Social class played a major role in Victorian society as depicted in Great Expectations. Characters were treated differently based on their class, and one's class determined their access to education. However, social class did not define one's character. While class impacted many aspects of life, it did not connect to someone's true nature. Through his experiences, Pip learns that inner worth is more important than wealth or status.
The document summarizes Alexander Pope's poem "The Rape of the Lock" in 3 sentences:
The poem satirizes a real incident where a Lord cuts a lock of hair from a woman named Belinda's head without her permission. It is written as a mock epic in five cantos using rhymed iambic pentameter and deals with the vanities of humankind in a trivial situation. The summary outlines the plot, which involves Belinda getting ready for a card game, a fight over the stolen lock breaking out, and the lock ultimately becoming a star or constellation.
Thomas Hardy was a famous Victorian author born in 1840 in England. Some of his most notable works include Far From the Madding Crowd, The Return of the Native, and Tess of the D'Urbevilles. Tess of the D'Urbevilles tells the story of Tess Durbeyfield, who is seduced as a young girl by the wealthy Alec D'Urberville. She later falls in love with Angel Clare, but her past impacts their relationship. The novel depicts the hardships of the agricultural lifestyle and the strict morality of the Victorian era. It uses deterministic themes and realistic descriptions to tell a tragic story of a woman oppressed by her circumstances and society.
The document discusses major themes in Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations, including social class and ambition. It analyzes how different characters represent various social classes and their ambitions to rise or maintain their status. Dickens also conveys themes of guilt, redemption, uncertainty, deceit, education, family, and sophistication. Symbolism in the novel is also discussed, specifically how tears, Satis House, and money are used symbolically and relate to the major themes. The document provides in-depth analysis of many characters and themes in Great Expectations over multiple paragraphs.
The Duchess of Malfi- Themes and symbolsGobindo Dev
The document summarizes key themes in the play "The Duchess of Malfi" including corruption, disguise, fertile womanhood, the perversion of justice, class and rank, and the costs of evil. It notes how characters like the Duchess are associated with light while her brothers are associated with darkness and sin. It also discusses important symbols in the play like poison, disease, and blood.
Tess as a tragedy includes basic information according to the Aristotle's tragedy, its specific genre, feactures and flaws in major characters with textual references and examples.
This document provides an overview of Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations. It summarizes that the novel follows the Bildungsroman genre in depicting the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist Phillip Pirrip from childhood to adulthood. Many autobiographical elements from Dickens' own life are reflected in the story. The plot involves Phillip striving for social mobility but eventually realizing the unfairness of class distinctions. The characters of Miss Havisham, Estella, and Joe Gargery are also summarized.
The poet is moving into a room that was previously occupied by Mr Bleaney. Through observing the sparse furnishings, the poet draws conclusions about Bleaney's lonely and stagnant life. The room reflects Bleaney's isolation, as seen in the faded curtains and lack of personal possessions. By the end, the poet worries that he may be becoming like Bleaney over time, trapped in a solitary existence. The poem implies how our environments and circumstances shape our identities.
Alexander Pope was a Roman Catholic poet born in London in 1688 who was self-taught and inspired by classical Greek writers. His masterpiece, "The Rape of the Lock," was written in 1712 as a mock-heroic epic poem satirizing a trivial dispute between two aristocratic families after a lock of hair was cut from a woman without permission. The poem uses the conventions of an epic, such as supernatural machinery involving sylphs and other spirits, to dramatize the trivial conflict in a way that comments on vanity and the disproportionate values of aristocratic society.
The document summarizes Alexander Pope's poem "The Rape of the Lock" in 3 sentences:
The poem satirizes a real incident where a Lord cuts a lock of hair from a woman named Belinda's head without her permission. It is written as a mock epic in five cantos using rhymed iambic pentameter and deals with the vanities of humankind in a trivial situation. The summary outlines the plot, which involves Belinda getting ready for a card game, a fight over the stolen lock breaking out, and the lock ultimately becoming a star or constellation.
Thomas Hardy was a famous Victorian author born in 1840 in England. Some of his most notable works include Far From the Madding Crowd, The Return of the Native, and Tess of the D'Urbevilles. Tess of the D'Urbevilles tells the story of Tess Durbeyfield, who is seduced as a young girl by the wealthy Alec D'Urberville. She later falls in love with Angel Clare, but her past impacts their relationship. The novel depicts the hardships of the agricultural lifestyle and the strict morality of the Victorian era. It uses deterministic themes and realistic descriptions to tell a tragic story of a woman oppressed by her circumstances and society.
The document discusses major themes in Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations, including social class and ambition. It analyzes how different characters represent various social classes and their ambitions to rise or maintain their status. Dickens also conveys themes of guilt, redemption, uncertainty, deceit, education, family, and sophistication. Symbolism in the novel is also discussed, specifically how tears, Satis House, and money are used symbolically and relate to the major themes. The document provides in-depth analysis of many characters and themes in Great Expectations over multiple paragraphs.
The Duchess of Malfi- Themes and symbolsGobindo Dev
The document summarizes key themes in the play "The Duchess of Malfi" including corruption, disguise, fertile womanhood, the perversion of justice, class and rank, and the costs of evil. It notes how characters like the Duchess are associated with light while her brothers are associated with darkness and sin. It also discusses important symbols in the play like poison, disease, and blood.
