This paper presents the woman as an individual who fights against suppression and oppression of the patriarchy. The novel Difficult Daughters sensibly shows the position of women and her longing struggle to establish an identity. Manju Kapur has come out as serious social thinker in her novels because there is a purpose behind her writing. All her novels have been written with a definite purpose because the novelist tries to analyze issues related to the middle class or upper middle class women. Manju Kapur is much interested to present the questions and problems related to women in a larger perspective. In her novels, the women’s questions have emerged essentially in the context of the identity of the new educated middle class. Manju Kapur’s female protagonists are mostly educated. They are strong individuals but imprisoned within the boundary of conservative society. Their education leads them to independent thinking for which their family and society become intolerable to them, in their individual struggle with family and society through which they plunged into a dedicated effort to search an identity for them as qualified women with faultless background. The novelist has portrayed her protagonists as women caught in the conflict between the passions of the flesh and yearning to be a part of the political and intellectual society of today
Magical realism in midnight's children.pptxJanviNakum
What is magic realism?
What is the History of Magical Realism?
Characteristics of magic realism
classic magic realism example
modern magic realiam example
Magical realism in midnight's children.pptxJanviNakum
What is magic realism?
What is the History of Magical Realism?
Characteristics of magic realism
classic magic realism example
modern magic realiam example
biography of s.t coleridge
introduction to biographia literaria
synopsis of chap 14
critical analysis
literary devices
objections and defence
fancy and imagination
primary and secondary imagination
Here is my presentation as a part of my Academic activities of Sem-1 M.A . Submitted to Pro.Dr. Dilip Barad ,Department of English MK Bhavnagar University.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SHAKESPEARE TRAGEDIES LailaAfridi1
My Presentation is for all English Literature lovers. And should be free of cost. No one can determine the price of a writer. My Presentation is for free. Knowledge and information mist be promoted . I have this presentation help those who are in need of quick and easy points of understanding regarding Shakespeare's dramas' characteristics.
This presentation takes a look at some of the writers and their work in the field of Dalit literature in an attempt to relate their writings with their lives, and see how their experiences of being oppressed gives a direction to their writing. One also looks at works of some of the Non-Dalit writers to study their views and stance on the issue of Caste Discrimination.
Willing suspension of disbelief by samuel taylor coleridgeDayamani Surya
Willing suspension of disbelief is a term coined by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It would mean suspend one's critical faculties and believe the unbelievable; sacrifice of realism and logic for the sake of judgement.
Reading and interpreting the novel form a postcolonial perspective. And analyzing how far Post-colonial theory is applicable not only in academia but in the world too is the aim of this presentation.
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Effectiveness of rehabilitation in the treatment ofalcohol abusepatients as d...inventionjournals
Alcohol use is one of the serious social threats which need comprehensive treatment and preventive measures. The effectiveness of rehabilitation in providing psycho education and social support to the patient and their family when comparedto treatment alone in dropping relapse rate and cumulative record of follow up rates in patients of alcohol abuse has been focused in the study. Patients who came for the treatment of alcohol abuse were motivated to participate in the study and with their consent they were selected as participants for this study. They were grouped into experimental and control group for the purpose of study. Experimental group participants were made to attend the rehabilitation program and psycho education with their family weekly once for10 sessions in four months after they were discharged from the hospital whereas controlled group were asked to see their doctor only on follow-up. The main objective of the study was to study the effectiveness of rehabilitation in treatment of alcohol abuse with regard to patients follow up for the treatment and their relapse rate. The subjects selected for the study were 100 patients (50 experimental group and 50 controlled groups) with substance abuse from Kripa Deaddiction and Revival Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka India. They were selected by random sampling technique. The exclusive personalized manual recording system was used by the researcher for maintaining cumulative record of the participant patients in their follow up to treatment and also to record the participant relapse rates. The data collected were tabulated in the by variable tables and examined the property movement of variables and the relationship between the variables. The resultant analysis positively corroborated with the objective described in the study. This study paves the way for promoting the incorporation of rehabilitation in the alcohol abuse treatment centers there by curtailing this social menace at large.
Estudo Do Absenteísmo-Doença Entre Trabalhadores De Uma Indústria Do Estado D...inventionjournals
This study aimed to analyze episodes of absenteeism caused by diseases in general workers in a manufacturing industry in the Amazon to produce ribbons for thermal transfer printing known as Thermal Transfer Ribbon - TTR. Absenteeism and illness is an event that is related to the employee's absence their work activities and cause negative impacts on the productivity and profitability of organizations. Analyze the diseases that most workers away from their jobs becomes important because it provides a clearer view about the causes of these absences and can assist organizations to adopt actions that allow the reduction of those events. The research methodology was field in which information of 187 medical certificates were collected, which were later analyzed the information seeking to identify the main causes of sick leave and calculating the frequency rates of sick leave and average duration of absences. The results presented confirm that absenteeism due to sick leave are episodes that occur frequently in the studied industry and along with it presents a clearer understanding of how absenteeism and illness can impact the productivity of industries.
biography of s.t coleridge
introduction to biographia literaria
synopsis of chap 14
critical analysis
literary devices
objections and defence
fancy and imagination
primary and secondary imagination
Here is my presentation as a part of my Academic activities of Sem-1 M.A . Submitted to Pro.Dr. Dilip Barad ,Department of English MK Bhavnagar University.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SHAKESPEARE TRAGEDIES LailaAfridi1
My Presentation is for all English Literature lovers. And should be free of cost. No one can determine the price of a writer. My Presentation is for free. Knowledge and information mist be promoted . I have this presentation help those who are in need of quick and easy points of understanding regarding Shakespeare's dramas' characteristics.
This presentation takes a look at some of the writers and their work in the field of Dalit literature in an attempt to relate their writings with their lives, and see how their experiences of being oppressed gives a direction to their writing. One also looks at works of some of the Non-Dalit writers to study their views and stance on the issue of Caste Discrimination.
Willing suspension of disbelief by samuel taylor coleridgeDayamani Surya
Willing suspension of disbelief is a term coined by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It would mean suspend one's critical faculties and believe the unbelievable; sacrifice of realism and logic for the sake of judgement.
Reading and interpreting the novel form a postcolonial perspective. And analyzing how far Post-colonial theory is applicable not only in academia but in the world too is the aim of this presentation.
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Beckett is believed to have said that the name Godot comes from the French "godillot" meaning a military boot. Beckett fought in the war and so spending long periods of time waiting for messages to arrive would have been commonplace for him. The more common interpretation that it might mean "God" is almost certainly wrong. Beckett apparently stated that if he had meant "God," he would have written "God". Godot: it is relatively common name in French
Effectiveness of rehabilitation in the treatment ofalcohol abusepatients as d...inventionjournals
Alcohol use is one of the serious social threats which need comprehensive treatment and preventive measures. The effectiveness of rehabilitation in providing psycho education and social support to the patient and their family when comparedto treatment alone in dropping relapse rate and cumulative record of follow up rates in patients of alcohol abuse has been focused in the study. Patients who came for the treatment of alcohol abuse were motivated to participate in the study and with their consent they were selected as participants for this study. They were grouped into experimental and control group for the purpose of study. Experimental group participants were made to attend the rehabilitation program and psycho education with their family weekly once for10 sessions in four months after they were discharged from the hospital whereas controlled group were asked to see their doctor only on follow-up. The main objective of the study was to study the effectiveness of rehabilitation in treatment of alcohol abuse with regard to patients follow up for the treatment and their relapse rate. The subjects selected for the study were 100 patients (50 experimental group and 50 controlled groups) with substance abuse from Kripa Deaddiction and Revival Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka India. They were selected by random sampling technique. The exclusive personalized manual recording system was used by the researcher for maintaining cumulative record of the participant patients in their follow up to treatment and also to record the participant relapse rates. The data collected were tabulated in the by variable tables and examined the property movement of variables and the relationship between the variables. The resultant analysis positively corroborated with the objective described in the study. This study paves the way for promoting the incorporation of rehabilitation in the alcohol abuse treatment centers there by curtailing this social menace at large.
