ABSTRACT: The eminence of a woman in a society varied with each culture, each country and with each age. Of course, in most societies and in most cultures, like in Indian society and culture, the woman is given an eminent position, at least theoretically. However, in practicality, a woman was always regarded as secondary to a man and was forbidden from all centers of power. Naturally, women were oppressed through different means and ways peculiar to each culture and society which gradually led to the rise of the feminist movement. In which, women were authorized to express their opinions against restrictions and patriarchal injustices. Basically, feminism focuses on finding one’s own roots in the society.The word ‘Feminism’ deals with the higher perception of individuality of women and also the female conundrums. The last few decades have noticed this new genre of writing by women, for women, and about women, particularly in Indian English Writing. Needless to say, the Indian women in these writings are a blend of tradition and modernity enduring the trials of the past and yearning for a better destiny. This is the main essence of feminism in Indian Literature. Women’s writings have achieved a great deal of prominence all over the world. Many Indian women novelists have probed into female psyche in order to establish individuality. The last three decades have observed the emersion of eminent feminist in Indian literature like Anita Nair, ShashiDeshpande, Arundhati Roy, Anita Desai, ManjuKapurand Shobha De who dealt with their female protagonists in a more prominent manner. This paper focuses on “Finding one’s roots with reference to Anita Nair’s ‘Ladies Coupe’ and ShashiDeshpande’s ‘Roots and Shadows
Marginalization of women in the Selected Novels of Manjukapur And Anita Nair:...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Marginalization is the powerlessness and exclusion experienced by a group, resulting from an inequality of control of ‘resources and power structures’ within society. Feminism argues that woman is marginalized due to the patriarchal structure of society. Marginalisation happens when a person is cornered, alienated and driven to the wall in the society. It is a systematic process, so to say, a type of conspiracy woven like a web with the underlying characteristic features of domination and subordination forcing the woman into submission always. But the feminist theory advocates equality - politically, economically and socially. Even after harping on these equal rights alone, many feminists of late, have come to realise that these cannot free women from sexual and social subordination. So, it is in the fitness of things that marginalisation of women, their predicament, and their struggle for identity in finding their own space are taken up and adequately exposed which are the core elements of this trend.
Search of Identity: A study of Manju Kapur’s novel “Difficult Daughters”inventionjournals
This paper presents the woman as an individual who fights against suppression and oppression of the patriarchy. The novel Difficult Daughters sensibly shows the position of women and her longing struggle to establish an identity. Manju Kapur has come out as serious social thinker in her novels because there is a purpose behind her writing. All her novels have been written with a definite purpose because the novelist tries to analyze issues related to the middle class or upper middle class women. Manju Kapur is much interested to present the questions and problems related to women in a larger perspective. In her novels, the women’s questions have emerged essentially in the context of the identity of the new educated middle class. Manju Kapur’s female protagonists are mostly educated. They are strong individuals but imprisoned within the boundary of conservative society. Their education leads them to independent thinking for which their family and society become intolerable to them, in their individual struggle with family and society through which they plunged into a dedicated effort to search an identity for them as qualified women with faultless background. The novelist has portrayed her protagonists as women caught in the conflict between the passions of the flesh and yearning to be a part of the political and intellectual society of today
Modus Operandi of Empowering Women in Some Selected Novels of Anita Desaiijtsrd
Because of the rigid rules and regulations of the patriarchal society we have to empower women for the development of the society itself. In the Vedic Ages women were highly respected in Indian society. “Sahadharmini†which means equal partner was used in that period. Women enjoyed respect, equality, education, and reverence at that time. It was in the age of Sutras and Epics i.e. in 500 B.C. to A.D.500 that the status of women changed considerably. Their position within the society was deteriorated day by day. Manu said that a woman has to be dependent before marriage on her parents and after marriage on her husband. Throughout their life they have to maintain their role as an obedient daughter, as a devoted wife, and as a caring mother. They became the subordinate and silence second sex under the strong clutches of the patriarchal society. The feminist of India consider him as a misogynist. However since independence, the role and status of women have been gradually changed. Through different type of feministic movement which is the outburst of centuries of struggle for women's rights, women become successful to snatch a respectable position for them within the society. Being a woman, the Indian novelists of the contemporary literature raised their voices against the suppressed cultures and traditions of the society where women are considered as inferior to men, through their writings. In this particular paper, the contemporary Indian novelist Anita Desai's two novels ‘Cry, the Peacock' and ‘Clear Light of Day' have been taken up for a brief discussion to understand the status of women in Indian society. Dolan Ghosh | Dr. Anita Singh "Modus Operandi of Empowering Women in Some Selected Novels of Anita Desai" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46370.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/46370/modus-operandi-of-empowering-women-in-some-selected-novels-of-anita-desai/dolan-ghosh
A Woman’s Voyage to the Inner Psyche in Shashi Deshpande’s Dark Holds No Terrorpaperpublications3
Abstract: Novel is probably an outcome of western culture and custom. Its arrival in India has taken its shape in different forms. Indo-English novels of the early nineteenth century have portrayal of male characters as stereotyped. Perhaps the societal influences made men and women writers to pen the suppression of women in their writings. A handful of women writers’ like Shashi Deshpande, Anita Desai, Shobha De, Namitha Gokhlae, and Kamala Markandaya gave voice for women’s inner struggles. These women novelists have incorporated the recurring female experiences in their writings. They tried to create awareness through their writings, which brought reformation, and it echoed over time. Issues on women are still prevailing everywhere. Ostensibly, every writer focuses women on asserting her rights.