Tess as a tragedy includes basic information according to the Aristotle's tragedy, its specific genre, feactures and flaws in major characters with textual references and examples.
This document provides an overview of Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations. It summarizes that the novel follows the Bildungsroman genre in depicting the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist Phillip Pirrip from childhood to adulthood. Many autobiographical elements from Dickens' own life are reflected in the story. The plot involves Phillip striving for social mobility but eventually realizing the unfairness of class distinctions. The characters of Miss Havisham, Estella, and Joe Gargery are also summarized.
The poet is moving into a room that was previously occupied by Mr Bleaney. Through observing the sparse furnishings, the poet draws conclusions about Bleaney's lonely and stagnant life. The room reflects Bleaney's isolation, as seen in the faded curtains and lack of personal possessions. By the end, the poet worries that he may be becoming like Bleaney over time, trapped in a solitary existence. The poem implies how our environments and circumstances shape our identities.
Alexander Pope was a Roman Catholic poet born in London in 1688 who was self-taught and inspired by classical Greek writers. His masterpiece, "The Rape of the Lock," was written in 1712 as a mock-heroic epic poem satirizing a trivial dispute between two aristocratic families after a lock of hair was cut from a woman without permission. The poem uses the conventions of an epic, such as supernatural machinery involving sylphs and other spirits, to dramatize the trivial conflict in a way that comments on vanity and the disproportionate values of aristocratic society.
The document defines epics as long narrative poems about heroic deeds and actions of great people. Characteristics include divine intervention, supernatural forces, and heroes embodying societal values. Mock-epics parody epics through trivial themes and mocking stereotypes. In the 18th century, mock-epics exposed societal follies and moral corruption. The Rape of the Lock follows epic conventions like invoking a muse but for trivial themes, making petty things more ridiculous through contrast with great things. It is considered a successful example of mock-heroic style.
This presentation is a part of my academic presentation of The Renaissance literature Semester 1 of Department English MA English, MKBU and it is submitted to Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad Sir.
The document discusses gender roles and expectations for women in 19th century Norway as portrayed in A Doll's House. It summarizes that women were expected to marry, have children and stay at home while relying on male relatives for financial support. Nora and other female characters are forced to deceive or compromise their integrity to survive within these confines. The relationship between Mrs. Linde and Krogstad represents a more equitable dynamic that Nora desires by the end of the play. Deception and financial issues are recurring themes that reveal the corrupting influence of the rigid gender roles of the time.
Victorian Novel Presented by Sharmin Akter Monir Hossen
This presentation summarizes the Victorian society depicted in novels of the time. It introduces key Victorian writers like Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, William Thackeray, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, and the Bronte sisters. Their novels realistically portrayed social issues of the Victorian era like the suffering of the working class, child labor, and the conflict between religion and science. The novels also highlighted themes of love, morality, and the changing social manners through complex plots and in-depth character analyses. In conclusion, the Victorian period was an important time for the rise of the novel as a genre to depict transformations in society.
The document provides an in-depth analysis of Virginia Woolf's novel "To the Lighthouse". It discusses that the novel was written in 1927 after Woolf read modernist writers like Proust and Joyce. The title represents themes of hope, desire, contradictions and dual aspects of life. It also represents the journey towards light and progress. The novel is divided into three sections that symbolize different aspects. It provides meanings of key elements and themes in the novel.
Fielding: Tom Jones - Power Point PresentationShineLifeHeart
In the presentation:
1. Fielding's life and works
2. Tom Jones (Characteristics)
3. Tom Jones' genre (Bildungroman and picaresque novel)
4. Plot
5. Themes
6. A Text (from the book): The foundling (Characteristis)
ATTENTION, please read:
This is only a presentation with the main points, not all the reasearch is present in this.
If you are looking for a presentation with all the reasearches in it, this is not the right one.
Hope you like it.
Bye.
:)
The Rape of the Lock was written by Pope to chide gently the Fermor family when Lord Petre cut off a lock of Arabella Fermor’s hair on a certain fateful day and such dire consequences followed. Pope started something that culminated into a piece of literature that has remained to this day a leading example of the mock epic satire.
Virginia Woolf was born in 1882 in London and did not receive a formal education. Her mother died when she was 13, which caused Virginia's first mental breakdown. She began writing reviews and tutoring. In 1912, she married writer Leonard Woolf. Together they founded the Hogarth Press in 1917. Virginia Woolf battled depression throughout her life and took her own life in 1941. She was a pioneer of modernist literature through her experimental styles and use of stream of consciousness in works like Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse.
The Duchess of Malfi Presented by MM Shariful Karim Monir Hossen
This document provides an overview and analysis of John Webster's play The Duchess of Malfi. It begins with background on Webster and an introduction to the play. It then discusses major characters, plot, themes of revenge tragedy, and excerpts of critical analysis. The play is described as a revenge tragedy centered around a Duchess who secretly marries below her class and is executed, leading others to seek revenge. The document provides historical context and analyzes characters and themes through quotes from the play.