Estudo Do Absenteísmo-Doença Entre Trabalhadores De Uma Indústria Do Estado D...inventionjournals
This study aimed to analyze episodes of absenteeism caused by diseases in general workers in a manufacturing industry in the Amazon to produce ribbons for thermal transfer printing known as Thermal Transfer Ribbon - TTR. Absenteeism and illness is an event that is related to the employee's absence their work activities and cause negative impacts on the productivity and profitability of organizations. Analyze the diseases that most workers away from their jobs becomes important because it provides a clearer view about the causes of these absences and can assist organizations to adopt actions that allow the reduction of those events. The research methodology was field in which information of 187 medical certificates were collected, which were later analyzed the information seeking to identify the main causes of sick leave and calculating the frequency rates of sick leave and average duration of absences. The results presented confirm that absenteeism due to sick leave are episodes that occur frequently in the studied industry and along with it presents a clearer understanding of how absenteeism and illness can impact the productivity of industries.
A Critical Analyses of the Constitutional Provisions for the Welfare and Deve...inventionjournals
The Constitution of India guaranteed different provisions for socio -economic and political development of all sections of people by enjoying all their potential and rights as a citizen. There is no distinction or difference among the people of the country in terms of law under the Constitution in India. But how far these provisions of the constitution are implemented or in what way these provisions are enjoying by the Indian citizen or what are the factors that disturbed to the fulfillment of these provisions etc are the questions that need to be studied in an academic way and that will have to transmit to the civil populac. This small paper is a humble attempt to discuss about the policies and programmes of the Government of India for the welfare and development of women, and the real position of women, who are facing different problems in the name of different customs, cultures, traditions etc.
Phasic pattern of dry matter production and accumulation in different parts o...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted at farming system research unit of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kandhamal as a part of ongoing effort to collect the data in connection to dry matter accumulation and partitioning in three cultivars of cow pea during growth and development stages in two consecutive Summer and Kharif season of the year 2012-13 and 2013-14. The dry matter partitioning had been worked out at 30, 45 and 60 DAS from the stem, leaves and at only 60 DAS from the pods. Results revealed that total dry matter production were higher in the summer season as compare to the rainy season and it increased gradually with the age of the plant. The accumulation of dry matter was more in the pod as compared to leaves and stem. Among the three varieties tested, Maharani showed significant higher accretion of dry matter in the stem (3.38 g plant-1 ) as compared to Lafa (3.28 g plant-1 ) and Utkal Manika (3.13 g plant-1 ) during summer season. In the rainy season Lafa (1.98 g plant-1 ) yielded highest followed by Maharani (1.09 g plant-1 ) and Utkal Manika (0.99 g plant-1 ). Varieties showed the similar trends in the accrual of the dry matter in the leaves and pods, but the amount varies. Maharani accumulate highest during summer season in both leaves and pods 4.60 g plant-1 and 25.26 g plant-1 respectively and lafa performed better in rainy season where accrual of dry matter was 3.01 g plant-1 in the leaves and 19.81 g plant-1 on the pods.
Collaborative Innovation-Based General Elementary School Teachers Traininginventionjournals
Based on the analysis of necessity of all-disciplined primary teachers, this paper examines the connotation of the collaborative innovation, and then it introduces the collaborative innovation of general elementary school teachers. Finally, it discusses about the training based on collaborative innovation of primary school general teachers
Competency Mapping: A Strategic Hr Tool towards Effective Skill Mapping In Gl...inventionjournals
Today most business are characterized by operations of business,transition, paradigm shifts, competition pressure, wealth creation, creation of value, customerfocus,value& culture based products & context approach, management in diversity, culture &value driven & what not. The organizationalsuccessearlier depends on physical & financial asset, in today the success is dependent on the intangible ability & capability that lies in the capital and manifest in the form of competency. The buzz-word in the Indian IT industry circle is competency of employee that acts as catalyst to be competitive and attain sustainable competitive advantage of the firm in the face of variousdifficulties that day in-out squeezes and shatters its existence on the less competency is developed& retained. The crux of the organizationin its survival in knowledge era depends upon competency of employees, that lies underground same as seed unless somebody explores it, nourishes & nurturethem for achieving competitive advantage for the company of India. Employee’s competences are always an intangible resources & it is the only resource that can take an organization forward & not its physical & financial asset. Global organizations after the lapse of considerable time span have realized that it is the competencies of employees, which can guarantee all the miss-match & odds in the business world. In the difficult oceanic current the vessel may be sunk or capsized, if the captain & the crew were to be competent they will foresee thefutureand reducethe risksthrough strategic planning& execution & navigate the vessel to the sea shore, thus the competencies of the captain of the ship & his crew is therefore the trump card for the safe landing of the ship. Similarly the organizations in the complex & ever changing environment are subject to constant change & it is the employee competency, whichcreates andsustainscompetitiveadvantage for the firms. Thus the paper aims to highlight the importance of effective competency mapping for strategic HR implementation.
Assessment of Health Professionals’ Views and Beliefs about Mental Illnesses:...inventionjournals
Negative beliefs and prejudices might lead to stigmatization, violation of basic human rights and discriminatory behaviors. To determine health professionals’ views and beliefs about mental illnesses. The sample of this descriptive study comprised 317 health professionals working in Sivas Numune Hospital. Data were collected with the Personal Information Form, Stigma Assessment Questionnaire and Beliefs toward Mental Illness (BMI) Scale. For the statistical analysis, percentage distribution, t-test, ANOVA and Tukey test were used. Of the participants, 18.6% had a relative with a mental illness, and 63.7% stated that people with a mental illness. Whereas half of the health professionals stated favorable opinion about patients with schizophrenia, 41% of them said that patients with schizophrenia might be dangerous and cause other people harm. The mean scores obtained from the subscales of the BMI scale were as follows: 23.74±6.66 (min-max:6- 40) for the dangerousness subscale, 29.55±9.88 (min-max:0-55) for the helplessness and poor interpersonal relationships subscale, and 1.76±2.30 (min-max: 0-10) for the shame subscale. The mean total score of the BMI scale was 55.06±16.06 (min-max: 6-100). Of the health care professionals, the nurses/midwives, high school graduates, those with income equal to expenditure and those who had negative opinions about patients with schizophrenia obtained significantly higher total scores from the BMI Scale (p<0.05). Although the majority of the health care professionals had positive opinions of patients with schizophrenia, nearly, half of them thought that patients with schizophrenia could be dangerous and cause harm to other people.