Marginalization of women in the Selected Novels of Manjukapur And Anita Nair:...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Marginalization is the powerlessness and exclusion experienced by a group, resulting from an inequality of control of ‘resources and power structures’ within society. Feminism argues that woman is marginalized due to the patriarchal structure of society. Marginalisation happens when a person is cornered, alienated and driven to the wall in the society. It is a systematic process, so to say, a type of conspiracy woven like a web with the underlying characteristic features of domination and subordination forcing the woman into submission always. But the feminist theory advocates equality - politically, economically and socially. Even after harping on these equal rights alone, many feminists of late, have come to realise that these cannot free women from sexual and social subordination. So, it is in the fitness of things that marginalisation of women, their predicament, and their struggle for identity in finding their own space are taken up and adequately exposed which are the core elements of this trend.
Search of Identity: A study of Manju Kapur’s novel “Difficult Daughters”inventionjournals
This paper presents the woman as an individual who fights against suppression and oppression of the patriarchy. The novel Difficult Daughters sensibly shows the position of women and her longing struggle to establish an identity. Manju Kapur has come out as serious social thinker in her novels because there is a purpose behind her writing. All her novels have been written with a definite purpose because the novelist tries to analyze issues related to the middle class or upper middle class women. Manju Kapur is much interested to present the questions and problems related to women in a larger perspective. In her novels, the women’s questions have emerged essentially in the context of the identity of the new educated middle class. Manju Kapur’s female protagonists are mostly educated. They are strong individuals but imprisoned within the boundary of conservative society. Their education leads them to independent thinking for which their family and society become intolerable to them, in their individual struggle with family and society through which they plunged into a dedicated effort to search an identity for them as qualified women with faultless background. The novelist has portrayed her protagonists as women caught in the conflict between the passions of the flesh and yearning to be a part of the political and intellectual society of today
Modus Operandi of Empowering Women in Some Selected Novels of Anita Desaiijtsrd
Because of the rigid rules and regulations of the patriarchal society we have to empower women for the development of the society itself. In the Vedic Ages women were highly respected in Indian society. “Sahadharmini†which means equal partner was used in that period. Women enjoyed respect, equality, education, and reverence at that time. It was in the age of Sutras and Epics i.e. in 500 B.C. to A.D.500 that the status of women changed considerably. Their position within the society was deteriorated day by day. Manu said that a woman has to be dependent before marriage on her parents and after marriage on her husband. Throughout their life they have to maintain their role as an obedient daughter, as a devoted wife, and as a caring mother. They became the subordinate and silence second sex under the strong clutches of the patriarchal society. The feminist of India consider him as a misogynist. However since independence, the role and status of women have been gradually changed. Through different type of feministic movement which is the outburst of centuries of struggle for women's rights, women become successful to snatch a respectable position for them within the society. Being a woman, the Indian novelists of the contemporary literature raised their voices against the suppressed cultures and traditions of the society where women are considered as inferior to men, through their writings. In this particular paper, the contemporary Indian novelist Anita Desai's two novels ‘Cry, the Peacock' and ‘Clear Light of Day' have been taken up for a brief discussion to understand the status of women in Indian society. Dolan Ghosh | Dr. Anita Singh "Modus Operandi of Empowering Women in Some Selected Novels of Anita Desai" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46370.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/46370/modus-operandi-of-empowering-women-in-some-selected-novels-of-anita-desai/dolan-ghosh
A Woman’s Voyage to the Inner Psyche in Shashi Deshpande’s Dark Holds No Terrorpaperpublications3
Abstract: Novel is probably an outcome of western culture and custom. Its arrival in India has taken its shape in different forms. Indo-English novels of the early nineteenth century have portrayal of male characters as stereotyped. Perhaps the societal influences made men and women writers to pen the suppression of women in their writings. A handful of women writers’ like Shashi Deshpande, Anita Desai, Shobha De, Namitha Gokhlae, and Kamala Markandaya gave voice for women’s inner struggles. These women novelists have incorporated the recurring female experiences in their writings. They tried to create awareness through their writings, which brought reformation, and it echoed over time. Issues on women are still prevailing everywhere. Ostensibly, every writer focuses women on asserting her rights.