This document summarizes the key points about Oedipus as a tragic hero from Aristotle's perspective using Sophocles' play Oedipus Rex as an example. It discusses how Oedipus fits Aristotle's definition as a man of noble birth whose downfall comes from an error in judgment rather than depravity. Specifically, it outlines how Oedipus' characteristics of intelligence, determination, and honesty ultimately lead to his tragic discovery that he unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. The document also examines the roles of fate, character flaws, and the emotions of pity and fear aroused in the audience as contributing factors to Oedipus' downfall as a tragic hero.
Picture of child life-mill on the flossLaiba Farooq
George Eliot's novel The Mill on the Floss depicts child psychology through the characters of Maggie and Tom Tulliver. Maggie is an intelligent but neglected child who seeks love through reading, while Tom receives all the family's attention. Their differing characters and experiences show the psychological effects of isolation versus acceptance in children. The novel was pioneering for its deep exploration of characters' inner thoughts and motivations, establishing Eliot as one of the first modern psychological novelists.
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, often known simply as Tom Jones, is a comic novel by the English playwright and novelist Henry Fielding. The novel is both a Bildungsroman and a picaresque novel.
This document provides biographical and contextual information about the English novelist George Eliot. It notes that she was one of the leading writers of the Victorian Era and used a male pen name. The document summarizes some of her major works, including Middlemarch, which has been called the greatest English novel, and Daniel Deronda, her last completed novel. It provides dates of her birth and death and discusses her relationship with George Henry Lewes and her career as a translator, poet, and journalist in addition to being a novelist.
George Eliot's 1860 novel The Mill on the Floss follows siblings Tom and Maggie Tulliver and their family. Mr. Tulliver owns the Dorlcote Mill but loses it after a lawsuit brought by Mr. Wakem. This causes financial and emotional strain on the family. Maggie and Tom grow apart as Tom resents Maggie's intellectual curiosity. Maggie falls for both Philip Wakem and Stephen Guest, but her love for them is rejected by society and contributes to her tragic fate when she and Tom die together in a flood while trying to save each other. The novel examines themes of love, sympathy, and the influence of society on individuals.
This document discusses themes from Thomas Hardy's novel "Tess of the D'Urbervilles". It outlines several key themes: 1) fate versus free will and how Tess is subjected to forces beyond her control, 2) male predominance and sexual harassment exemplified through Alec's harassment of Tess, and 3) the conflict between tradition and modernism seen through changes in farming techniques. Additional themes covered include prejudice, the lure of money, and a struggle between knowledge and ignorance. The document provides details on these themes through examples and passages from the novel.
The document summarizes Aristotle's views on tragic heroes and the elements of tragedy. According to Aristotle, the ideal tragic hero is of high birth and essentially good, but makes an error in judgment that leads to their downfall, arousing pity and fear in the audience. The hero must also be appropriate to their station, true to life, and act consistently in character. Aristotle's views provided guidelines for later playwrights, though some elements like the hero's morality have been challenged.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, critic, and philosopher who was a leader of Romantic poetry. He divided imagination into primary and secondary forms. Primary imagination is a creative faculty possessed by all, while secondary imagination is the conscious, creative power of poets. Coleridge believed the purpose of poetry was to give pleasure, and defined a poem as having organic unity and seeking to produce immediate pleasure in readers through the willing suspension of disbelief. He saw imagination as the key distinguishing factor of a true poet.
Web marketing includes various online marketing techniques like ecommerce websites, affiliate marketing websites, promotional websites, online advertising, and search engine optimization. It uses the internet as a marketing channel to generate sales leads, sell products/services, and support businesses through activities like affiliate marketing. Affiliate marketing works by driving traffic and sales to partner websites through links and ads, with affiliates receiving rewards like commissions based on sales.
This document discusses share capital and provides guidance on auditing share capital. It defines share capital as funds raised by issuing shares in exchange for cash or other considerations. Share capital can include both common and preferred shares and the amount can change as new shares are issued. The document then provides details on authorized share capital and how it differs from issued share capital. It outlines steps auditors should take to verify share capital is properly classified, authorized share movements are correctly recorded, reserves are properly disclosed, and legal requirements are met. Key points for auditing share capital include checking board minutes, testing share applications to cashbook entries, and verifying compliance with company regulations.
The document defines epics as long narrative poems about heroic deeds and actions of great people. Characteristics include divine intervention, supernatural forces, and heroes embodying societal values. Mock-epics parody epics through trivial themes and mocking stereotypes. In the 18th century, mock-epics exposed societal follies and moral corruption. The Rape of the Lock follows epic conventions like invoking a muse but for trivial themes, making petty things more ridiculous through contrast with great things. It is considered a successful example of mock-heroic style.
This presentation is a part of my academic presentation of The Renaissance literature Semester 1 of Department English MA English, MKBU and it is submitted to Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad Sir.
The document discusses gender roles and expectations for women in 19th century Norway as portrayed in A Doll's House. It summarizes that women were expected to marry, have children and stay at home while relying on male relatives for financial support. Nora and other female characters are forced to deceive or compromise their integrity to survive within these confines. The relationship between Mrs. Linde and Krogstad represents a more equitable dynamic that Nora desires by the end of the play. Deception and financial issues are recurring themes that reveal the corrupting influence of the rigid gender roles of the time.
