This document provides information on four key types of agriculture - shifting cultivation, wet rice cultivation, plantation agriculture, and high-tech farming. It describes the inputs, processes, and outputs of each type. It also discusses where these agricultural practices are commonly used and provides examples. The document aims to help students understand and explain the different agricultural types by the end of the geography unit.

1. Chong Boon Secondary School
Humanities Department Geography Unit Sec 2
Geography

2.  By the end of this topic you will be
able to :
◦ Identify and explain the
inputs, processes and outputs of the
4 key agricultural types
 Shifting Cultivation
 Wet Rice Cultivation
 Plantation Agriculture
 High Tech farming

3. Also known as “Slash
and Burn Farming”
Used by traditional tribes
Small plots of land used
Subsistence agriculture

4. 1. Tribe Elder selects plot of land
2. Slash and burn applied to wild vegetation
3. Small area cleared (only areas used are
cleared)
4. Simple tools used in seeding (dibble stick)
5. Cultivation carried out on cleared areas
6. Minimal weeding done on crops
7. After repeated harvests (when fertility is
reduced), the land is abandoned (fallow
period)
8. New plot selected and process is repeated.

5. Amazon Basin (South
America)
Indonesia (South East
Asia)
Congo Basin (Africa)

7.  Kalimantan Indonesia
 Key crops cultivated include
Rice, root
crops, vegetables, banana, maize,
pumpkin, etc.
 Soil able to sustain for 3-4 years
 Fallow period usually up to 10
years before plot is reused again.

8.  Complete the exercise
provided.
 You may use your notes to
help you.
 You have a total of 15
minutes!
 Good luck!

10.  Tropical regions (monsoon lands)
◦ South Asia, South-East Asia and
South China
 Growing of padi (Wet Rice)
◦ Requirement for flooding for
cultivation
 Highly intensive cultivation

11. 1. Flat land
2. Large amount of sunlight
3. Heavy rainfall during
growing season
4. Fertile alluvial soil

12.  Draught animals for ploughing
 Fertilizers
◦ Natural Fertilizers (Animal Waste)
◦ Chemical Fertilizers (Nitrates)
 Irrigation
◦ Lack of rainwater during growing
 Relief modification
◦ Absence of flat land

13. 1. Ploughing, planting in nursery
and fertilising
2. Transplanting to fields
3. Irrigation (maintain flooding)
4. Breaking bunds and allow for
ripening
5. Harvesting
6. Threshing and Winnowing

14.  Terracing method used
 Lack of natural flat lands
 Modification of hills into terraces
 Mud walls (bunds) are built at edge of
steps to retain water (flooding)
 When crops are mature, bunds are
broken and rice will ripen
 Harvesting done by hand.

16.  Complete the exercise
provided.
 You may use your notes to
help you.
 You have a total of 15
minutes!
 Good luck!

19.  Dominant in countries with
◦ High temperature, humidity and heavy
rainfall
 Former colonies
◦ Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Brazil and
Colombia
 Typical cash crops
◦ Rubber, cacao, oil palm, coconut,
pineapple, tea, sugar cane.

20.  Climatic conditions
◦High humidity
◦High temperature
◦High rainfall
 Large arable land area

21.  Cheap labour
 Management team
 High Capital
 Modern machinery
 Processing facilities
 Fertilisers and Pesticides
 Transport infrastructure
 Research and Development facility

22. Cultivation and
processing of the
crops

23. Semi-processed /
Processed products.
Profit ($)

24.  World’s top producer of Palm
Oil
 Started cultivation in 1917
 Small private estates and Large
MNC (Multi-national
Corporation) estates
◦E.g. Sime Darby

26.  Pre-nursery stage
◦ Good seeds soaked in water and germinated for 80 days
between 39°C to 40°C.
 Transplanted to nursery for one year
 Second transplanting into fields at start of rainy
season
 Cover crops grown in between oil palm trees
◦ Provide shelter from heavy rains
◦ Extra income for farmers
 Chemical fertilisers added.
 Harvesting starts after 3 years and fruits are sent
for processing.

28.  Harvested fruits are loaded onto containers
and sent for processing within 24 hours
 Fruits are sterilised by steam
 Fruits are stripped and mesocarp is separated
from the kernel
 Mesocarp is cooked further and pressed to
extract oil that is sent to a refinery
 Kernel also pressed and high quality kernel
oil is extracted.

29. Read
Pg 56 of
your
Textbook!

30. As a filler ingredient
◦Ice
Cream, Soap, Plastics, Biscuit
s, Chocolates, Sweets
As a consumable oil
◦Cooking oil (Palm Oil & Palm
Kernel Oil)

31. 10 Seconds

32. Advent of green revolution
Green Revolution – the use
of technology to increase
crop yield
Helps maximise profits and
minimise costs

33. Agro-Chemicals
Irrigation
Farm Machinery
Computerised Control
High Yield Variety (HYV)
Seeds

34.  Chemicals added for nutrients
(nitrates)
 Chemicals added as pesticides
◦Kills pests (locusts,
grasshoppers)
 Chemicals added as herbicides
◦Kills weeds

36.  Provision of water supply during dry
season.
 No limitation of 1 growing season per
year.
 Double / multiple harvests in a year
◦ Double cropping
◦ Multiple cropping
 Re-cropping arid areas

38.  Raise the efficiency of farming
processes
 Increase production and replace
human labour.
◦ Harvesting crops
◦ Milking cows
 Refrigerated trucks
◦ Help keep perishables fresh from farm to
market/factory

40. Use of computers to
calculate nutrition needs
Increases the efficiency and
quality of produce

41.  Genetic engineering selects best
characteristics of the crop
 More produce per plant
 More resistant to disease and
hazards
◦ Super rice (Wind and Drought
resistant rice)

42.  Little land used in Singapore for farming.
 Land scarcity – high demand for urban land.
 Presence of agro-tech parks in Singapore
◦ Help in food stability
◦ Aquaculture
◦ Egg farms
 Non-food farms
◦ Ornamental fish
◦ Orchid farms

43.  Food and non-food products
 High investment in machines
 Use of highly specialised
workforce
 Engaged in Research and
Development (R&D)

44.  Physical inputs
◦ Sunshine / shade
◦ Land
 Human inputs
◦ Capital
◦ Seedlings
◦ Nutrient solution
◦ Chemical fertilisers
◦ Specialised equipment and labour
◦ R&D

45.  Germination in dark room
 Transplanting to growing troughs
 Adding nutrient solutions / spraying
nutrients on roots
 Monitoring plant growth with
computers
 Manual harvesting
 Packaging and refrigerated transport

46.  Local leafy vegetables
◦ Caixin, KangKong
 Temperate and subtropical
vegetables
◦ Butterhead lettuce, HongKong kai lan
 Dwarf cabbage

47. Let’s look at the exercise
Complete the exercise in 20
minutes