Nowadays, HRM has become an important function in the company and a strategic dimension which led many companies to include in their plans and policies. This importance has gone crescendo since the pressure of external environment is hardly strange to the outbreak of HRM and its conspicuous metamorphosis. Hence, more and more companies are implementing HR practices that can boost their organizational performance. Nevertheless, the link between HR practices and performance is not fully explained due to apparently little empirical research. The concern of the current pape r is to highlight this relationship through seeking to select HR practices that promote performance based on the adopted business strategy. The objective of this research is to explain how the application of HRM practices can increase organizational performance. To answer our research question, we chose the case study of a Tunisian company that has employed over 600 people specialized in metal construction and boilermaking. Methedologically, to understand the company's practices and its business strategy, we conducted two interviews that concerned the HR manager of the company and the head of operations. The interviews that we conducted revealed that the company recorded a substantial difficulty in aligning HRM practices with business strategy and organizational objectives and it invests very little in the development of skills although it offers a product respecting the highest quality standards. The last deficiency shows that there is lack of strategic planning and lack of shared organizational vision that cause constraints to the identification of objectives and management practices to be implemented.
Creative Drama in Design Education within the context of Theatre, Body and Spaceinventionjournals
The study aims to determine the significance of theatre and creative drama as a field of art for architecture discipline in the context of mankind and spatial experiences. The relationship between architecture and other branches of art is examined through the partnership of the phenomena; body and space. The study dwells on the relationship between theatre and creative drama, considered as a performing art, and design education that benefits from several branches of art. The knowledge suggesting that creative drama can be used as a teaching method in design education is exemplified by means of applications that are conducted within 3 different lectures at the departments of Architecture, Interior Architecture and Urban and Regional Planning. It is believed that utilizing creative drama method which enables students to take part in the learning process corporeally, mentally and emotionally will provide an alternative point of view for design education.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Socializing Mentally Handicapped Childreninventionjournals
This research is conducted to determine socialization of individuals with moderate mental retardation by physical activity. In order to meet the needs of physical activity of individuals with mental retardation, programs including work and play are being prepared today. These games and practices are aimed on their abilities, limitations and interests. A well-planned program of physical activity can have a positive contribution to all areas of development on children with mental disabilities. In this study, which proceeds on the basis of The Focus Group Interview (FGI), a part of qualitative research strategy, 19 parents with disabled kids were interviewed. Children of parents who participated in the study have moderate mental retardation (MR) and they have been playing basketball for two days a week, swimming for one day a weekend short walking at least three times a week on a regular basis for the last two years. The study was made by Maximum Diversity Sampling as a sampling method and interview form was used as a data collection means. Verbal explanations given by parents to open-ended questions were analyzed through content analysis. Main themes of each research question were chosen by comparing a pre determined part of the creation of common themes. As a result, parents who are suffering from hyperactive or inactive children, tell that they observe a significant change in their children after doing sports. Parents who see this positive change become happy and therefore they have spare time for themselves while their kids are doing sports. Both parents and children defined the positive changes at home and social life along with sports as happiness and calmness. Parents state that they feel their kid’s sense of achievement, improved ability to make an action and communications kills. They also observe the fact that they gain acceptance in the community
Study of Family’s Role in Their Children’s Training From the Perspective of t...inventionjournals
Humanization and reaching to the ultimate perfection is all thanks to proper upbringing. Different genetic and environmental factors effect on child training meanwhile, the family is the most fundamental institution for raising children. Family environment both in terms of priority (time and location) and priority (the quality of effect) is the most important environments that can provide a suitable ground for the child's physical and spiritual talent. However, one of the elements that can be very effective in educating children by family is the prospective of holy Quran for children’s education. So in this study, the family’s role in their children’s training from the perspective of the holy Quran has been studied. The research method is library and documentary. The results of the research showed that from the prospective of Quran, family institution while being a social institution it is an ethical, moral and juridical institution that law and Ethics are intertwined in its field and kindness and love govern on its relationship. According to the holy Quran verses, in studying the family institution, it’s all aspects must be studied and avoid from studying it from only one dimension. In the current situation, all who care about communities are trying to find basic strategies for maintaining families ‘health and base solidity and control the present crisis situation by presenting these strategies to community and decrease tension and crises in community and in this context it is necessary to return to the true culture of Islam in our society, a religion that has the most respect to the family and its sublimity and know this sacred institution as a training center and a love and mercy institution.
Mental Health Status and Drug Use Pattern among Pensioners in Ekiti State Nig...inventionjournals
Retirement is a major phase in the life of an individual affecting the social and economic aspect, and if not well managed may have implication on the mental health of the individuals involved.The study examined the mental health status of pensioners and their pattern of drug use in relation to the mode of retirement. 262 pensioners consisting of159 males and 103 females drawn from Ekiti State participated in the study. General health questionnaire and Drug use Scale were employed to collect data. One Way ANOVA and Independent t-test were used to test the three hypotheses stated. Result showed that, retirement type has a significant influence on somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction, but not on depression. Results showed thatalcohol consumption has a significant influence on somatic symptoms, anxiety and depression, but not on social dysfunction. Results also showed how the pensionersvary in their mental health status relating to somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression and social dysfunction. A significant sex difference was also reported in drug and alcohol use but not in their mental health.
Age and Gender Dimensions of Disadvantaged Population: A Study on Selected Me...inventionjournals
Collective social attitude towards certain group of people place them in a situation of difficulty. They suffer from various socio-economic deprivations and social exclusion. Such population include elderly persons, unemployed and persons suffering from physical as well as neuro-psychological disabilities. They are also dependent population because in most of the cases they are not regularly employed and most of them depend on other’s earnings. Dependency of these persons not only arises because of financial factors but also because of various social needs. The work explores dependency in three aspects i.e., due to age, physical or mental disability and unemployment. The age-gender structure in the major metropolitan cities of India, viz. Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai and Pune have been depicted in order to find the proportions of age related dependency; and to assess the comparative dependency ratio of the aged, disabled population and unemployed job seekers in these cities thereby finding their dependency status. The work is based on data provided by Census of India, 2011. Cartographic depictions have been made for better understanding of the analysis of census variables. The work is an attempt to find out the dependency factors in major cities which vary spatially within the country.
The Public Perception and Media Campaign Against Yoga Practitioners in Romani...inventionjournals
This case study aims to estimate the effects of the continuous defamation of the yoga practitioners in Romanian mass-media. The paper is based on the results of a quantitative research focused on the public perception about Romanian yoga practitioners, compared to their description in the media. The research also analyzed the opinion of persons belonging to the yoga movement, regarding the defamation media campaign and their testimonials about discrimination incidents. During the communism, in Romania the yoga practitioners were persecuted by the secret political police. After the communist period, Romanian yogis continue to face difficulties like media campaigns of defamation and hate speech. Our results prove that the negative media campaigns are important factors that caused the marginalization of the yoga practitioners as a social group and favored their discrimination in the Romanian society. For more than 25 years, the media constantly depicted the yoga practitioners in depreciative words. Our study proves that the perception upon yogis is very different for the people who know directly the yoga movement and its students and for the people who know the movement and the yogis only from media. The huge difference of the direct and mediated knowledge, and the fact that the words used by respondents to describe the yogis are similar to those used by press, suggest the assimilation of the mediated message by the public. There is strong evidence that this message is not true, since it is so different than the direct knowledge of people who came in contact with the movement.
Genetic research shows there are clusters of genes that may be involved in ASD but suggests that environmental triggers are significant as well. This article asks if child restraint and concomitant time in child seats could be a one of those triggers.
