The document discusses several key aspects of the Indian economy: 1) It describes the structure of the Indian economy including its sectors, occupational structure, and types of industries. 2) It outlines the main features and objectives of India's 1991 economic policy reforms aimed at liberalization and making the economy more market-oriented. 3) It examines land reforms in India, which aimed to redistribute land ownership away from large landowners in order to benefit small farmers and improve rural socioeconomic conditions.

1. STRUCTURE OF INDIAN ECONOMY,
ECONOMIC POLICY (1991) AND LAND
REFORMS IN INDIA
ANSEELA. K
THIRD SEMESTER MSW
ST. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE
PILATHARA

2. INTRODUCTION
India is a developing country and our economy is a
mixed economy where the public sector co-exist with
the private sector.
The economy of India is seventh largest economy of
world on the basis of GDP calculation and also India is a
member of G-20 major economies.

3. Features of Indian Economy
Low per capita income
Low standard of living
High poverty
In equal income distribution
Dominance of agriculture
Existence of rich resources
Inadequate capital formation
Unemployment and underemployment
Technological backwardness
Infrastructural inadequacies
Dualistic economy

4. Structure of Indian economy
Indian economy has experienced a number of structural
changes since Independence. Therefore a major trust of
economy has been towards modernisation, respetable
standard of living and renewed emphasis on the market
conditions. Developement of secondary and tertiary sectors
has given more importance.

5. Occupational structure
People earn their incomes by doing different kinds of jobs which
becomes the means of livelihood.
The distribution of working population among different
occupations or productive activities is known as 'Occupational
Structure'. There are three types of occupations in an economy.
They are
PRIMARY SECTOR SECONDARY SECTOR TERTIARY SECTOR
Occupation include
agriculture, fishing,
plantation, mining and
allied activities.
Economic activities
which are related to
manufacturing Process
Eg: Steel
The economic activities
mostly based on
providing Services to
the society .eg :-
banking, transportation,

6. Structure of Industry
The Industrial structure can be classified based on the three factors
TYPES OF OWNERSHIP SIZE OF INVESTMENT TYPES OF OUT PUT
PUBLIC SECTOR LARGE SCALE SECTOR BASIC INDUSTRIES
PRIVATE SECTOR SMALL SCALE SECTOR CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES
FOREIGN SECTOR TINY SECTOR INTERMEDIATE GOODS
INDUSTRIES
CONSUMER GOODS
INDUSTRIES

7. Service Sector
India’s services sector covers a wide variety of activities such as trade,
hotel and restaurants, transport, storage and communication, financing,
insurance, real estate, business services, community, social and personal
services, and services associated with construction.
Financial and banking institutions
Financial system in India refers to the system of borrowing and lending of
funds by iindividuals, firms, institutions and government. There are 3 types of
finance
1.Industrial finance
2.Agricultural finance
3.Government finance

8. Economic policy 1991
It refers to ongoing liberalisation and relaxation started in 1991
of the countries economic policies
It was introduced with the goal of making economy
more market oriented and expanding the role of the private and
foreign investment
Former prime minister Manmohan Sing is considered to be the
father of New economic policy of India. Manmohan singh
introduced NEP on July 24, 1991

9. Main objectives
1. The main objective was to plunge Indian Economy in to the arena of ‘Globalization and to give
it a new thrust on market orientation.
2. The NEP intended to bring down the rate of inflation
3. It intended to move towards higher economic growth rate and to build sufficient foreign
exchange reserves.
4. It wanted to achieve economic stabilization and to convert the economy into a market
economy by removing all kinds of un-necessary restrictions.
5. It wanted to permit the international flow of goods, services, capital, human resources and
technology, without many restrictions.
6. It wanted to increase the participation of private players in the all sectors of the economy.
That is why the reserved numbers of sectors for government were reduced. As of now this
number is just 2.

10. Branches of New Economic Policy
1. Globalisation
2. Liberalisation
3. Privatisation

11. Globalisation
It means reduction or removal of government restrictions on the
movement of goods, service, capital, technology and talent across
national boundaries. It is the increase of independence, integration and
interaction among people and cooperation around the world
Privatisation
According to world bank privatisation is the transfer of state owned
enterprises to the private sector by sale of going concerns or by sale of
assets by following their liquidation
Liberalisation
Liberalisation of an economy means relaxing or removing government
controls and restrictions to government activities

12. Impact of Globalisation
Positive
■ Expansion of market
■ Development of
infrastructure
■ Higher living standards
■ International cooperation
Negative
■ Cut throat competition
■ Rise in monopoly
■ Take over of domestic firms.
■ Increase in inequalities

13. Impacts of privatisation
Positive
■ Private companies cut cost
and be more effective
■ Increased competition
■ More response to customers
complaints
Negative
■ Job loss
■ Privatisation is expensive

14. Impacts of liberalisation
Positive
■ Increase in foreign
investment
■ Increase in production
■ Technological advancement
■ Increase in GDP growth rate
Negative
■ Increase in unemployment
■ Decrease in tax receipt

15. Land Reforms in India
■ Land reform is a broad term. It refers to an institutional measure
directed towards altering the existing pattern of ownership,
tenancy and management of land.
■ It entails “a redistribution of the rights of ownership
and/or use of land away from large landowners and in
favour of cultivators with very limited or no
landholdings.”

16. Objectives
■ i. Restructuring of agrarian relations to achieve an egalitarian structure
■ ii. Elimination of exploitation in land relations
■ Iii. Actualization of the goal of “land to the tiller”
■ Iv. Improvement of socio-economic conditions of the rural poor by widening
their land base
■ V. Increasing agricultural production and productivity
■ Vi. Facilitating land-based development of rural poor
■ Vii. Infusion of a great measure of equality in local institutions.

17. Tenancy system of land
1. Ryothwari
2. Mahalwari
3. Jamindari
4. Jagirdari

18. Impacts of land reform in India
■ Abolition of Jamindars and Jagirdas
■ Land cceiling
■ Land possession and ssocial power

19. CONCLUSION
Indian economy has experienced a number of structural
changes since independence. The economy of India is a mixed
developing economy.
New economic policy 1991 was introduced with the goal of
making the economy more market oriented and
expanding the role of the private and foreign investment.
Land reform refers to an institutional measures
directed towards altering the existing pattern of ownership,
tenancy and management of land.

20. Reference
■ Eanadupratibha.net. (2019). Structure of the Indian Economy
■ KNOWLEDGE, G and Singh, H. (2019). New economic policy of1991
■ Anon, (2019)