This document provides strategies for effective online research. It recommends determining your topic and developing keywords. Search techniques like Boolean logic, truncation, and phrase searching are described. Boolean operators like AND, OR and NOT can broaden or narrow results. Truncation uses word roots to expand searches. Phrase searching finds exact phrases. Examples demonstrate combining techniques. Planning and evaluating sources is advised to improve search results.

1. G.Rammiya
MLIS,
Pondicherry University.

2. Introduction
 Increasingly people are turning to the Internet to find
information.
 People often assume that they need no training to
search the Internet and that technology does all the
work.
 In fact, a little time spent in formulating a search
strategy will both save you
 time and provide you with greatly improved results.

3. Search Strategies
o Determine your topic
o Formulate a working thesis
o Check for background information
o Develop a list of keywords and phrases
o Search in databases, on the Internet, in library
catalogs
o Evaluate resources
o Keep publication/origination information organized.

4. Determine Your Topic
o The course and assignment will guide your choice of a
topic
o A topic that is interesting to you often works best
o A very broad topic may need narrowing
o A very specific topic may need expansion

5. Developing Keywords
o To develop a list of keywords, write down as many
different terms related to your topic as you can think of
o Make the list as varied as possible
o You can combine keywords in your searches
o Use a thesaurus, your textbook, and encyclopedias for
ideas
o Generate a list of 12 to 20 words

6. Search Techniques
Several techniques for database, catalog and
Internet searches include:
o Boolean techniques
o Truncation
o Phrase Searching

7. Boolean Searches
 Developed by George Boole.
 The power of Boolean searching is based on
combinations of keywords with connecting terms
called operators.
 Allow you to broaden a search
 Allow you to narrow a search
 Designated differently in each search engine.

8. Boolean Search
 Boolean search techniques work in databases and on
the Internet. Use keywords in a variety of ways to
refine your search. A and B stand for key words or
phrases. The words “AND,” “OR” and “NOT” are called
logical operators.

9. Boolean Search
 AND: When you use “AND” between two terms, your
results will include sources that show the two terms
together in a source.

10. Boolean Search
 OR: Use “OR” to broaden your search by looking for
several terms in a source whether they appear together
or not.

11. Boolean Search
 NOT: Allows you to reduce the number of results you
get from a search. This can be helpful if you want to
exclude results related to your topic but not relevant to
your thesis.

12. Truncation
o Use the root of a word to broaden your search
responses.
o Using the root Psych* will result in the following:
o
o
o
o
o
Psychology
Psychological
Psychologist
Psychiatry
Psychiatrist

13. Wildcard Searches
 A special symbol which allows you to
 search simultaneously for several words
 with the same stem, Educate*
Educator,
2. Educators
3. Education
4. Educational.
1.

14. Phrase Searching
o Using quotation marks (“”) makes it possible to
search for important phrases instead of individual
keywords
o Phrase: “San Francisco Earthquake”
o As Keywords: San Francisco and Earthquake
o Phrase: “Welfare Reform”
o As Keywords: Welfare and Reform
o Phrase: “Community College”
o As Keywords: Community and College

15. Examples
o Using AND, OR, NOT, with * and “”
o “Coll*” AND “Welfare Reform” OR poverty NOT welfare
o Some databases or search engines may use symbols in
place of the Boolean terms:
o “Distance learning” + (and) technology - (not)
computers

16. Conclusion
o In general, it is better to have more information than
too little
o Look for a variety of materials
o Use a variety of keywords
o Use general and specific databases
o Plan for enough time to return to research in case your
approach changes or you need more information