Female Quest for Identity in Shashi Deshpande’s Novel: That Long Silencepaperpublications3
Novels of Shashi Deshpande abound in female quest for identity. Her novels are usually narrated by female protagonists
who strive to find out their own selves throughout the novels. Her heroines try to find out their identity through writing
and ultimately reach a resolution in their lives. They are haunted by memories of past and feel a kind of worthlessness,
but towards the end they realize their selves. This is one of the important needs and messages in today‟s world where
women are facing a void, vaccum in their lives. Though they appear to be successful outwardly, but they seem to lack
direction and feel a sense of futility. Shashi Deshpande‟s novels fit into such a scenario and help women realize their
potential in a positive manner. The quest for female identity has its roots in the patriarchal setup, where man is given
every kind of freedom.
Sarojini Naidu – An Indian English Poetess Played Vital Role for Bengal as W...ijtsrd
In the light of the subject it is approach to provide an adequate analysis of how important role in Bengal as well as Indian Renaissance played by Sarojini Naidu. This paper is an apogee to focus the subject from the different angles of her poems and activities. The objective of this paper is to show how Sarojini Naidu awakened Indian womanhood and highted the womans right in respect of the country’s freedom. More, this paper is also a weapon to provide that Naidus poems had been the part of Indian Renaissance which brought a great change with new aspects, thought, humanism and new constructive Society. Radheswar Roy | Dr. Anita Singh | Dr. Parthapratim Dasgupta "Sarojini Naidu – An Indian English Poetess Played Vital Role for Bengal as Well as Indian Renaissance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38064.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/38064/sarojini-naidu-– -an-indian-english-poetess-played-vital-role-for-bengal-as-well-as-indian-renaissance/radheswar-roy
Storying the Self in Nigerian Gender Discourse: A Critical Evaluation of Chim...inventionjournals
:This article offers a critical review of the Nigerian female writer ChimamandaNgoziAdichie’s autobiographical essay We Should All Be Feminists (2014). Beyond the binarism of self and other and male and female inherent to any work on gender, we study the concept of Happy Feminism and its related issues introduced by Adichie in Nigerian gender discourse. By contrast with classic feminism, happy feminism is defined as a kind of feminism adapted to the African cultural context which empowers African women, improves their self-esteem and excludes any form of sexism, misogyny, misandry or emasculation. Based on a Personality Psychological approach to personal narratives and using a narratological and socio-literary framework, this article explores and puts into question the relevance of the term Happy Feminism by confronting it to current studies on Nigerian gender discourse. While not neglecting Adichie’s contribution to the elaboration of Nigerian gender discourse, the article highlights the fact that the concept of Happy Feminism is problematically undertheorised.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The intensely moving novel by Arun Joshi, a Sahitya Akademi recipient, that was published in 1971 is a commendable critique on the modern Urban Society which has become a Waste Land.
To the exclusion of other socio-political and cultural constructs, African female writers have often concentrated on problematizing the trajectories of feminine experience. They have simultaneously foregrounded the pains and the gains of being a female on the continent. They have, however, shown more interest in thematizing the positive, believing, as such, that what obtains in the work of the male writers is negative presentation of the female. The female writers have also contended that Womanism, the continental variety of Feminism, is more suitable for African women because of its recognition of peculiar contextual and racial vectors. These trajectories, anathema in other contexts, with other races, define an experience that is not only unique, but form a significant core of female experience in Africa. This paper examines the female-centred plot of Ama Ata Aidoo’s Changes and concludes that the quandary of the protagonist further externalises the dilemma of Womanism in Africa; to imbibe the individualistic and confrontational values of Feminism or remain true to the tradition of Womanism which celebrates femininity as a complementation to masculinity and venerates motherhood as a unique female facility.
Mahasweta Devi - Draupadi & Gangor (Choli ke Peeche)kwaller42
Mahasweta Devi is a famous Indian novelist and short story writer, whose ideas inspired people all over the nation. Her two most renowned short stories are 'Draupadi' which draws its inspiration from a character of the same name in the Mahabharata and 'Gangor' which was adapted to the screen and won international acclaim. Her stories are very much relevant to the feminist perspective. This PowerPoint aims to shed light on the effect these stories by Mahasweta Devi have on the ideas ingrained in society as a whole.
In this presentation, I explored the theme of feminism in Kamala Das's poem. I delved into how the poet addresses gender equality, women's empowerment, and societal expectations. Together, we uncovered the essence of feminism embedded in Das's evocative verses. Thank you for joining me on this exploration of such a powerful theme.
Female Quest for Identity in Shashi Deshpande’s Novel: That Long Silencepaperpublications3
Novels of Shashi Deshpande abound in female quest for identity. Her novels are usually narrated by female protagonists
who strive to find out their own selves throughout the novels. Her heroines try to find out their identity through writing
and ultimately reach a resolution in their lives. They are haunted by memories of past and feel a kind of worthlessness,
but towards the end they realize their selves. This is one of the important needs and messages in today‟s world where
women are facing a void, vaccum in their lives. Though they appear to be successful outwardly, but they seem to lack
direction and feel a sense of futility. Shashi Deshpande‟s novels fit into such a scenario and help women realize their
potential in a positive manner. The quest for female identity has its roots in the patriarchal setup, where man is given
every kind of freedom.
