The document outlines various types of farming practices in India, including primitive subsistence, intensive subsistence, and commercial farming, detailing their characteristics and regional prevalence. It also discusses cropping patterns such as rabi, kharif, and zaid crops, and highlights major crops like rice, wheat, and millets, along with their cultivation requirements. Additionally, the document covers technological reforms aimed at improving food security and agricultural efficiency, including cooperative movements and modern agricultural practices introduced after independence.

1. Agriculture
Class-6th b

2. CONTENTS
1.Types Of Farming :- Primitive Subsistence Farming
Intensive Subsistence Farming
Commercial Farming
2.Cropping Pattern :- Rabi
Kharif
Zaid
3. Major Crops:- Food Crops
Food Crops other than Grains
Non-Food Crops
4.Technological And Institutional Reforms :- Food
Security

3. 1.
TYPES OF FARMING

4. Primitive Subsistence Farming
This type of farming is still practiced in few pockets of India.
Primitive subsistence agriculture is practiced on small
patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao
and digging sticks, and family/community labour.
This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural
fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental
Conditions to the crops grown.
Jhumming Cultivation :- It is a slash and burn agriculture. A
patch of land is cleared and cereals and other food crops
are produced. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers
shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. The
soil’s
Fertility is replenished through natural processes. Land
Productivity is low as the farmers don’t use fertilizers or
Other modern inputs.

5. Different Names of Jhumming
Cultivation
NAME REGION/ PLACE
• Milpa Mexico and Central America
• Conuco Venezuela
• Roca Brazil
• Masole Central Africa
• Ladang Indonesia
• Ray Vietnam
• Bewar or Dahiya Madhya Pradesh
• Podu or Penda Andhra Pradesh
• Pama Dabi or
Koman or Bringa Orissa
• Kumari Western Ghats
• Valre or Waltre South Eastern Rajasthan
• Khil Himalayan Belt
• Kuruwa Jharkhand

6. Primitive Subsistence Farming
Jhumming cultivation

7. Intensive Subsistence Farming
This type of farming is practiced in areas of high population
Pressure on land . Its labour intensive farming , where high
Doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for
Obtaining higher production.
Through its ‘ right to inheritance’ leading to the division of
Among successive generations has rendered land holding
Size uneconomical , the farmers continue to take maximum
Output from the limited land in the absence of alternative
Source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous pressure on
Agricultural land.

8. Commercial Farming
• .Use of Higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds
( Higher Yielding Variety) , chemical fertilisers ,
insecticides, pesticides etc.
• Degree of commercialization of agriculture changes from
one region to another.
• Plantation is also a type of commercial farming where a
single crop is grown on a large area.
• All the produce is used as raw material in industries.
• In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana etc. are
important plantation crops.
• Tea in Assam and North Bengal coffee in Karnataka are
some important plantations grown in these states.
• As the production is mainly for market, a well- developed
network of transport and communication connecting the
plantation areas, processing industries and market plays
an a important role in the development.

11. Cropping Pattern

12. Different Types of Cropping Patterns
Rabi Crops :- Rabi crops are sown in winter from October
to December.
• Harvested in In summer from April to June
• Important Rabi crops – wheat, barley, peas, gram, and
mustard.
• Grown in – States from North and North western parts
such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
and Kashmir, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh
• Success of Green Revolution In Punjab, Haryana,
Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has also
been an important factor in the growth of the Rabi
Crops.
• Availability of precipitation during winter months due to
western temperate cyclones helps in the success of
these crops.

13. Different Types of Cropping Patterns
Kharif Crops :-
• These crops are grown with the onset of monsoon and
harvested in September-October.
• Important crops grown during this season are rice
(paddy), maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad,
cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.
• Some of the most important kharif regions are Assam,
West Bengal, coastal regions of Orissa, the Konkan
coast, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Zaid Crops :-
• In between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is a
short season during the summer months known as the
Zaid season.
• Some of the crops produced during ‘zaid’ are
watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and
fodder crops and Sugarcane.

14. MAJOR CROPS

15. Rice
• It is the staple food crop of a
Majority of people in india.
• Our country is the largest
Producer of rice after China.
• It is a Kharif Crop
Conditions required for the crop:-
• It requires high temperature
(above 25°C ) and high humidity.
• Annual rainfall above 100 cm
• In the areas of low rainfall, it grows
With the help of irrigation
Areas where it is found:-
• North Eastern India, Plains of north, coastal areas and
deltaic regions

17. Wheat
• This is the second most
Important cereal crop.
• It is the main food crop in, in
North and north western part of India
• This is a rabi crop.
Conditions required for the crop:-
• It requires cool growing season and bright sunshine at
the time of ripening.
• It requires 50 – 75 cm of rain of annual rain evenly
distributed over the growing season.
Areas of cultivation:-
• Ganga – Satluj plains on the north west and black soil
region of the Deccan.
• Punjab , Haryana , Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and
parts of Maharashtra

19. Millets
There are three important millets grown in India:-
• Jowar
• Bajra
• Ragi
Though these are known as coarse grains, they have high
nutritional value.
• Jowar
• It is the third most important crop
• It is a red-fed crop mostly gown in moist areas.
• Maharashtra is the largest producer followed by
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
• Bajra
• It grows well in sandy soils and shallow black soil.
• Rajasthan is the largest producer followed by Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujrat and Haryana.