Bridging the Gender Gap and Skilling for the Future through Undergraduate Edu...inventionjournals
In order to meaningfully change gender bias and discrimination in society, a paradigm shift needs to be taken from an activist, reactionary stance towards a harmonious and integrated approach which is based on a more liberal and human and which recognizes the complex play of social, cultural, economic , religious forces to fabricate the layers of identity which people take on. Education can be a force multiplier because it brings together multiple stakeholders on a common platform. Specifically intervention at the undergraduate level can have great impact because of its positional advantage in the Indian Education System. Last but not the least, jobs of the future requires a new skill set. New skills too require a preparatory course in order to have a tangible impact. The paper highlights some key strategies and interventions that can be adopted at the undergraduate level. Significance: The UN has recently articulated 50 Sustainable Development Goals out of which the fifth goal is on gender parity. Also in India, the Skill India Initiative has been launched which will impart a new skill set to millions of Indians to cope with the Jobs of the future. The paper will be important to policy makers who wish to incorporate skills and change mindsets through education. Nature: Conceptual
Problems such as impracticability and ineffectiveness are encountered in practice in-service training for teachers in Turkey.Although several suggestions have been proposed, the problems still remain. This study illustrates a new way for the development of in-service training, with high school teachers’ opinions, which is in-service trainings enhanced with adult learning characteristics. The participants were determined randomly and administered a 25-item Likert type survey. Results of the survey evaluated statistically by applying t-test and ANOVA. It is found that there is statistically significant difference between teachers in terms of gender, age, seniority and subject field variables. On the basis of the whole paper, teachers are enthusiastic to take part in in-service trainings enhanced with adult learning features rather than traditional ones. At the end of the paper, it is recommended that while preparing in-service training, demographic differences among teachers should be taken into account.
One of the areas which creates satisfaction in individuals is their work life. Lack of job satisfaction causes negative feelings within an individual. Low job satisfaction can have negative effects such as resigning or absenteeism from work, arriving late at work and working slowly. For this reason, it is important to investigate job satisfaction levels and the factors affecting this in midwives giving health services. This work was carried out with the aim of detemining the relationship between the levels of job satisfaction in midwives and some socio-demographic characteristics of the job satisfaction levels. Within the framework of this descriptive study, 106 midwives who worked within the Sivas province and agreed to participate in this study were studied. Data were collected using ‘Socio-Demographic Questionnaire for Midwives’ and ‘Scale of Job Satifaction in Nursing’. The data collected from the research were analysed using the Kruskal Wallis, Student t and Mann-Whitney U tests within the SPSS 10.0 computer program. The average general job satisfaction points of the midwives was 47.08 ± 15.52. The average job satisfaction levels in midwives who chose the occupation themselves, wanted to be in the profession and found that midwifery suited them were found to be high at a significant level (p<0.05).>0.05). It was established that the organisation they work at, length of working life, whether they had worked continuously or had a break from work, weekly working hours, way of working and amount of individuals to whom care was given did not affect their job satisfaction point averages (p>0.05). It was also determined that the general job satisfaction point average levels were not affected by whether they had children or not, the number of children they had and the age of the youngest child (p>0.05). In contrast, the job satisfaction levels of midwives who worked in hospitals in terms of the possibility of development and working conditions were significantly higher than midwives who worked at health centres (p<0.05). Job satisfaction levels in midwives who chose the occupation themselves, wanted to be in the profession and found that midwifery suited them were high. Midwives who worked in hospitals who had the possibility of development and different working conditions had greater job satisfaction than midwives who worked at health centres. The remaining socio-demographic charateristics did not affect job satisfaction in the midwives.
Rural Sanitation in India and Telangana State: A Special Reference to Rural A...inventionjournals
More than 68% of the household’s people living in rural areas and sanitation condition is still very poor. In the present scenario India has performed poorly in terms of the latrine facilities. In the rural area of the country, 30.7% and 21.9% households are having the latrine facilities period from 2001 to 2011. Some of the better facilities observed in the urban areas. According to New Global Index report, India’s rank stands at 93th place. Sanitation is the primary need of public health and the situation in Telangana is alarming. Studies show that rural households have very little access to the latrine facilities. Telangana state out of 459 Mandals, 327 have rural population. In Telangana 40% and 28.5% of the rural households are having drinking water and latrine facilities within the household premises. There is huge difference between rural and urban household’s facilities. Adilabad district has total 52 mandals and these all mandals having the rural population. North side of the Adilabad district has dense forest and fully occupied with tribal population. The Adilabad district having 72% rural population and having only 61% of the literacy rate. Adilabad district rural households are having very less latrine facilities with 14%. With this back ground, the current paper is based on secondary data focusing mainly on sanitation condition in rural India and Telangana and its districts. Total analysis also examined to the rural Adilabad district including with mandals. GIS Techniques are used to preparing the maps and these maps are used to analyse of the paper
Through the Eyes of Taiwanese Palliative Care Providers: End-of-life Treatmen...inventionjournals
The growth of medical knowledge and enhanced technology has increasingly blurred the line between life and death. Resuscitation procedures and life-sustaining devices such as mechanical ventilators, defibrillators, hemodialysis, and parenteral nutrition were introduced just a few decades ago, but have brought significant changes to the treatment of EOL patients. These treatments have given physicians the ability to prolong the process of dying; yet, the decision of when and how to use them has become complicated. An understanding of these controversial life-sustaining procedures and knowledge of current legal guidelines in the American EOL treatment context is necessary when palliative care in Taiwan seems to follow the Western experience in legislation regarding life-sustaining treatment. In this article, how EOL decisions made in the United States is summarized through the eyes of Taiwanese palliative care providers.
Marginalization of women in the Selected Novels of Manjukapur And Anita Nair:...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Marginalization is the powerlessness and exclusion experienced by a group, resulting from an inequality of control of ‘resources and power structures’ within society. Feminism argues that woman is marginalized due to the patriarchal structure of society. Marginalisation happens when a person is cornered, alienated and driven to the wall in the society. It is a systematic process, so to say, a type of conspiracy woven like a web with the underlying characteristic features of domination and subordination forcing the woman into submission always. But the feminist theory advocates equality - politically, economically and socially. Even after harping on these equal rights alone, many feminists of late, have come to realise that these cannot free women from sexual and social subordination. So, it is in the fitness of things that marginalisation of women, their predicament, and their struggle for identity in finding their own space are taken up and adequately exposed which are the core elements of this trend.