Sarojini Naidu – An Indian English Poetess Played Vital Role for Bengal as W...ijtsrd
In the light of the subject it is approach to provide an adequate analysis of how important role in Bengal as well as Indian Renaissance played by Sarojini Naidu. This paper is an apogee to focus the subject from the different angles of her poems and activities. The objective of this paper is to show how Sarojini Naidu awakened Indian womanhood and highted the womans right in respect of the country’s freedom. More, this paper is also a weapon to provide that Naidus poems had been the part of Indian Renaissance which brought a great change with new aspects, thought, humanism and new constructive Society. Radheswar Roy | Dr. Anita Singh | Dr. Parthapratim Dasgupta "Sarojini Naidu – An Indian English Poetess Played Vital Role for Bengal as Well as Indian Renaissance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38064.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/38064/sarojini-naidu-– -an-indian-english-poetess-played-vital-role-for-bengal-as-well-as-indian-renaissance/radheswar-roy
Storying the Self in Nigerian Gender Discourse: A Critical Evaluation of Chim...inventionjournals
:This article offers a critical review of the Nigerian female writer ChimamandaNgoziAdichie’s autobiographical essay We Should All Be Feminists (2014). Beyond the binarism of self and other and male and female inherent to any work on gender, we study the concept of Happy Feminism and its related issues introduced by Adichie in Nigerian gender discourse. By contrast with classic feminism, happy feminism is defined as a kind of feminism adapted to the African cultural context which empowers African women, improves their self-esteem and excludes any form of sexism, misogyny, misandry or emasculation. Based on a Personality Psychological approach to personal narratives and using a narratological and socio-literary framework, this article explores and puts into question the relevance of the term Happy Feminism by confronting it to current studies on Nigerian gender discourse. While not neglecting Adichie’s contribution to the elaboration of Nigerian gender discourse, the article highlights the fact that the concept of Happy Feminism is problematically undertheorised.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The intensely moving novel by Arun Joshi, a Sahitya Akademi recipient, that was published in 1971 is a commendable critique on the modern Urban Society which has become a Waste Land.
To the exclusion of other socio-political and cultural constructs, African female writers have often concentrated on problematizing the trajectories of feminine experience. They have simultaneously foregrounded the pains and the gains of being a female on the continent. They have, however, shown more interest in thematizing the positive, believing, as such, that what obtains in the work of the male writers is negative presentation of the female. The female writers have also contended that Womanism, the continental variety of Feminism, is more suitable for African women because of its recognition of peculiar contextual and racial vectors. These trajectories, anathema in other contexts, with other races, define an experience that is not only unique, but form a significant core of female experience in Africa. This paper examines the female-centred plot of Ama Ata Aidoo’s Changes and concludes that the quandary of the protagonist further externalises the dilemma of Womanism in Africa; to imbibe the individualistic and confrontational values of Feminism or remain true to the tradition of Womanism which celebrates femininity as a complementation to masculinity and venerates motherhood as a unique female facility.
Mahasweta Devi - Draupadi & Gangor (Choli ke Peeche)kwaller42
Mahasweta Devi is a famous Indian novelist and short story writer, whose ideas inspired people all over the nation. Her two most renowned short stories are 'Draupadi' which draws its inspiration from a character of the same name in the Mahabharata and 'Gangor' which was adapted to the screen and won international acclaim. Her stories are very much relevant to the feminist perspective. This PowerPoint aims to shed light on the effect these stories by Mahasweta Devi have on the ideas ingrained in society as a whole.
In this presentation, I explored the theme of feminism in Kamala Das's poem. I delved into how the poet addresses gender equality, women's empowerment, and societal expectations. Together, we uncovered the essence of feminism embedded in Das's evocative verses. Thank you for joining me on this exploration of such a powerful theme.