Victorian Novel Presented by Sharmin Akter Monir Hossen
This presentation summarizes the Victorian society depicted in novels of the time. It introduces key Victorian writers like Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, William Thackeray, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, and the Bronte sisters. Their novels realistically portrayed social issues of the Victorian era like the suffering of the working class, child labor, and the conflict between religion and science. The novels also highlighted themes of love, morality, and the changing social manners through complex plots and in-depth character analyses. In conclusion, the Victorian period was an important time for the rise of the novel as a genre to depict transformations in society.
The document provides an in-depth analysis of Virginia Woolf's novel "To the Lighthouse". It discusses that the novel was written in 1927 after Woolf read modernist writers like Proust and Joyce. The title represents themes of hope, desire, contradictions and dual aspects of life. It also represents the journey towards light and progress. The novel is divided into three sections that symbolize different aspects. It provides meanings of key elements and themes in the novel.
Fielding: Tom Jones - Power Point PresentationShineLifeHeart
In the presentation:
1. Fielding's life and works
2. Tom Jones (Characteristics)
3. Tom Jones' genre (Bildungroman and picaresque novel)
4. Plot
5. Themes
6. A Text (from the book): The foundling (Characteristis)
ATTENTION, please read:
This is only a presentation with the main points, not all the reasearch is present in this.
If you are looking for a presentation with all the reasearches in it, this is not the right one.
Hope you like it.
Bye.
:)
The Rape of the Lock was written by Pope to chide gently the Fermor family when Lord Petre cut off a lock of Arabella Fermor’s hair on a certain fateful day and such dire consequences followed. Pope started something that culminated into a piece of literature that has remained to this day a leading example of the mock epic satire.
Virginia Woolf was born in 1882 in London and did not receive a formal education. Her mother died when she was 13, which caused Virginia's first mental breakdown. She began writing reviews and tutoring. In 1912, she married writer Leonard Woolf. Together they founded the Hogarth Press in 1917. Virginia Woolf battled depression throughout her life and took her own life in 1941. She was a pioneer of modernist literature through her experimental styles and use of stream of consciousness in works like Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse.
The Duchess of Malfi Presented by MM Shariful Karim Monir Hossen
This document provides an overview and analysis of John Webster's play The Duchess of Malfi. It begins with background on Webster and an introduction to the play. It then discusses major characters, plot, themes of revenge tragedy, and excerpts of critical analysis. The play is described as a revenge tragedy centered around a Duchess who secretly marries below her class and is executed, leading others to seek revenge. The document provides historical context and analyzes characters and themes through quotes from the play.
This document summarizes the key points about Oedipus as a tragic hero from Aristotle's perspective using Sophocles' play Oedipus Rex as an example. It discusses how Oedipus fits Aristotle's definition as a man of noble birth whose downfall comes from an error in judgment rather than depravity. Specifically, it outlines how Oedipus' characteristics of intelligence, determination, and honesty ultimately lead to his tragic discovery that he unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. The document also examines the roles of fate, character flaws, and the emotions of pity and fear aroused in the audience as contributing factors to Oedipus' downfall as a tragic hero.
Picture of child life-mill on the flossLaiba Farooq
George Eliot's novel The Mill on the Floss depicts child psychology through the characters of Maggie and Tom Tulliver. Maggie is an intelligent but neglected child who seeks love through reading, while Tom receives all the family's attention. Their differing characters and experiences show the psychological effects of isolation versus acceptance in children. The novel was pioneering for its deep exploration of characters' inner thoughts and motivations, establishing Eliot as one of the first modern psychological novelists.
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, often known simply as Tom Jones, is a comic novel by the English playwright and novelist Henry Fielding. The novel is both a Bildungsroman and a picaresque novel.
This document provides biographical and contextual information about the English novelist George Eliot. It notes that she was one of the leading writers of the Victorian Era and used a male pen name. The document summarizes some of her major works, including Middlemarch, which has been called the greatest English novel, and Daniel Deronda, her last completed novel. It provides dates of her birth and death and discusses her relationship with George Henry Lewes and her career as a translator, poet, and journalist in addition to being a novelist.
George Eliot's 1860 novel The Mill on the Floss follows siblings Tom and Maggie Tulliver and their family. Mr. Tulliver owns the Dorlcote Mill but loses it after a lawsuit brought by Mr. Wakem. This causes financial and emotional strain on the family. Maggie and Tom grow apart as Tom resents Maggie's intellectual curiosity. Maggie falls for both Philip Wakem and Stephen Guest, but her love for them is rejected by society and contributes to her tragic fate when she and Tom die together in a flood while trying to save each other. The novel examines themes of love, sympathy, and the influence of society on individuals.
This document discusses themes from Thomas Hardy's novel "Tess of the D'Urbervilles". It outlines several key themes: 1) fate versus free will and how Tess is subjected to forces beyond her control, 2) male predominance and sexual harassment exemplified through Alec's harassment of Tess, and 3) the conflict between tradition and modernism seen through changes in farming techniques. Additional themes covered include prejudice, the lure of money, and a struggle between knowledge and ignorance. The document provides details on these themes through examples and passages from the novel.
