Globalization(LPG) model of Indian economy. Following are the topics discussed in the ppt:
Reasons for implementing LPG
Definitions
Advantages
Disadvantages
Disinvestment Commission
Successful privatizations in India
FDI
MNCs
Effects
Methods of Measuring National Income -National income methodsTrinity Dwarka
Methods of Measuring National Income (NNPFC)
Compensation of Employees :-
Salary and wages in cash,
Salary and wages in kind,
Contribution to social security schemes.
Income from property
i) Rent
ii) Royalty
iii) Interest
2. Income from entrepreneurship
i) Profit
a) Dividend
b) Corporate Tax
c) Retained earnings
d) Undistributed profits
Net Factor Income from Abroad
Private final consumption expenditure
- The worldwide movement toward economic, financial, trade, and communications integration.
Globalization implies the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital, goods, and services across national frontiers. However, it does not include unhindered movement of labor and, as suggested by some economists, may hurt smaller or fragile economies if applied indiscriminately
Market scenario before and after LPG policy and economic reforms,1991 in the time P.V. Narsimha Rao's govt. where political enterprenuer is Dr. Manmohan Singh.
The Indian economy, which is the third largest in the world in terms of purchasing power, is going to touch new heights in the coming years. As predicted by Goldman Sachs, the Global Investment Bank, by 2035 India would be the third largest economy in the world just after U.S. and China. It will grow to 60% of size of the U.S. economy. This booming economy of today has passed through many phases before it achieved the current milestone.
1. Perspective of Indian Economy: Indian Economy as a Developing Economy, Basic Characteristics Overview of Economic Planning, Role of Monetary policy and Fiscal Policy, Budget terminology, Economic Growth, GDP and GDP Trends, Money Supply & Inflation, Inflation trends, RBI – overview of role and functions, Capital Markets – overview of role and functions, Concept of Poverty, Estimates of Poverty, Poverty Line, Economic Reforms and Reduction of Poverty, Concept of Inclusion, Need of inclusive growth, Financial inclusion. Concept of Hard & Soft Infrastructure. Hard Infrastructure - Transport Infrastructure, Energy Infrastructure, Water management infrastructure, Communication Infrastructure, Solid waste management, Earth monitoring and measuring networks. Soft Infrastructure - Governance Infrastructure, Economic infrastructure, Social infrastructure, Critical Infrastructure, Urban infrastructure, Green infrastructure, Education Infrastructure, Health Infrastructure. (6)
2. Human Resources and Economic Development : The Theory of Demographic Transition, Size and Growth Rate of Population in India, Quantitative Population Growth Differentials in Different Countries, The Sex Composition of Population, Age Composition of Population, Density of Population, Urbanization and Economic Growth in India, The Quality of Population, Population Projections (2001-2026), Demographic Dividend. Human Development in India
- The Concept and Measures of Human Development, Human development Index for Various States in India, National Human Development Report, Changing profile of GDP and employment in India, GDP, Employment and Productivity per Worker in India, Relative Shift in the Shares of NSDP and Employment in Agriculture, Industry and Services in Different States. (6)
3. Sectoral composition of Indian Economy: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Sectors, Issues in Agriculture sector in India ,land reforms, Green Revolution and agriculture policies of India , Industrial development , small scale and cottage industries, Industrial Policy, Public sector in India, Services sector in India. Areas of Market Failure and Need for State Intervention, Redefining the Role of the State, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) Model of Development, Planning commission v/s NITI Aayog, Public Versus Private Sector Debate, Unorganised Sector and India's Informal Economy. (6)
4. Inequality and Economic Power in India: FDI, Angel Investors and Start-ups, Unicorns, M&A, Investment Models, Role of State, PPP (Public-Private Partnership), Savings and Investment Trends. Growth of Large Industrial Houses Since Independence, Growth of Monopolies and Concentration of Economic Power in India, Competition Policy and Competition Law, Growth and Inequality, India as an Economic Superpower, Growth of the Indian Middle Class, Indian MNCs : Mergers and Acquisitions, Outsourcing, Nationalism and Globalization, Small-scale and Cottage Enterprises, The Role of Small-scale Industries in India
A look at the effects of media in a postive and negative way,and how it affects our everyday lifestyle.
The state of Kashmir has also been described with relation to its family structure,natural beauty,cultural heritage,etc.
India is the most populous country for tribes,a short preview has also been added .