Exploration of identity in aadhey adhureNisha Paliwal
Mohan Rakesh was the pioneer of the Nai Kahani Movement, he has written a number of plays, novels and short stories. This presentation explores the theme of identity in his drama Aadhey Adhure.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Analysis of Female Views in Anita Desais Novel in Custodyijtsrd
The most well known Indian woman author in English after Indias independence, Anita Desai, focuses a lot of her writing on the issues of womens survival and existence. At this moment, the purpose of this piece is to examine how gender has shaped resistance. Anita Desai has been a strong representation of Indian women's lives, their battles against patriarchy, and colonial repression. The feminist consciousness of Desais In Custody permeates the entire book. This is the best indication of her comprehension of female psychology and experience. In In Custody, the male characters are confined to a life without success. Anita Desai condemns classical society and crisps on a deplorable male character Deven Sharma whose wife execrates his powerlessness to succeed economically. This article helps us to show how women change their ideas to make the lives successful or unsuccessful not only for them but also for their whole family. This article has been written in simple language so that people may understand the fact that how a women can make or mar the society by her capability of doing things. Nighat Ara "The Analysis of Female Views in Anita Desai's Novel in Custody" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59792.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/59792/the-analysis-of-female-views-in-anita-desais-novel-in-custody/nighat-ara
Literary Acumen of Anita Desai as a Novelistijtsrd
The Padma Bhushan Awardee novelist Anita Desai is known for her sensitive portrayals of female characters and the delineation of the middle class women in India. Though the concept of feminism does not find favour with her, women in her novels are either the central characters themselves or at least of equal importance with the male characters. Her characters are seen to be lonely individuals, refusing to accept the available value system, shrinking themselves to a world of their own illusions, comfortable assumptions and beliefs. By adopting the method of peeping into the inner tensions and turmoil of the psyche of her characters, she tries to explore their difficulties and problems and alienated individual caught in the crisis of a changing society. The present paper is a humble attempt to give general introduction to Anita Desai’s major novels and discusses some of her conspicuous characteristics as a novelist. Dr. Jyoti Sharma "Literary Acumen of Anita Desai as a Novelist" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49777.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/literature/49777/literary-acumen-of-anita-desai-as-a-novelist/dr-jyoti-sharma
Chokherbali A Grain of Sand Extra Marital Affairijtsrd
The present paper deals with the story of an extra marital affair. But calling it just an extra marital affair would be a grave injustice. This is a story of love and what people can do for it. Lush and slow moving Chokherbali, is a gorgeous piece suffused with sensuality and its denial. I attempt to highlight the intricacies of human emotions and the relations in the light of the novel. This paper endeavors to examine the novel on the parameter of chronology verbal depiction of the raised issue portrayal of characters, conclusion and language and style. Modern literature is not merely about describing the sequence of events, but also about analyzing them and drawing out their inner meaning. It is this scheme that is employed in Chokherbali. Navneet Kumar "Chokherbali - A Grain of Sand: Extra Marital Affair" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50110.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50110/chokherbali--a-grain-of-sand-extra-marital-affair/navneet-kumar
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Paper 202- Indian English Literature – Post-Independence Dhruvita1
Ilavenil Meena Kandasamy is an Indian poet, fiction writer, translator and activist from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Meena published two collections of poetry, Touch and Ms. Militancy (2010). From 2001-2002, she edited The Dalit, a bi-monthly alternative English magazine of the Dalit Media Network.
FILLING THE INTERNAL EMPTY SPACES: SOME INDIAN WOMEN POETS WRITING IN ENGLISHRam Krishna Singh
Text of Professor R.K. Singh’s Plenary session talk on 31 January 2014 at the National Seminar on “Indian English Poetry by Women Poets since 1980s” organized by the Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad (Jharkhand) from 30-31 January, 2014.
On the Use of the Causal Analysis in Small Type Fit Indices of Adult Mathemat...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Model evaluation is one of the most important aspects of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Many model fit indices have been developed. It is not an exaggeration to say that nearly every publication using the SEM methodology has reported at least one fit index. Fit is the ability of a model to reproduce the data in the variance-covariance matrix form. A good fitting model is one that is reasonably consistent with the data and doesn’t require respecification and also its measurement model is required before estimating paths in a covariance structure model. A baseline model of four constructs together with a combination of none, one, two, three or four additional constructs was constructed with latent variables: educational performance, socioeconomic label, self concept and parental authority using dichotomous digits 0 or 1 for each additional construct. 16 progressively nested models were considered starting with baseline model using the mathematics adult learners data from the modeling sample and employing some small fit indexes which are commonly used (AIC, CAIC, RMR, SRMR, RMSEA, 2 / DF among others) [1] to test the fitness of the model. The measures of model fit based on results from analysis of the covariance structure model are presented.
The Sov’reign Shrine of Veiled Melancholy- The Shadow of Consumption on La Be...QUESTJOURNAL
―Youth grows pale and spectre thin and dies‖ – John Keats, (Ode to Nightingale) Tuberculosis was one of the most misunderstood and misrepresented diseases of all times. Hailed as Consumption’s Poster Child, Keats' life, like Beethoven's, served as a pattern tor the Romantic artist. In acute distress and emotional turmoil, in 1819 masterpiece followed masterpiece. In Keats' poems we see a concreteness of description of the object he contemplates. All the senses - tactile gustatory, kinetic, organic, as well as visual and auditory combine to give the total apprehension of his experience. His experiences often accord closely with his personal, life and the disasters he had. Keats is austere in poetry and yet he keeps high colouring and variety of appeal to the senses and the mind. Tuberculosis remains with us today, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia where more than a million people die of this disease each year. It is worth recalling its history and its association with literature with special reference to John Keats and his poetry- and specially La Belle Dame Sans Merci that shows a dominant forebrooding over man's mortality from it. La Belle becomes a representation of the disease in Keats’s La Belle Dame Sans Merci and reflects the poet’s struggle with tuberculosis.