The document summarizes Aristotle's views on tragic heroes and the elements of tragedy. According to Aristotle, the ideal tragic hero is of high birth and essentially good, but makes an error in judgment that leads to their downfall, arousing pity and fear in the audience. The hero must also be appropriate to their station, true to life, and act consistently in character. Aristotle's views provided guidelines for later playwrights, though some elements like the hero's morality have been challenged.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, critic, and philosopher who was a leader of Romantic poetry. He divided imagination into primary and secondary forms. Primary imagination is a creative faculty possessed by all, while secondary imagination is the conscious, creative power of poets. Coleridge believed the purpose of poetry was to give pleasure, and defined a poem as having organic unity and seeking to produce immediate pleasure in readers through the willing suspension of disbelief. He saw imagination as the key distinguishing factor of a true poet.
Web marketing includes various online marketing techniques like ecommerce websites, affiliate marketing websites, promotional websites, online advertising, and search engine optimization. It uses the internet as a marketing channel to generate sales leads, sell products/services, and support businesses through activities like affiliate marketing. Affiliate marketing works by driving traffic and sales to partner websites through links and ads, with affiliates receiving rewards like commissions based on sales.
This document discusses share capital and provides guidance on auditing share capital. It defines share capital as funds raised by issuing shares in exchange for cash or other considerations. Share capital can include both common and preferred shares and the amount can change as new shares are issued. The document then provides details on authorized share capital and how it differs from issued share capital. It outlines steps auditors should take to verify share capital is properly classified, authorized share movements are correctly recorded, reserves are properly disclosed, and legal requirements are met. Key points for auditing share capital include checking board minutes, testing share applications to cashbook entries, and verifying compliance with company regulations.
This document discusses consent and contracts. It states that when consent is not free due to coercion, undue influence, fraud, or misrepresentation, the contract is usually voidable by the party whose consent was affected. It defines undue influence as using a dominant position over another party to obtain an unfair advantage. A mistake of fact can be either unilateral, where one party is mistaken, or bilateral, where both parties are mistaken about an essential matter, in which case the contract is void.
Control involves ensuring operations follow established plans, orders, and principles. It measures past performance to identify mistakes and take corrective actions to prevent future issues. Control is a continuous process performed by all managers that establishes standards, measures actual performance, analyzes deviations, and takes steps to correct them. In summary, control verifies conformity to plans and instructions, identifies weaknesses, and works to remedy issues and prevent their recurrence.
The document provides an introduction to a translation studies project analyzing Ernest Hemingway's novel A Farewell to Arms translated into Urdu as Widaa-e-Jang by Ashfaq Ahmad. It discusses the source text by Hemingway, introduces the translator Ashfaq Ahmad and his translation, presents the hypothesis and reviews relevant translation theories that will be applied in the analysis, including those of Nida and Taber, Jakobson, and Vinay and Darbelnet.
This document provides a summary of a model for learning based on learning theories and strategies. It discusses that learning is a change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience. Key aspects of learning include building connections between new and existing knowledge, overcoming obstacles through continued practice and planning, and maintaining motivation. The model is represented by a picture showing how different areas of knowledge are connected like a roadmap or communication network, and how planning and seeing the entire system can help facilitate the learning process.
From the particular to the universal re-reading pessimism in dream on monke...Fatima Gul
This document provides a summary and analysis of Derek Walcott's play Dream on Monkey Mountain. It argues that while the play seems to present a pessimistic view of attempts to reclaim African identity, a closer reading reveals nuance. While mimicry of white colonizers and the African revival both initially appear futile according to the theories of Fanon, Walcott's text can be read more optimistically. Specifically, the initial stages of Makak's reclamation of his African identity seem authentic in addressing his suffering, despite the revival ultimately descending into madness. This suggests the universal and particular should not be viewed as entirely oppositional.
This document summarizes Naipaul's visit to Shafi's village of Kota Bharu in Malaysia. It describes the village as covered in jungle with constant rain. Naipaul meets with a government employee and three head teachers, including a lecturer who shares his experience studying at Al-Azhar University in Cairo, saying the Arab students there were undisciplined and unreliable. The village is contrasted with Shafi's view of it being once unpolluted with pious people, unlike the present situation with modern influences.
The document provides an in-depth analysis and summary of Graham Greene's novel "The Tenth Man". It discusses how the novel portrays several themes prominent in post-war societies, including the psychological effects of war, loss of identity, loneliness, and lack of faith. It analyzes Greene's exploration of concepts like time, human nature, deception, and recovery of faith through the main character's journey. Overall, the summary examines how the novel captures the human condition and fragility in the aftermath of war through its characters and exploration of existentialist ideas.
This document provides an overview of theories related to translation studies. It discusses Vinay and Darbelnet's model of direct and oblique translation, Catford's model of translation shifts including level and category shifts, and Roman Jakobson's model of equivalence. The document also outlines the structure of a research project analyzing the translation of Gone With the Wind from English to Urdu using these theoretical frameworks.
Cognitivism is a learning theory that looks beyond observable behaviors to explain learning as a mental process. It views humans as active thinkers who process new information by relating it to their prior knowledge through mental constructs. Constructivism, a cognitive learning theory, holds that learning is an active process where learners construct new knowledge by integrating new information into existing mental frameworks. The cognitive approach sees language acquisition as similar to other types of learning, where knowledge is represented and organized mentally according to cognitive principles. Cognitivism has influenced English for Specific Purposes by focusing on giving learners meaningful activities and reading strategies related to their fields to facilitate comprehension and knowledge construction.