Modus Operandi of Empowering Women in Some Selected Novels of Anita Desaiijtsrd
Because of the rigid rules and regulations of the patriarchal society we have to empower women for the development of the society itself. In the Vedic Ages women were highly respected in Indian society. “Sahadharmini†which means equal partner was used in that period. Women enjoyed respect, equality, education, and reverence at that time. It was in the age of Sutras and Epics i.e. in 500 B.C. to A.D.500 that the status of women changed considerably. Their position within the society was deteriorated day by day. Manu said that a woman has to be dependent before marriage on her parents and after marriage on her husband. Throughout their life they have to maintain their role as an obedient daughter, as a devoted wife, and as a caring mother. They became the subordinate and silence second sex under the strong clutches of the patriarchal society. The feminist of India consider him as a misogynist. However since independence, the role and status of women have been gradually changed. Through different type of feministic movement which is the outburst of centuries of struggle for women's rights, women become successful to snatch a respectable position for them within the society. Being a woman, the Indian novelists of the contemporary literature raised their voices against the suppressed cultures and traditions of the society where women are considered as inferior to men, through their writings. In this particular paper, the contemporary Indian novelist Anita Desai's two novels ‘Cry, the Peacock' and ‘Clear Light of Day' have been taken up for a brief discussion to understand the status of women in Indian society. Dolan Ghosh | Dr. Anita Singh "Modus Operandi of Empowering Women in Some Selected Novels of Anita Desai" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46370.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/46370/modus-operandi-of-empowering-women-in-some-selected-novels-of-anita-desai/dolan-ghosh
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Woman’s Voyage to the Inner Psyche in Shashi Deshpande’s Dark Holds No Terrorpaperpublications3
Abstract: Novel is probably an outcome of western culture and custom. Its arrival in India has taken its shape in different forms. Indo-English novels of the early nineteenth century have portrayal of male characters as stereotyped. Perhaps the societal influences made men and women writers to pen the suppression of women in their writings. A handful of women writers’ like Shashi Deshpande, Anita Desai, Shobha De, Namitha Gokhlae, and Kamala Markandaya gave voice for women’s inner struggles. These women novelists have incorporated the recurring female experiences in their writings. They tried to create awareness through their writings, which brought reformation, and it echoed over time. Issues on women are still prevailing everywhere. Ostensibly, every writer focuses women on asserting her rights.
Finding one’s Roots: A Reference to Anita Nair and Shashi DeshpandeQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The eminence of a woman in a society varied with each culture, each country and with each age. Of course, in most societies and in most cultures, like in Indian society and culture, the woman is given an eminent position, at least theoretically. However, in practicality, a woman was always regarded as secondary to a man and was forbidden from all centers of power. Naturally, women were oppressed through different means and ways peculiar to each culture and society which gradually led to the rise of the feminist movement. In which, women were authorized to express their opinions against restrictions and patriarchal injustices. Basically, feminism focuses on finding one’s own roots in the society.The word ‘Feminism’ deals with the higher perception of individuality of women and also the female conundrums. The last few decades have noticed this new genre of writing by women, for women, and about women, particularly in Indian English Writing. Needless to say, the Indian women in these writings are a blend of tradition and modernity enduring the trials of the past and yearning for a better destiny. This is the main essence of feminism in Indian Literature. Women’s writings have achieved a great deal of prominence all over the world. Many Indian women novelists have probed into female psyche in order to establish individuality. The last three decades have observed the emersion of eminent feminist in Indian literature like Anita Nair, ShashiDeshpande, Arundhati Roy, Anita Desai, ManjuKapurand Shobha De who dealt with their female protagonists in a more prominent manner. This paper focuses on “Finding one’s roots with reference to Anita Nair’s ‘Ladies Coupe’ and ShashiDeshpande’s ‘Roots and Shadows
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
Feminist approach in two writers bharati mukherjee and manju kapureSAT Publishing House
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International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
The Analysis of Female Views in Anita Desais Novel in Custodyijtsrd
The most well known Indian woman author in English after Indias independence, Anita Desai, focuses a lot of her writing on the issues of womens survival and existence. At this moment, the purpose of this piece is to examine how gender has shaped resistance. Anita Desai has been a strong representation of Indian women's lives, their battles against patriarchy, and colonial repression. The feminist consciousness of Desais In Custody permeates the entire book. This is the best indication of her comprehension of female psychology and experience. In In Custody, the male characters are confined to a life without success. Anita Desai condemns classical society and crisps on a deplorable male character Deven Sharma whose wife execrates his powerlessness to succeed economically. This article helps us to show how women change their ideas to make the lives successful or unsuccessful not only for them but also for their whole family. This article has been written in simple language so that people may understand the fact that how a women can make or mar the society by her capability of doing things. Nighat Ara "The Analysis of Female Views in Anita Desai's Novel in Custody" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59792.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/59792/the-analysis-of-female-views-in-anita-desais-novel-in-custody/nighat-ara
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International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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Search of Identity: A study of Manju Kapur’s novel “Difficult Daughters”
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 7 ||July. 2016 || PP.30-35
www.ijhssi.org 30 | Page
Search of Identity: A study of Manju Kapur’s novel “Difficult
Daughters”
1
Ajaz Ahmad Bhat, 2
Showkat Ahmad Wani, 3
Dr.Alka Gopal
1,2
Research scholar Department of English, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
3
Professor of English, Saifia Arts and Commerce College, Bhopal, India
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the woman as an individual who fights against suppression and oppression
of the patriarchy. The novel Difficult Daughters sensibly shows the position of women and her longing struggle
to establish an identity. Manju Kapur has come out as serious social thinker in her novels because there is a
purpose behind her writing. All her novels have been written with a definite purpose because the novelist tries
to analyze issues related to the middle class or upper middle class women. Manju Kapur is much interested to
present the questions and problems related to women in a larger perspective. In her novels, the women’s
questions have emerged essentially in the context of the identity of the new educated middle class. Manju
Kapur’s female protagonists are mostly educated. They are strong individuals but imprisoned within the
boundary of conservative society. Their education leads them to independent thinking for which their family and
society become intolerable to them, in their individual struggle with family and society through which they
plunged into a dedicated effort to search an identity for them as qualified women with faultless background. The
novelist has portrayed her protagonists as women caught in the conflict between the passions of the flesh and
yearning to be a part of the political and intellectual society of today.
Keywords: Marriage, Education, Male Dominance, Struggle for Identity, New Woman
I. Introduction
More than half of the population of the world is made of woman but she is not treated on par with man despite
innumerable evolutions and revolutions. She has the same mental and moral power, yet she is not recognised as
his equal. In such conditions, the question of searching her identity is justified. Actually in his male dominated
society, she is wife, mother, sister and home maker. She is expected to serve, sacrifice, submit and tolerate each
ill against her peacefully. Her individual self has very little recognition in the patriarchal society and so self-
effacement is her normal way of life. The illustration of Sita, Savitri and Gandhari are always expected to be
followed by her. But the noticeable point is that these ideal women existed only in epics, they were princesses
and queens and much far from the pains and sufferings in modern world in which modern woman has no
identity of her own. She lives for others and breathe for others. And the situation becomes more deadly when we
take it in Indian context where women must defer to her husband and make the marital home pleasant for him.
Manju Kapur, a world acclaimed writer is known for her feministic vision. The women in her novels seem to be
the personification of new women who have been carrying the burden of inhibition since ages and want to break
that tradition of silence now. In the traditional social milieu of her novels she shows the existence of mothers
and daughters, it is the same society where marriage is regarded as the ultimate goal and destiny from which
these women cannot escape. Manju Kapur‟s female protagonists are the representatives of that female folk who
long to be free from the stale social customs and traditions but are never allowed. Her female protagonists are
mostly educated. Their education leads them to independent thinking, for which their family and society
becomes intolerant towards them. They struggle between tradition and modernity. It is their individual struggle
with family and society through which they plunge into a dedicated effort to carve an identity for themselves as
qualified women with faultless backgrounds.
Her novels tackle the identity problems faced by the educated Indian woman with authenticity and insight.