Recruitment Practices And Staff Performance In Public Universities: A Case St...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Recruitment, as a human resource management function, is one of the activities that impact most critically on the performance of any organization irrespective of its size and location. Public Universities, known to train professionals that exhibit transformative leadership and successfully run blue-chip companies have equally suffered from rampart industrial unrest and human resource malpractices across Kenya. Could it be a unique trend of organizational deviance that could be reflecting absence of a well executed staff recruitment practice? While it is understood and accepted that poor recruitment decisions continue to affect organizational performance and limit goal achievement, knowledge about this aspect in Public Universities remains scanty. The aim of this study was to address this gap by evaluating how recruitment practices affect performance of administrative staff in Public Universities using Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya as a case reference. A cross-sectional survey design was employed while sampling strategy was a blend of multiphase, stratified and purposive sampling. A sample size of 124 out of 1150 comprised mainly of administrative staff was used and that a questionnaire was the principal tool of data collection. Results were analyzed using frequency tables, mean, standard deviation and simple linear regression. The study found that a recruitment policy existed at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya and that both external and internal recruitment practices were used to recruit employees at the University. However, it was noted that most of the university employees are recruited through media advert, internal advertisement, through transfers and promotions. The results of the regression indicated that recruitment practices are a significant predictor of employee performance, which was explained by 32% of variance and a moderate relationship captured by beta weight value of 0.57. On effectiveness of the recruitment policy, only 30% rated it as effective while 62% were indifferent and 8% rated it ineffective. The study concluded that although a significant relationship between recruitment practices and employee performance existed, it’s effectiveness and therefore positive impact on employee performance depended on employees’ positive perception and rating. It’s recommended that the Universities should avoid biasness in the recruitment process as this will negatively impact on employee performance.
Pesse Na Siri’ Budgetary System: A Historiography Study of Luwu Kingdom in Is...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to explore the budgetary system of pesse na siri’ at Luwu kingdom in the Islamic period of 1593 to 1945. Through the historiography method, it showed the base existence of the spiritual sense sensitivity, i.e., pesse (empathy) and siri’ (shame) and Islamic law in budgetary system. In the resources management, it was carried out in four stages, namely planning, implementation, reporting, and evaluation. Operationally, the pesse na siri’ budgetary system on the mobilization mechanism of resources or budget (balanca) through the top down system (i.e., known as balanca pole riwawo) and bottom up system (i.e., known as balanca pole riawa). The top down system was a mobilization resource form from agricultural products of the king’s land (i.e., known in Buginese language as Tanana datue) and the palace logistic. Meanwhile, the bottom up came from the resource offer–i.e., known as makkasiwiyang–mechanism, consisting of makkasiwiyang lili’ (the lower government level), makkasiwiyang ale (personal/individual), and makkasiwiyang reso (labor). One of the Islamic impacts in this system was to direct the budgetary system based on the Shari’a or Islamic law.
Fabrication of Complete Dentures for A Patient with Resorbed Mandibular Anter...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The loose and unstable lower complete denture is one of the most common problems faced by denture patients with highly resorbed ridge. The management of such highly resorbed ridges has always posed a difficulty to the prosthodontist.Obtaining consistent mandibular denture stability has longbeen a challenge for dental profession. The simplest approach often is to extend the denture base adequately for proper use of all available tisues.To achieve this goal impression of the resorbed mandibular ridge is very important. The objective is to develop a physiologic impression with maximum support of both hard and soft tissues.In such cases, an innovative technique of impressionmaking by using a close fitting tray and anelastomeric impression material tomake a proper impression to achieve maximum retentionand stability.This article describes an impression technique used for highly resorbed mandibular ridge using an all green impression technique, to gain maximum retention andstability
Steganographic Technique Using Instant Messaging Conversation DynamicsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Steganography is considered to be not only the science but also the art of hiding secret messages into other innocuous and non-secret media of different types. History of steganography started with the history of civilization and algorithms of data hiding have been constantly developed with the rise of mankind's knowledge. Some of steganographic algorithms are so close connected to the use of digital media, computers and information technology, that those algorithms do not have analogy in non-digital world. It is possible to see the use of hard disk drives (HDD), solid state discs (SSD) and file systems for the purpose of steganography, or steganography in TCP/IP networks as the example. In this paper we are concentrating on such algorithm and we are examining the possibility of the use of dynamics of conversation realized with the use of instant messaging services, which are very popular standalone services or are part of widely used social networks like Facebook. The paper discusses the possibility of hidden message encoding by the use of different parameters of conversation dynamics and introduces new algorithm and its program implementation. The last part of the paper summarizes results of its experimental use.
Simple Obfuscation Tool for Software ProtectionQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the issue of source code obfuscation and also the creation of a tool for automatic obfuscation of source code written in C language. The result is a tool that performs both data flow and control flow obfuscation and allows the user to configure the applied transformation algorithm. For easier and better usability the tool provides a graphical user interface, which brings possibility to control and configure transformation process.
