This document discusses different types of agriculture including subsistence farming, commercial farming, and plantation agriculture. It also describes important crops grown around the world like wheat, rice, cotton, tea, and coffee. Key features of Indian and US agriculture are outlined such as farm size, use of technology, irrigation, and role of monsoons in India.

1. S. S. Project
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3. The science and art of
cultivation on the soil,
raising crops and rearing
livestock.

4. Some important inputs like
seeds are processed by
various methods such as
Ploughing and then gives
outputs like crops.

6. Depending upon different
conditions like demand of
produce, labour & level of
technology farming is classified
into two main types.

8. A type of farming in
which most of the produce
is consumed by the farmer
and his family, leaving
little or nothing to be
marketed.

10. The typical farm is much smaller
than elsewhere in the world
because the ratio of farmers to
arable land is so high & families
must produce enough food for
their survival from a very small
area of land.

12. A form of agriculture where
almost all the produce goes to
feed and support the household
and is not for sale. It includes
shifting cultivation & nomadic
herding.

14. Shifting cultivation is
an agricultural system
in which a person uses
a piece of land, only to
abandon or alter the
initial use a short time
later.

16. Nomadic herding is when people
travel from place to place with
herds of animals. This could be
because of climate issues or lack of
food. Some nomads will stay in
one place if the ground is good for
growing crops.

18. Agriculture that involves
the production of crops &
animal rearing for sale
in market. it includes
three types of farming.

20. In Commercial grain
farming crops are grown
for commercial purpose.

22. IN Mixed Farming the
land is used for
growing food and
fodder crops and
rearing live stocks.

24. Often occurring in less
developed countries,
plantation agriculture
involves the cultivation of one
crop to be sold in more
developed countries e.g. coffee
plantations in Costa Rica

26. A large variety of crops
are grown for the meet
requirement of the
growing population.
Such as:

27. Wheat requires moderate
temperature and rainfall during
growing season and bright
sunshine at the time of harvest. It
thrives best in well drained loamy
soil. Wheat is grown extensively
USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia,
Ukraine, Australia and India. In
India it is grown in winter.

29. Rice is the major food crop of the
world. Rice needs high
temperature, high humidity and
rainfall. It grows best in alluvial
clayey soil, which can retain
water. China leads in production
of rice followed by India, Japan,
Sri Lanka and Egypt.

31. They are also known as coarse
grains and can be grown on less
fertile and sandy soils. It is a
hardy crops that need low
rainfall and high to moderate
temperate and adequate rainfall.
Lower, bajra and ragi are grown
in India.

33. Cotton requires high
temperature, light rainfall two
hundreds and ten frost – free
days and bright sunshine for its
growth. It grows best on black
and alluvial soils. China, USA,
India, Brazil, Pakistan and
Egypt are the leading producers
of cotton.

35. Tea is beverage crop grown on
plantation. This requires cool
climate and well distributed high
rainfall throughout the year for
the growth of tender leaves. It
needs well drained loamy soils
and gentle slopes.

37. Coffee requires warm and
wet climate and well –
drained loamy soil. Hill
slopes are more suitable
for growth of this crop.
Brazil is leading
produces followed by
India and Columbia.

39. Agriculture can develop in many
ways such as
1. Increasing the cropped areas, the
number of crops grown,
2. Improving irrigation facilities ,
3. Use of fertile and high yielding
variety of seeds.

40. Mechanisation of agriculture
is also another aspect of
agricultural development. The
ultimate aim of agriculture
development is to increase
food security.

41. The main features of Indian
agriculture observed after
independence are as follows:
1. Large areas have been
brought under irrigation.
2. Use of fertilizers and
pesticides has been increased.

42. 3. Large area has been
brought under high yielding
variety of seeds which brings
green revolution in India.
4. Although modern
techniques are adopted still
animals play a significant
role in various agricultural
activities.

43. 5. Major part of the agriculture
depends mainly on monsoon rain.
6. Food crops are the major parts
of production.
7. Means of transport and
facilities for storing food are
inadequate and roads are un-
metalled.

44. The main features of USA farms are as
follows:
1. The farmer in the USA works like a
businessman and not like peasant
farmer.
2. The average size of a farm is much
larger.
3. A typical farm size in USA is about 250
hectares.
4. Adequate measures are taken to
control pests that can damage the crop.

45. 5. From time to time they sends
soils sample to a soil testing
laboratory to check whether the
nutrients are sufficient or not. The
results help them to plan a
fertiliser programmers. Their
computer is linked to the satellite
which gives them a precise picture
of their field. This helps them to
use chemical fertilizers and
pesticides wherever they are
required.

46. 6. They use tractor, seed
drill, leveler, combined
harvester and thresher to
perform various
agricultural operations.
7. A grains are stored in
automated storage or
dispatched to market
agencies.