This document provides information about several Caribbean countries and authors from the region:
- It discusses the history of Jamaica, including its use as a base for privateers, the destruction of Port Royal, the growth of Kingston as the capital, and its dependence on slave labor for sugar plantations. It also mentions uprisings by enslaved Africans.
- For Cuba, it outlines the indigenous peoples, Spanish colonization, British occupation, independence struggles, and formal independence in 1902.
- It profiles several Jamaican and Cuban authors including Roger Mais, Nicolás Guillén, Paule Marshall, Anthony Kellman, Nancy Morejón, and Carlton Lindsay Barrett, noting their themes around African and Afro
Manu Herbstein is a South African author who has lived in Ghana since 1970. His novel Ama, a Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade won the 2002 Commonwealth Writers Prize and tells the story of a woman captured and sold into slavery in Brazil. Zakes Mda is a critically acclaimed post-Apartheid South African author whose works explore the struggle to maintain traditional African values against Western influences. One such work is The Heart of Redness, which depicts a man returning to a rural village after time abroad. Zoë Wicomb's book You Can't Get Lost in Cape Town explores the experience of "Coloured" South Africans under apartheid through the story of a girl sent to integrate a prestigious school in
The document provides an analysis of the translation of Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations into Urdu. It begins with an introduction on translation studies and theories of translation. The objectives are then stated as tracing the theoretical framework applied in the translation process. Key research questions focus on identifying the theoretical model used and its application/findings. The literature review outlines theories that will be applied, including Nida's theory of equivalence, Vinay and Darbelnet's translation techniques model, and Catford's linguistic shift approach. The analysis section applies these theories to examine examples from both the source and target texts. Elements like gender, aspect, and semantic fields are compared between the English and Urdu texts based on the outlined translation theories.
The document provides a detailed summary and analysis of the novel "The Tenth Man" by Graham Greene. It discusses how the novel follows Aristotle's three unities of time, action, and place with a clear beginning, middle, and end across its four parts. Some of the major themes explored in the novel include the significance of time and identity, existentialism and the struggle for survival, redemption, and the triumph of good over evil in human nature. In conclusion, the document states that Greene explores the complexity and dynamism of human life while preserving optimism that through faith, one can find new life or satisfaction through their actions.
Naipaul uses sharp imagery to describe Pakistan as fragmented, economically stagnant, and despotically ruled. He argues that Pakistan and Iran use religion for political gain due to lacking scientific progress. Naipaul discusses Pakistan's struggling economy by comparing it to Iran's. He also notes how Pakistani leaders misuse religion, such as General Zia collecting loans under the guise of a pilgrimage. Naipaul questions the original logic of partitioning India, suggesting Muslim leaders exploited religion. Through conversations in Karachi, Naipaul seeks to understand the application of Islam but finds most have limited knowledge and vision, causing him to doubt the potential for an ideal Islamic state.
This document provides an overview of the history and literature of several Caribbean islands including Jamaica, Dominica, Barbados, Trinidad, Saint Lucia, and the wider Caribbean region. It discusses the indigenous peoples, European colonization, the slave trade and its abolition, independence movements, and important post-colonial writers from each island such as George Lamming of Barbados, Merle Hodge of Trinidad, and Roderick Walcott of Saint Lucia. The document examines how these writers addressed themes of identity, racism, and the Caribbean experience under colonial rule in their works.
This document provides a summary of the Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing and discusses how travel writings about India were influenced by European traditions from the 1500s to the present. Early accounts criticized India and depicted Calcutta negatively. By the 19th century, the British lens dominated depictions of India in travel texts. Travel writings established genres and helped the British transition from trade to rule. Accounts documented people, customs and helped assert British dominance and understanding of India. Representations of places like Calcutta shifted from a city of palaces to one of chaos and disease over time.
Ted Hughes' conception of nature is marked by a recognition of violence and aggression that reflects the mood of his era. He highlights the darker, violent aspects of nature unlike Wordsworth. Hughes' poetry depicts different forms of violence through animal imagery - poems like Pike show the brutality and ferocity in nature as pike fish kill their own kind. Bayonet Charge depicts the gory, violent realities of war in contrast to the typical glorification of war. Hughes uses birds and fish to symbolize complex issues of power, authority, and violence in countries like England. His portrayal of the macabre in nature reflects the post-war depression and alienation of his time.
Here are some examples of borrowing from the source text to the target text:
1. Baseball, skiff, Gulf stream, sheet, shark Factory, block and tackle, guano
The translator directly borrowed these English words and terms instead of translating them into Urdu.
2. Calque:
No clear examples of calque found.
3. Literal translation:
Many parts of the source text seem to have been translated literally word-for-word into Urdu, such as descriptions of objects and actions. For example:
"It made the boy sad... and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was
1. What role does social class play in the novel Great Expectations? What lesson does Pip
learn from his experience?
Great expectations reveal Dickens’s dark attitudes towards Victorian society such as its inherent
class structure, flaw of judicial system, contrast between rural and urban England and
immorality of high class. The novel tells how wealth inspires great expectations, how those
influences and creates class consciousness, and all the monsters vanities that have been curses in
the world.
Great expectations tells the story of Philip Pirrip, known as ‘pip’, an orphan brought up by his
bad tempered sister and her warm hearted husband, Joe Gargery, the village blacksmith. The
hero raised in humble circumstances, comes into a fortune, and then quickly disavows family
and friends. When he loses in fortune he is forced to recognize his past conduct and ingratitude.