These novels symbolize a fight against taboos, social restrictions and manmade code of conduct in a traditional
society. Her heroines are the symbol of female imagination responding to pressures and oppressions of
patriarchal culture where marriage is seen only as a compromise. Her novels are a story of struggle for freedom
and search for an identity at various levels. She endeavours to bring out significant new meanings in the
changed exemplar of culture encounters in which conjugal roles, dual burdens, equal opportunities and social
constraints are seen from the existential point of view. The protagonists of her novels are trying to maintain a
balance all the time. Their sufferings amidst the dual standards have made them strong and they constantly
struggle to exist, to free themselves from the shackles of tradition and various prejudices. Her heroines offer, “A
frontal challenge to patriarchal thought, social organization and control mechanism.”1
In the novel Difficult Daughters the novelist has portrayed her protagonists as a woman caught in the conflict
between the passion of the flesh and a yearning to be a part of the political and intellectual movements of the
2. Search of Identity: A study of Manju Kapur’s novel “Difficult Daughters”
www.ijhssi.org 31 | Page
day. The central character of the novel, rebels against tradition. The title of the novel Difficult Daughters is an
indication to the message that a woman, who strives in search of an identity, is branded as the difficult daughter
by the family as well as society. Difficult Daughters presents the women who try to establish their own identity.
According to Sunita Sinha, “Kapur speaks of the idea of independence- independence aspired to and obtained by
a nation and also independence yearned after by a woman.”2
The story of Virmati is narrated by her own daughter, Ida. The novel begins with the death of the protagonist,
Virmati. Ida explains the story of her dead mother. Manju Kapur, in order to know about the story, unfolds the
tale of Virmati. The novelist also describes the nature of Virmati and her desire after death shows her attitude.
She says: „When I die, she said to me, I want my body donated. My eyes, my hearts, my kidneys, any organ that
can be of use. That way someone will value me after I have gone.‟3
Ida, ever aloof daughter, goes to Amritsar to reconstruct her mother‟s memory. The novelist adeptly manages
the past and present in the novel. Ida a divorced girl tries to recollect the memory of her mother. She informs
that her mother is a bold and aggressive woman who fought against the evil customs of the society. Her mother
is in search of her own identity in conventional Indian society. Virmati was brought up in the traditional Indian
family. She is engaged in the household duties. She lost her identity in the family responsibility. The Novelist
through Virmati exposes the reality of Indian woman in the family. She is simply a puppet in the hand of male.
Virmati had always told by her mother that the marriage is the ultimate fate of woman. Since Virmati was the
eldest daughter of Kasturi, she was forced to look after all her brothers and sisters and she assisted her mother in
the nourishment of all of them. During the pregnancies of her mother, Virmati was always busy in arranging the
house-hold affairs and managing the thing as for as possible for her. Kapur writes about her duties in these
words: „Ever since Virmati could remember she had been looking after children. It wasn‟t only baby Parvati to
whom she was indispensable, to her younger siblings she was second mother as well. She was impatient and
intolerant of fuss. If they didn‟t eat their meals, on her return home from school she would hunt out the
offending brother or sister and shove the cold food down their throats. If they refused to wear the hand-me-down
clothes she assigned them, she slapped them briskly. Sometimes she tried to be gentle, but it was weary work
and she was almost always tired and harassed.‟ (Difficult Daughters, p.6.)
It seems that Virmati was forced to tackle the responsibility in her very early age. Thus, Virmati is portrayed as
a common Indian woman. She has spent most of her time in the household duties. Though she wishes to spend
her life freely without taking any responsibility, she is bound in the household duties. She represents the modern
woman. She fights against the conventional Indian male dominant society. Sanjay Kumar explores: „On the
surface though, Virmati seems to represent the women of 1950‟s who, in a patriarchal society of that period
were subjugated to man-made injustices and indignities.‟4
Living in Amritsar provides Virmati an opportunity to enter in the new realm of freedom of which she was
deprived for a longer period. Here, Manju Kapur seems to narrate a story of a girl whose journey is quite
symbolic due to her transformation from “innocence to experience”. Manju Kapur also attaches the theme of
feminism with the character of Virmati. Virmati seems to be the champion of feminism in this novel. In
Amritsar, her dresses, her outlook, her appearance and her style –everything changes in a stroke. Manju Kapur
writes: „Her dress too had changed from her Amritsar days. When they went visiting she wore her saris in Parsi-
style, as Shakuntala called it, with the palla draped over her right shoulder. The saris were of some thin material,
foreign, with a woven silk border sewn onto them. The blouses were of the some thin material, with loose
sleeves to the elbows- she wore her hair with a side parting, smoothed over her ears into a bun at back. Her
shoes were black, shiny, patent leather with high heels. Her jewellery consisted of a strand of pearls, a single
gold bangle on one arm, and a large man‟s watch on the other.‟ (Difficult Daughters, p.16.)
Manju Kapur seriously elaborates the facts of traditional Indian family. It is the family where the woman is
inferior. Shakuntala, a cousin of Virmati, who studied at Lahore, is modern in behaviour and life. But the family
of Virmati is also against the modernization of female. Even, they cannot accept the change in the life of
woman. But, Virmati is attracted towards the life style of Shakuntala. She thinks that Shakuntala‟s life is free.
She is not bound in the conservative thinking. And she is free from the family responsibilities. Here, the author
represents the two different women. Shakuntala is advanced and educated. She is aware about her duties. She is
not bound in the cage of old tradition and family responsibility. On the other hand, Virmati is a typical Indian
girl. She is bound in the family responsibility. Her desires are always, vanished in the day to day struggle. Her
dreams and hopes are merged in the old tradition. Shakuntala comments on it: „These people don‟t really
understand Viru, how much satisfaction there can be in leading your own life, in being independent. Here we are
fighting for the freedom of the nation, but women are still Supposed to marry, and nothing else.‟ [Difficult
Daughters, p.17.]
Manju Kapur deliberately uses the independent world. In the novel, she uses the struggle for independence. She
also describes the freedom struggle of nation and Virmati. The author exposes the situation of women during the
freedom struggle of India. The nation has changed during the freedom struggle. But, the plight of woman was
unchanged. Virmati actually thinks that she should live her life like Shakuntala. She desires to live free life
3. Search of Identity: A study of Manju Kapur’s novel “Difficult Daughters”
www.ijhssi.org 32 | Page
without any burden and responsibility. She wishes to break the shackles of family responsibility and live free
life like her cousin. But, there is difference between dream and reality. Virmati‟s companionship with
Shakuntala provides her an opportunity to dive deep into nectar of freedom which she realizes outside the house.
For her, education means the realization of freedom and new outlook and attitude. Virmati and Shakuntala
always involve in discussion on the issue of education and freedom. Virmati tells Shakuntala: “No, no really”,
said Virmati, catching her hand. May be here was the clue to her unhappiness. It was useless looking for
answers inside the home. One had to look outside to education, freedom, and the bright lights of Lahore
Colleges. (Difficult Daughters, p.17.)
In Shakuntala, Virmati sensed the real clues of happiness which could only be realized through freedom. She
watches the activities of Shakuntala with carefulness. She dreams to be with Shakuntala one day. She thinks that
she will be no more in Amritsar because there is no real freedom in Amritsar for her. Manju Kapur writes:
“Through the ensuing day‟s Virmati followed Shakuntala around. She watches her ride horses, smoke, play
cards and badminton, act without her mother‟s advice, buy anything, she wanted without thinking it is a waste of
money, casually drop in on all the people the family knew. Above all, she never seemed to question or doubt
herself in anything.” (Difficult Daughters, p.18.)