20. Ragi
• It is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black,
sandy, loamy and shallow black soils.
• Karnataka is the largest producer followed by Tamil
Nadu.
• Other important producers of ragi are Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and
Arunachal Pradesh.
• Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micronutrients
and roughage.

21. Maize
• It is used both as food and fodder.
Conditions required for the crop:-
• It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between
21°C to 27°C.
• It grows well in old alluvial soil.
• In some states like Bihar maize is grown in rabi season
also.
Areas of cultivation:-
• Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh.

22. Food Crops Other Than Grains

23. Beverage Crops
TEA
• Tea is an example of plantation
agriculture.
• It is a labour-intensive industry needing abundant, cheap
and skilled labour.
• India is the leading produce and exporter.
Conditions required for the crop:-
• It grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates.
• It needs deep and fertile well-drained soil rich in humus
and organic matter.
• Tea bushes require warm and moist-free climate all
through the year along with frequent showers.
Areas of cultivation:-
• Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts of West
Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and
Tripura.

25. Coffee
• India produces about 4% of he world’s coffee
production.
• It is famous for its good quality coffee.
• The Arabica variety produced in India was brought from
Yemen.
• Initially its cultivation was introduced in the Baba Budan
hills.
• Even today its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• Brazil is the largest producer of coffee in the world
producing one third of the world’s total coffee.

26. Sugarcane
• It is a tropical as well as
Subtropical crop.
Conditions required for the
Crop:-
• It grows well in hot and humid
Climate.
• It requires a temperature of 21°C to 27°C
• An annual rainfall between 75cm. and 100cm.
• Irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall.
Areas Of Cultivation :-
• It needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.
• The major sugarcane-producing states are Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

27. Oil Seeds
• India is the largest producer
Of oilseeds in the world.
• Different oil seeds are grown covering
approximately 12 per cent of the totalcropped area of the
country.
• Main oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut,
mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor
seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.
• Most of these are edible and used as cooking mediums.
However, some of these are also used as raw material
in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments.

28. Oil Seeds
Groundnut
• It is a kharif crop and accounts for about half of the
major oilseeds produced in the country.
• Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of groundnut
followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and
Maharashtra
Linseed and mustard
• These are rabi crops
• Sesamum is a kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south
India.
• Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop.
• 8.

29. Non- Food Crops

30. Rubber
• Rubber is an important industrial
Raw material
• India ranks fifth among the world’s
natural rubber producers.
Conditions Required for the crop:-
• It is an equatorial crop, but under
special conditions, it is also grown
in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
• It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more
than 200 cm.
• Temperature above 25°C.
Areas of Cultivation :-
• It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and
Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of
Meghalaya.

31. Fibre Crops
.

32. Cotton
• India is believed to be the
original home of the cotton plant.
• Cotton is one of the main raw
materials for cotton textile industry.
• India is the third-largest producer
of cotton in the world.
Conditions Required For The Crop :-
• Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of
the Deccan plateau.
• It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation,
210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
• It is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature
Areas Of Cultivation
• Major cotton-producing states are – Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

33. Jute
• It is known as the golden fibre.
• It is used in making gunny bags,
mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and
other artifacts.
• Due to its high cost, it is losing
market to synthetic fibres and
packing materials, particularly the nylon
Conditions Required for the crop:-
• Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood
plains where soils are renewed every year.
• High temperature is required during the time of growth.
Areas of Cultivation
• West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya are
the major jute producing states.

34. Technological And Institutional Reforms
FOOD SECURITY

35. Causes for Introduction of New
Reforms in Agriculture
• Agriculture has been in practised in India for thousands
of years.
• · Continued uses of land without well-matched techno-
institutional reforms lead to slow
• down in the pace of agricultural development.
• · In spite of development in irrigation most of the farmers
in large parts of the country
• still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility of soil.
• · Our population grew at fast rate than agriculture
production.
• There has been a lot of injustice done with farmers with
the current prices for their production.
• Famines, droughts and other disasters ruined the entire
crop produced putting farmers in dilemma.

36. Technological And Institutional
Reforms Introduced after
Independence
• Collective farming was introduced.
• Land holdings were consolidated
• Co-operative movement were started in Indian
agriculture
• Zamindari system was abolished,
• Land reform’ was introduced in First Five Year Plan.
• The Green Revolution and related technologies were
introduced such as use of HYV of seed, fertilizers,
modern machinery and inputs.
• White Revolution (Operation Flood) was introduced to
increase milk production.

37. Features Of Comprehensive Land
development
• Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood,
cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen
banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing
loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest
were some important steps in this direction.
• Kissan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced for easy
availability of inputs.
• Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some
other schemes introduced by the Government of India
for the benefit of the farmers.
• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes
for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
• The government also announces minimum support
price, remunerative and procurement prices for
important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by
speculators and middlemen.