“As I had grown accustomed to my expectations, I had insensibly begun to notice their effect
upon myself and those around me. Their influence on my character I disguised from my
recognition as much as possible. But I know very well that it was not all good”
Throughout Great Expectations, Dickens talks about the class system of Victorian society,
ranging from the most wretched criminal (Magwitch) to the poor peasants of the marsh country
(Joe and Biddy) to the middle class (Pumblechook) to the very rich
(Miss Havisham). It is not only there were several classes but there were also class distinction or
class consciousness. The people of the upper class did not mix with the people of the lower
class. It is seen through the pip’s uneasiness on the arrival of Joe at London . The theme of
social class is central to the novel’s plot and to the ultimate moral theme of the book—Pip’s
realization that wealth and class are less important than affection, loyalty, and inner worth. Pip
achieves this realization when he is finally able to understand that, despite the esteem in which
he holds Estella, one’s social status is in no way connected to one’s real character. Drummle, for
instance, is an upper-class lout, while Magwitch, a persecuted convict, has a deep inner worth.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember Great Expectations’ treatment of social class is
that the class system it portrays is based on the post-Industrial Revolution model of Victorian
England. Dickens generally ignores the nobility in favour of characters whose fortunes have
been earned through commerce. In this way he connects the theme of social class to the idea of
work and self-advancement.
I had heard of Miss Havisham up town – everybody for miles round, had heard of Miss
Havisham up town – as an immensely rich and grim lady who lived in a large and dismal house
barricaded against robbers, and who led a life of seclusion. (1.7.80)
Pip takes all his cues from Joe. He learns how to interact with the world through his brother-in-
law. Here, we see Pip focused on what the he lacks rather than what he has. His introduction to
"society" makes him fully aware of the absence of things. Pip wants to belong to Miss
Havisham’s world, but he does not have the key to unlock it.
I wished Joe had been rather more genteelly brought up, and then I should have been so too.
(1.8.92)
2. Pip feels like gentlemanly behavior is something that can be caught, like a cold. He is so caught
up in the appearance of things. Pip values the knowledge that Miss Havisham and Estella have
over the knowledge that Joe has, even though he has rarely had a thoughtful conversation with
Estella. His relationship to Estella seems completely dependent upon externalities.
Whatever I acquired, I tried to impart to Joe. This statement sounds so well, that I cannot in my
conscience let it pass unexplained. I wanted to make Joe less ignorant and common, that he
might be worthier of my society and less open to Estella's reproach. (1.15.2)
The marked difference existed between the rural and urban England. The real picture of the rural
England is given through the Joe’s family the lives of the rural people were still very simple.
They were honest and caring but the people of the city like London became complicated as well
as complex. For example pip arrived in the metropolis and has taken a look around. He is not
much impressed by the locality in which Mr.Jaggers has his office. He finds this locality called
“Little Britain”, to be full of filth. Mr. Jaggers office is itself a most dismal place.
The people of the upper class are immoral. A number of characters in the novel are dominated
by greed for money. When pip goes on Miss Havisham’s house for the second time he finds a
number of Miss Havisham’s relative there, Camilla is an aging , talkative relative of Miss
Havisham who does not care much for Miss Havisham but only wants her money, Cousin
Raymond is another relative of Miss Havisham who is interested in her money and is married to
Camilla, Gorgiana is another aging relative of Miss Havisham who is also only interested in her
money, Sarah Pocket is also one of her relative only greedy of her money. He calls relatives
“toadies and humbugs”
Due to the shocking difference that people of the higher class or the gentlemen also got different
treatment from the judicial system. They were highly punished. While the people of the lower
class comparatively got the harsh punishment. Magwitch fell a victim to injustice of law
enforcing agency. They passed a harsher punishment (14 years punishment) for Magwitch then
the original criminal Compeyson (7 years imprisonment) simple because Magwitch had
previous records of criminal activities while Compeyson seemed a gentleman with good and
upper social lineage.
Effect on Pip’s Life after being gentleman:
Social class played a major role in the society depicted in Charles Dickens's Great Expectations.
Social class determined the manner in which a person was treated and their access to education.
Yet, social class did not define the character of the individual.
Many characters were treated differently because of their social class in Great Expectations.
Seeing the contrast between how the poor and the rich were treated will give a clearer
understanding of how much social class mattered.
Pip learnt many lessons throughout the novel from childhood till adolescent. He learnt that
wealth is not enough for a man’s happiness. A man has to do something in his life for a better
future or he should rely on his own. Pip did many things good as well as bad. He was born with
3. a destiny to be poor but it is not his mistake. We see in the novel that Pip did things to change
his destiny and to be rich like his upper class but the way he struggles like when Mr. Jagger tells
him that he is ready to make Pip a gentleman and expectations of great wealth for him. He offers
him a great deal of money and money comes from unknown benefactor. Pip did not try once to
find out who is his benefactor and without any investigation, he keeps money. This act of Pip
clearly shows the lack of confidence in Pip’s character. Instead of confidence of earning such
money and achieve something, he relies on somebody’s money even without investigating the
source.