Shakuntala‟s visit planted seeds of aspiration in Virmati. It was possible to be something other than a wife.
Images of Shakuntala Pehnji kept floating through her head, Shakuntala Pehnji who having done her M.Sc. in
Chemistry had gone about tasting the wine of freedom. (Difficult Daughters, p.19.)
But Virmati‟s problem is something different. Although externally she has been inspired by Shakuntala, but her
problem is multiple. Virmati has also to adjust her five sisters waiting for their marriage. Her family is quite
conscious because she is the eldest one. Her mother is also of the same opinion. She would like to perform the
marriage of her daughter as soon as possible. Kasturi is also aware of the transformational attitude of Virmati.
She realizes the inevitable changes in her growing daughter. But she is in dilemma whether to free her daughter
or to check her advance. She seems to be in hesitation. She does not allow Virmati to enter in the realm of
education with such freedom. but at the same time, she does not want to put the burdens of traditions and
conventions on her daughter. But, Virmati wished to study further, rather than marriage and giving birth to
children. According to Vera Alexander, “In the juxtaposition of marriage and education , education is either
described in terms of a threat, or portrayed as a dead end, reducing accomplished female characters to obedient
wifehood and dependency rather than enabling them to make a living out of their training”5
Her family rejects her wish. Even, her mother has never supported her. Virmati‟s mother, Kasturi, also
suffocates between her feelings and family responsibilities. The novelist, through these women characters,
exposes the reality of Indian society. The women in the customary Indian family never recollect their identity.
She is daughter, sister, wife and mother of someone. They have no self identity. And if she tried to establish her
own identity the society never accepts it. Difficult Daughters is certainly a pensive tale of discomfort in the life
of a sensitive girl who seems to be struggling in the male-dominated society which provides a little space to
woman in general. Vikram Chandra writes: “Difficult Daughters is intensely imagined, fluidly written, moving.
Through our struggles with our parents, it flings us into their own momentous times, their youthful yearnings for
love and independence and life. And so it becomes an urgent and important story about their family, partitions
and love.”6
There was an endless argument between „education verses marriage‟. But nobody listens to her. Virmati wants
to give practice to her English, while her mother considers it insignificant. To Kasturi, looking after the needs of
family, husband and children are the most important duties than anything else. Virmati doesn‟t get success in
convincing her mother and gets herself engaged with a irrigation engineer Inderjit. Her marriage is final with
Inderjit but it is postponed because of the death of his father. She does not think of the marriage and child
bearing just after the high school qualification. She joins A.S. College, to do B.A., where she falls in love with a
professor, Harish Chandra, who is already married, lives next door and finds an intellectual companion in him.
Virmati, like many other Indian girls, is expected to accept arranged marriage. However, she rejects it and
decides to continue her studies. Joya Chakravarty observes that “the dismal state of Virmati‟s mind cannot be
fathomed by her people.”7
Virmati refuses to marry Inderjit. This bold step by Virmati upsets everybody in her
family. They feel that she has disgraced the family and ruined her sister‟s chances of marriage. After the denial
of the marriage proposal, her condition gets critical. The novelist profoundly delivers the issue of woman
inadequacy. She defines that the position of degraded due to dependability. She has no right to take her own
decision. The male supremacy creates hurdle in their lives. Virmati never decides to choose her love or further
education. But disappointed with her love, Virmati makes an attempt of suicide. Finally they lock her in the
godown and arrange for Indu, her younger sister to marry Inderjit. Maria Elena Martos Hues points out that;
“Virmati‟s quest for freedom from the patriarchal moulds of tradition casts upon her eventually proves an erratic
one, for she gets caught in the net of allocated female role that she was trying to evade.”8
Virmati is committed to continue her study at Lahore. Virmati decides to go to Lahore for her further study. All
the family members are against her decision but they would do nothing before the will of Virmati. As decided
4. Search of Identity: A study of Manju Kapur’s novel “Difficult Daughters”
www.ijhssi.org 33 | Page
by the family elders, Kasturi has to accompany Virmati to Lahore for assisting her to take admission in RBSL
College and the principal assures Kasturi that there will be no problem. Virmati becomes the centre of focus
because of her revolutionary zeal. She does not yield to the age old traditions of her Arya-Samaj family. In
Lahore, she finds the company of Shakuntala who always inspires her to be free and vibrant in her outlook and
manner. Shakuntala tells Virmati about the people of Lahore that they are not narrow-minded: “You will find,
Viru, that in Lahore people are not so narrow–minded. It is a pity the man was married. But you have done the
right thing. Together we will face the family. After all, I have experience in resisting pressures.” (Difficult
Daughters, p.115.)
She starts a meaningful life in Lahore with her roommate Swarna Lata. Swarna Lata is an active participant in
the political and social movements of the day. Swarna Lata, an active activist for women‟s liberation and
freedom struggle movement. She is a modern woman with her own views and opinions. She thinks
independently. She wants to do something more than just marrying. Rather than waiting for any man she
involves herself in other people. Asserting the importance of these marginal characters in the novel Christopher
Rollason writes: “The pages of Difficult Daughters speak not only of Virmati, but of other „difficult daughters‟,
who succeed better than she did in their parallel struggle for independence in their lives. At the centre of the
narrative, we are confronted with a woman who fights but falls by the wayside; but at its edges, as no doubt less
representative but still symbolic figures, we encounter- as will be seen below-other women, whose relative
success points the way to the future”9
Under the shade of friend like Swarna Lata, Virmati attempts to analyze the communal tension involved during
the Indian freedom struggle. But the professor‟s thoughts keep circling around her mind. Harish comes to meet
her in Lahore. They meet and enjoy their life. The professor shows his sexual inclination with Virmati. On the
other hand, Virmati could not decline the advances of the professor. Virmati is conscious of the nature of her
relationship with the professor but her resistance is not long. After this act of sexual involvement, Virmati
seems to be caught in the sense of guilt. She realizes the moral lapse in her heart and a sense of guilt runs
through her mind.
Manju Kapur beautifully linked the character of Virmati in the activities of freedom movement which was on
climax those days. Virmati attended many conferences organized by various parties in which the topic related to
the woman empowerment was also discussed. She attended those conferences and heard many speeches
delivered by Leela Mehta from time to time. Virmati could not really make out the freedom she was aiming for.
She craves in her inner self to be like Swarna Lata, her roommate. When she goes for a meeting organized by
women for the freedom struggle, observing all the women actively participating in freedom struggle she thinks
herself “Am I free, thought Virmati. I came here to be free but I am not like these women. They are using their
minds, organizing, participating in conferences, politically active, while my time is spent in love. Wasting it.”
(Difficult Daughters, p.142.)
In-spite of her frequent requests, Harish is reluctant to marry her. He seems just another chauvinist steeped in
patriarchal traditions. He is a hypocrite who, at his own convenience, has moulded his opinions about social
traditions and sexually exploits Virmati. „Now you want to prolong the situation. Why do not we get married?
You say your family makes no difference. But still you want to continue in this way. Be honest with me. I can
bear anything but this continuous irresolution. Swarna is right. Men do take advantage of woman; (Difficult
Daughters, p.149.)