Block Hybrid Method for the Solution of General Second Order Ordinary Differe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: We consider the construction of block hybrid method for the solution of general second order ODEs. Derivation of the method was based on the use of hermite polynomial as basis function. The main method and its additional equations are obtained from the same continuous formulation via interpolation and collocation procedures. The method is then applied in block form as simultaneous numerical integrator, this approach eliminates requirement for starting values, and it also reduces computational effort. The stability properties of the method is discussed and the stability region shown. Two numerical experiments were given to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the new method.
Modeling – Based Instructional Strategy for Enhancing Problem Solving Ability...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The modeling-based instructional framework accommodates the physics modeling mechanism in which the learner apply the fundamental principles in physics and develop an idealized physics model of the real world situation by means of assumptions and approximations. The present study was intended to find out the effectiveness of Modeling-based instructional strategy for enhancing physics problem solving ability of students at secondary school level. The investigator adopted a quasi-experimental method with two group pretest post-test design for the study. The sample selected for the study consisted of 242 IX standard students from three different schools of Palakkad district. The tools used for collecting the data were the Problem Solving Ability Test in Physics, lesson designs based on Modeling-based instructional strategy and activity oriented method. The findings of the study concluded that the Modeling-based instructional strategy enhanced the problem solving ability of students of secondary school level. And also the strategy scaffolded the formation of mental models of problem representations with in the cognitive structure of the learner.
Exploring the Effectiveness of the Arabic LanguageTeaching Methods in Indones...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research work is to identify the effectiveness of the Arabic language teaching methods in Indonesia(National University of Malang for Sample)in terms of making use of Arabic as a medium of communication among the students in the light of the modern approaches in teaching and learning of Arabic language. This research is methodologically characterized as a descriptive, analytical, evaluative and field research work. In order to arrive at the purpose of this study, a questionnaire has been designed and carried out on a specimen from the teachers of the concerned university. Eventually, the study has arrived into a finding that the method used in the university is the Eclectic Method (i.e. Selective Method), except that translation is utilized extensively with it, and it might influentially cause the depreciation of the communication skill of the students, and the major intermediary language for the Arabic language teaching is the Indonesian language. However, its uncontrolled over-usage in the Arabic language teaching procedure may negatively cause the weakness of the students in the listening and speaking skills, since they could not get enough opportunity to practice them during language learning, in addition to the fact that the teachers might be employed as Arabic language teachers on the basis of their high conversance with the grammatical rules of Arabic language and not on their skills in the Arabic language communication medium.
The Teller & The Tales: A Study of The Novels of Amitav GhoshQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The paper re-visit the plot and setting of the novels of Amitav Ghosh. The paper has two parts – (i)The Teller & (ii) The Tales. In the first section the text tries to give a brief sketch of the life of Amitav Ghosh to chornicle the life of the visionary commentator of life and the social anthroplogist , the most prominent among the Indian writers of English. In the second part the theme and storyline of the novels were revisted along with characters and narrative technique. The first section has been introduced to give an overview of the prolificness of the author and the second part is the testimony of his logocentricism. The paper aims to present the plot and theme of all Ghosh’s novels
ABSTRACT: The purpose of Larkin as literary artist was to convey his ultimate message that man has to transcend the gross environment for the attainment for final goal. His poem opens with important question which prompt us to scrutinize ourselves. According to Philip Larkin “when you come to talk about once duty as writer then ones can say that his duty is to write for harmony”. In this paper there an urge in Larkin’s poem to attain transcendental knowledge by which everything is known. The meaningful change in environment through literature result from the development of qualities and attitude that foster constructive pattern of human interaction through literature. In an age of highly industrialized and mechanized structure of our society where we have 'given our hearts away a sordid boon' and where all spiritual values have been thrown overboard, the relevance of selecting this topic "Spiritual Quest in Philip Larkin" becomes important. In Larkin's poetry there is invariably, an element of spiritual crises, a note of subsequent struggle to step out of it. This inner conflict to proceed forward in the path of Divine realization lends magnificence to his poetic and spiritual personality.