When he meets Biddy, Estella and Miss Havisham at Satis house, he recognizes his low status
as he came to know there and Pip falls in love with Estella but she immediately rebuffs him.
He calls the knaves, Jacks, this boy!’ said Estella with disdain, before our first game was out.
‘And what coarse hands he has! And what thick boots!’
At the age of fourteen, Miss Havisham pays for him to be apprenticed to Joe Gorgery, the
village Blacksmith and his visit of Satis house and to Estella come to an end. After four years of
apprenticeship, Pip receives avisit from an old lawyer Mr. Jaggers whom he had met as Satis
House some years previously.
With that money he goes to London to learn to be a gentleman. Here he becomes proud and
snobbish like the upper class and neglects his old friends but particularly the loving blacksmith.
Finally, I remember that when I got into my little bedroom, I was truly wretched, and had a
strong conviction on me that I should never like Joe’s trade. I had liked it once, but once was
not now.
In London, he gradually gets himself further and further into debt and is continually snubbed by
Estella, who is now also living in London. Even in this moment, he does not realize that how his
friends get hurt of his behavior in the same way as he is getting hurt of the Estella’s behavior.
Pip is divided here between what is familiar and what is sexy. He knows Biddy well, they talks
and interact daily. All Pip knows of Estella is her beauty, her household, and her attitude
towards him.
And now, because my mind was not confused enough before, I complicated its confusion fifty
thousand-fold, by having states and seasons when I was clear that Biddy was immeasurably
better than Estella, and that the plain honest working life to which I was born, had nothing in it
to be ashamed of, but offered me sufficient means of self-respect and happiness. (1.17.74)
Further on when at a point, Pip’s real benefactor is revealed, this turns out to be Abel Magwitch,
the convict he helped on the marshes when he was a child and who has in the meantime made a
fortune as a transported convict in Australia. Pip at first rejects the lowly Magwitch, and is
ashamed that the source of his present wealth comes from a criminal. Even at this stage, Pip is
not understanding that if at this moment, Magwitch is low of a lower class then Pip too belongs
to a lower class.
4. He gradually becomes very change and his attitude towards the lower class makes him remind
of the attitude of the upper class with him.
He does not recognize himself with Joe because he thinks that Joe is not educated and does not
know the manners of a gentleman. This is Dicken’s sharp criticism that a fake Victorian
gentleman Pip becomes ashamed of his childhood friend Joe’s presence at his lodging in
London. When Biddy, by writing a letter, informs Pip that Joe is coming at London, after
hearing that news, Pip cannot remain happy rather a growing discomfort seizes him. Inwardly
he does not hope Joe’s coming to meet him at London where Pip lives with a sophisticated
society. Pip in order to improve his status, gets loan for himself. But this was Joe who payed
back his loan. Now he finally realized that he has lost his loved ones.
In Great Expectations, a person's social class determined the amount of education they had. It is
important to perceive this relationship between education and social class to clearly understand
the importance of social class. A person like Joe who was a common blacksmith had no
education at all. Pip, in the early days when he was low class, had a poor education at a small
school. The school was not the best of schools, but it's all that the lower class had. The teacher
spent more time sleeping than teaching and Pip had learned more from Biddy than from the
actual teacher. Even though he had an education when he was low class, his education as a
gentleman with Mr. Pocket was much greater. Another example of how social class affects
education is the difference of education between the two convicts. Magwitch, born poor and low
class had no education at all while Compeyson, born rich was high class and a gentleman with
an education. Education is a factor in showing how social class greatly determined people's
lives.
Even though social class determined many things, it did not establish a person's true inner
character. Realizing this will play a part in proving that social class did matter in most but not
all cases. For example, the lowest class people were Joe, Biddy, Magwitch, and Orlick. Joe and
Biddy were very poor but had very good hearts. Joe was always there for Pip and Biddy had
moved in to help Mrs. Joe. Magwitch was a dirty convict of the lowest class, but he turned out
to be a very caring and generous man. Orlick was low class and his character also turned out to
be very low because he was a murderer. The fact that there are both good and cold hearted
people in the lower class shows that class has no connection with how people really are.
Another example is the richer class. This includes Ms. Havisham, Estella, Herbert, Jaggers, and
Wemmick. Ms. Havisham and Estella were both very wealthy but they had no heart and their
intentions were to bring hell to all men. While Herbert was the opposite, he was a true friend to
Pip and always stayed by his side. Jaggers and Wemmick also in the higher class had supported
Pip through his gentleman years. Being aware that not all of the high class were necessarily
good people states the fact that class does not determine character. Even though class mattered
in most things, this is an example it did not take part in.
5. After exploring how class was associated with the way people were treated, how much
education they had, but not with their true character, these facts have become easy to discern.
With these points proved, the fact that social class mattered in most but not all things had no
doubt become clear in the mind. It is strange how different social class had been back in Pip's
days and now.
Dickens gives readers more than a dramatic moral tale. He offers the readers a lesson in self
value and perseverance. In his Britain, a man is not trapped in a world of poverty unless he
chooses to be trapped. And, that poverty can be based on lack of money, education or genuine
kindness toward others.
Charles Dickens is a master storyteller and his body of work speaks for his talent. It is in one of
his best novels, Great Expectations, that he expands upon his literary tales about social classes
in Britain and the consequences of ideal wealth and unscrupulous living.
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