Justdial is yellow pages on telephone . Here's a ppt on its marketing strateg...Shlomoh Samuel
Justdial was started in 1996 by VSS Mani in 3x5 feet garage which he took on hire and a seed capital of Rs 50,000 . Since that time ,it has come a long way in helping the Indian public and has even roped in Amitabh Bachchan has its brand ambassador . Marketing is an important aspect of business in which JUSTDIAL has hit all the right buttons at the right time .
amyukta Maharashtra Movement (or Samyukta Maharashtra Andolan) was spearheaded by Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, an organisation that demanded starting in 1956 for the creation of a separate Marathi-speaking state out of the (then-bilingual) State of Bombay in western India, with the city of Bombay as its capital. Similarly, in Gujarat, in 1956 the Mahagujarat Movement started agitation for creation of separate Gujarati-speaking State.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. India : The Beginning
Pre Colonial : Refers to the economic history of
India since Indus Valley Civilization to 1700 AD.
During Indus Valley Civilization Indian economy
was very well developed.
India had very good trade relations with other parts
of world, which is evident from the coins of various
civilizations found at the site of Indus valley.
Before the advent of East India Company, each
village in India was a self sufficient entity. Each
village was economically independent.
3. British Invasion
The arrival of East India Company in India
ruined the Indian economy.
During this phase India's share of world
income declined from 22.3% in 1700 AD to
3.8% in 1952.
Two-way depletion of resources.
British bought raw materials from India at cheaper
rates.
Then, the finished goods were sold at high price in
Indian markets.
4. Indian economy after
independence
Indian economy was influenced by the colonial
experience, which was seen by Indian leaders as
exploitative.
Domestic policy tended towards protectionism, with
a strong emphasis on import substitution,
industrialization, economic interventionism, a large
public sector, business regulation and central
planning, while trade and foreign investment
policies were relatively liberal.
5. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of
India, along with the statistician Prasanta
Chandra Mahalanobis, formulated and
oversaw economic policy during the initial
years of the country's existence.
First five year plan for the development of
Indian economy came into implementation in
1952.
The rate of growth of the Indian economy in
the first three decades after independence
was derisively referred to as the Hindu rate of
growth by communists.
6. Since 1965, the use of high-yielding varieties
of seeds, increased fertilisers and improved
irrigation facilities collectively contributed to the
Green Revolution in India, which improved the
condition of agriculture by increasing crop
productivity, improving crop patterns and
strengthening forward and backward linkages
between agriculture and industry.
7. Economic Policy
Socialist Policy
Concentration and emphasis on heavy industries
and subsidizing manual, low-skill cottage
industries
Tough Controls for private sector
License Raj
Refusal to change policy with changing time
India followed the same policy over the years and
this degraded India’s situation in the world even
more
9. India first felt Globalization in the 1990s when Dr
Manmohan Singh, then finance minister under
the government of P V Narsimha Rao, initiated
the economic liberalization plan.
Before the 1990s, India’s economy focused on
equity over growth.
In 1991, India began liberalizing its economy by
decreasing government control over many
domestic industries and increasing its openness
to the rest of the world. Combined, these actions
sought to increase competitiveness and
encourage innovation.
10. Major Reforms
Trade liberalization
Financial Liberalization
Opening up to Privatization
Tax reforms
Inflation control measures
Opening up to foreign investments
Reinforced focus on Agricultural
Development
11. Need for Reforms
Govt not being able to repay debts
The biggest reason : Unsustainable govt expenditure
Foreign exchange reserves had hit the bottom.
Uncontrolled Inflation
Continual expenditure on development programmes of
the government did not generate additional revenue,
thus government had to overshoot its revenue to meet
problems like unemployment, poverty and population
explosion.
Tax revenues insufficient
Exports not enough to pay for growing imports
12. Reasons for Globalization
To resolve revenue crisis, India took a loan of $7
billion from the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund.
In leau of the loan, they expected India to
liberalise and open up the economy by
Removing restrictions on the private sector
Reduce the role of the government in many areas
Remove trade restrictions.
India agreed to the conditions and announced
the New Economic Policy (NEP).
13. Devaluation:
Announcement of the devaluation of Indian currency
by 18-19 percent against major currencies in the
international foreign exchange market.
Disinvestment :
Under the privatization scheme, most of the public
sector undertakings have been/ are being sold to
private sector
India’s major steps towards
Globalization
The Hindu rate of growth is a controversial and derogatory expressionused to refer to the low annual growth rate of the socialist economy of India before 1991, which stagnated around 3.5% from 1950s to 1980s, while per capita income growth averaged 1.3%
Policy ignored the sphere of consumer goods and focused on building industrial equipment. As a result, the Indian consumers had few goods to buy and had no choice.The Licence Raj was a result of India's decision to have a planned economy where all aspects of the economy are controlled by the state and licences are given to a select few. Up to 80 government agencies had to be satisfied before private companies could produce something and, if granted, the government would regulate production
Before the 1990s most of theindustrial sector was dominated by a select band of family-based conglomerates that had been dominant historically. Post 1991, a major restructuring has taken place with the emergence of more technologically advanced segments among industrial companies. Nowadays, more small and medium scale enterprises contribute significantly to the economy