Virmati gets pregnant. Then she goes to Amritsar and manages a gold bangle from her father but only to sell it
for her abortion. After this depressing incident, she decides not to entertain the professor any more. Virmati
blames the professor for this mishap in her life. She says to the professor:
„I break my engagement because of you, blacken my family‟s name, am locked up inside my house, get sent to
Lahore because no one knows what to do with me. Here I am in the position of being your secret wife full of
shame, wondering what people will say if they find out, not being able to live in peace, study in peace... and
why? Because I am an Idiot.‟ (Difficult Daughters, p.149.)
Few women during the 40‟s would have dared to come out the privacy & secularism of their sweet home
climate & cried their heart out. Iron-willed as she was, she displays marvellous strength of mind when she keeps
Harish‟s request at bay and overcomes her dejection and strikes out an independent root as she takes the role of
a headmistress of a girl‟s school at Nahan. The happiest and most attractive period in Virmati‟s life is, beyond
doubt that which she spends in Nahan, The capital of Sirmaur, the small Himalayan state run by an enlightened
maharaja which gives her refuge for a while as the headmistress of a girl‟s school. Sirmaur existed in reality,
and is now part of the federal state of Himachal Pradesh. It is there that she achieves the greatest degree of
control over her life: there are rules she has to obey (and breaking them proves her fall), but she is able to teach
inside an ordered framework, and her performance wins her a deserved respect. It is true that the single or
widowed lady teacher or headmistress is something of a stock figure in modern Indian literature (as in the
spinster lecturer Bimala, in Anita Desai‟s Clear Light of Day or the grandmother in Amitav Ghosh‟s The
Shadow Lines), but the particularity of Virmati‟s destiny, at this stage of her life, is that she has to exercise her
5. Search of Identity: A study of Manju Kapur’s novel “Difficult Daughters”
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responsibilities entirely by herself. In the micro-state to which her destiny leads her, she has no family or close
friends. She attains a near-exemplary level of female autonomy. For the first and only time, she has her own
place to live, Virginia Woolf‟s famous „room of one‟s own‟ and yet she falls. She believes she needs a man, and
she makes the wrong choice, returning to a relationship that had already brought her nothing but suffering. The
repeated clandestine visits of the fatal Professor lose Virmati her employers' confidence and she is obliged to
quit her school, house and employment. From Nahan her journey to Shantiniketan, to get greater freedom is
again of alienation cut off from her dear ones until she is bound in a wedlock with Harish.
Suman Bala and Subhash Chandra rightly analyses the man-woman relationship in their theoretical formulation
and both of them argue: “But her acceptance of her treatment meted out to her by her lover, the professor totally
belies these expectations. The professor„s pursuit of Virmati even after she has been sent to Lahore as a part of
punishment to study in women„s college, his renewing sexual relations with her with full ardour, but his
reluctance and constant postponing of the marriage in spite of her frequent entreaties to do so, are instances of
the gratification of the male ―desire„. Male ego-centralism blinds men to the situation of women, who may be
placed in agonizing circumstances an account of their relationship with men. Intellectually it can be argued that
the professor Harish Chandra enjoys the bliss of both the worlds: Ganga as a maid servant who fulfils his clothes
washed and Virmati who satisfies his academic urge which the professor cannot seek in his meek and mild
Ganga.”10
Though Virmati succeeds to marry the professor yet she does not secure any space for herself in the family.
Ganga and Harish„s mother compel Virmati to lead a suffocating life in the tight walls of the house. It is
significant to note that Virmati who gets high education despite social odds and obscurities aspires to play the
traditional role of a house wife so that she may look after the mundane needs of her husband but she is not
allowed to. She is not even acknowledged for her intellectuality on the other hand Harish commands respect for
his scholastic ideas and ideologies. At times it seems that Harish and Virmati as a couple does not have mutual
companionship. In a wife-husband gossip when Virmati suggests a name for their forthcoming baby that has
been dispassionately rejected by the professor. The professor was not considerate and calm in his decision and
he also inflicts a long lecture on Virmati in order to silence her. Vandita Mishra rightly argues: “Kapur never
permits Virmati any assertion of power of freedom. Because even as she breaks free from old prisons, she is
locked into newer ones her relationship with the professor, for instance. While it does provide an escape from a
loveless arranged marriage; it is itself furtive and claustrophobic, offering only a stolen togetherness behind
curtained windows. Even years of studying and working alone do not give her the confidence to strike
independent roots and grow. She hovers uncertainly at the edge of each new world, never entering, lest the
professor should call and not find her near. Eventually, marriage to the man of her choice is no triumph either.
As second wife, she must fight social ostracism outside the house, and contempt for kitchen and conjugal bed
with Ganga, the first wife, inside it.”11
II. Conclusion
Thus, one can conclude that Virmati being brought up in a progressive family is educated and exposed to
western ideas. She defies the family and follows her heart. She struggles a lot to get his own identity. In her
quest of Identity, she loses it at every stage and struggles to make space for herself on her own. Her rebellious
attitude takes back stages whenever it has to be strong to refute Harish„s sexual oppression. Manju Kapur shows
constant effort to consolidate the position of woman in Indian society. The beauty of her novels certainly lies in
her unique presentation in which she seems to present conflicting situations in which woman are in search of
their own self-made identity and location. According to N.P. Sharma: “Virmati has to fight against the power of
the mother as well as the oppressive forces of patriarchy symbolised by the mother figure. The rebel in Virmati
might have actually exchanged one kind of slavery for another. But towards the end, she becomes free, free even
from the oppressive love of her husband. Once she succeeds in doing that, she gets her husband all by herself,
her child and reconciliation with her family.”12
Works Cited
[1]. Nayak, Bhagabat. “Feminist Assertions in Manju Kapur: A Socio-Ethical perspective.” The Indian journal of English studies, Vol.
Xl1. 2003. Print.
[2]. Sinha, Sunita. “Discovery of Daring and Desire in Manju Kapur’s fiction.” Post- colonial women writers: New perspectives, New
Delhi: Atlantic, 2008. Print.
[3]. Kapur, Manju. “Difficult Daughters.” Londan: Faber and Faber, 1998. p.01. Print.
[4]. Kapur, Sanjay. “Transcending Gender Parochialism in modern Indian feminist fiction.” Ed. Mishra Binod and Kumar sanjay Indian
writing in English. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and distributors, 2006.
[5]. Alexander, Vera. “The Representation of Education in Indian novels in English.” Mediating Indian writing in English: German
Responses. Eds. Bernd-Peter Lange, Mala Pandurang. London: Transaction, 2006. Print.
[6]. Chandra, Vikram. “Quoted on the back page of Difficult Daughters.” Londan: faber and faber, 1998.
[7]. Chakravarty, Joya. “A study of Difficult Daughters and A Married Woman.” Indian women novelists in English. Ed. Jaydipsinh
Dodiya. New Delhi: Sarup, 2006. print.
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[8]. Maria Elena Hueso. “Woman, Genealogy, History: Deconstructions of family and nation in Amitav Ghosh‟s The Shadow Lines and
Manju Kapur’s Difficult Daughters.” Odisea, no.9, 2008. Print.
[9]. Rollason, Christopher. “Women on the Margins: Reflections on Manju Kapur’s Difficult Daughters.” Novels of Manju Kapur. Ed.
Ashok Kumar. New Delhi: Sarup, 2011. Print.
[10]. Suman, Bala and Subhash Chandra, op. Cit, p.108.
[11]. Mishra, Vandita. “The pioneer.” New Delhi, 1 August 1998.
[12]. Sharma, N.P. “Individual and Society in the Novels of Manju Kapur.” www.contentwriter.in