The Influence of Religiosity on Marital Satisfaction and Stability AmongChris...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Various studies indicate that religious couples are more likely to enjoy stable and happy marriages. They are also less likely to experience conflict and violence, or to divorce perhaps because religion offers couples theologically grounded guidelines on how to handle marital conflicts when they arise. The present qualitative study was conducted using face to face interviews with nine participants in Kenya who had been identified as practicing Christians. The aim of the study was to explore how religiosity impacted the participant’s marital satisfaction. Results indicated that specific attributes related to religiosity like individual and partner prayer, reading the Bible, church attendance, impacted participants and their spouses lives positively and in turn their experiences in marriage. Engaging in religious practices was reported by the participants as eliciting qualities like perseverance, forgiveness and humility which in turn assisted them in keeping their marriages stable and thus resulting in marital satisfaction
The SA0 Group Reservoir ’S Compositive Evaluation In The Central Developing P...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Using the data from logging in a net of high density, the sand core from a airtight well, and the testing data for oil and gas , and then according to the experiment of exploitation, we studied the deposit visage in macroscopical way, the physical characteristics of the reservoir, and the partition of the oil and gas’s border. It is clear that the zero group of Sa’s oil floor is mainly deposit in the foreside of a delta under the background of lake incursion, and the ventro-delta express a character that there were some sandstones which was transited for two times. Make a certain that the oil and gas’s border of zero group in Sa is maybe 600m underground, and demarcated the maximal square is 26.8km2 about this reservoir, and tell us that it lies in the top of the anticline. Of course, this production can be used in the designing of the zero group of Sa’s exploitation
Down the Purgatory of Memories:The Pain of Remembering in M alayalam Naxal Ci...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Keralam, the southern most state in India is known for its cinema and politics. It is in Kerala that Communist Party came to power through Parliamentary election process for the first time in history. The political consciousness nurtured by the Communist movement found its reflections in Malayalam (language being spoken by the people of Keralam) Cinema as well. As a result films produced during the formative years of Malayalam Cinema were characterized by their political content. Having said this it should also be added that since those films are produced within the dominant production system with a view to garner profit they fail to politically stimulate the audience. But the situation had been changed after the Naxalite (radical left movement ideologically inclined to Maoism) uprising in 1969 during which both the feudal/bourgeois value orientations and the alleged degeneration of the Communist Party were challenged by the educated radical youths who fought for an immediate revolution. The state promptly intervened and contained Naxalite uprising with an iron fist. The repressive machinery of the state intervened whenever instances of resistance occurred. The Emergency declared in 1975 exposed the inhuman face of government that unleashed series of tortures against its citizens. The post -1980 political films, otherwise called as Naxalite films, try to recapture the tormenting experience of being political during the time of such mass oppression. Those movies resort to memory to expose the stark experience of the past.Remembering is a way of representing the past with all its nuances as it situates the remembering subject at close proximity with the past. At the same time Naxalite movies explored the possibility of forgetting also to unveil the subtle complexities of individual's relationship with the past. Here I consider two Malayalam films-AmmaAriyan(1986) directed by John Abraham and Margam (2003) directed by Rajeev Vijayaraghavan- to investigate how memory and oblivion are meticulously used by the filmic narratives to politicize a society already under the grip of political amnesia.
Professional Competences: An Integrative Approach for Defining The Training C...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper offers an integrative proposal for Business Administrationcurricular programs. For that purpose, we have carried out a survey with teachers from upper Business Administration courses so as to select a group of key competences for the contemporary Administrator, which has allowed us to elaborate an integrative proposal of curricular program for the Business Administration scholars in Brazil. As a qualitative research, it consists of a multiple case study with empirical approach and a triangular analysis based on Moraes (2014).Its main objective has been to analyze the curricular programs from five higher education institutions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and two other foreign institutions in South America. At first, we have asked ourselves the following question: How to adapt the Business Administration curricular program to the contemporary needs as far as the vocational training competences of Administrators are concerned?In order to answer it, we have analyzed the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN) and the Political-Educational Projects of Business Administration Courses (PPC/CSA). After that, we have compared the Curricular Components (CC) of the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) under analysis. After performing the triangular textual analysis of the DCN, PPC/CSA and CC of all HEIs under study, we have carried out a survey with 35 teachers from Business Administration upper courses through a computerized online questionnaire.We have sent a Survey Monkey link for a total of 40 teachers, however, only 35 answered it (87.5%); we have considered 100% valid answers. Previously, based on the doctrine of competences and curriculum according to the most renowned authors – suchas Vygostsky, Freire, Sacristán, Piaget, Saviani, Bloom, Libâneo (curriculum); Fleury & Fleury, Zarifian, Perrenoud, Lisboa (competences), among others – wehave concluded that implementing the integrative proposal will providemore well-prepared graduates from the Business Administration course right to the competitive and globalized labor market.
Resisting Total Marginality: Understanding African-American College Students’...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This article explores collegiate Black identity development when African American students attend predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the United States, considering the overall impact of total marginality. The term “total marginality” is used to describe the myriad, chronic, and often inescapable ways that African American college students attending PWIs are marginalized in a college setting. The focus of this paper is the impact of total marginality on Black identity development for those African American collegians who successfully complete their university studies at a PWI.
Alternative dispute resolution and civil litigation barriers to access to jus...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Civil law is the predominate system of law in the world. Civil law as a legal system is often compared with common law. The main difference that is usually drawn between the two system is that common law drawn abstract rules from specific cases, whereas civil law with abstract rules which judges must then apply to the various cases before them. Civil law has its roots in Roman law, Common law and the Enlightenment, alongside influence from other religious laws such as Islamic Law. The legal system in many civil law countries are based around one or several codes of law which set out the main principles that guide the law. On the other hand, Criminal Law as offences and prescribes punishment for them. It not only precludes or prevents crimes but also punish the offender. It is necessary for the maintenance of law, order and peace within state. In criminal cases, it is the state which initiates proceeding against the offender. Laws relating to the Civil Proceeding as the Code of Civil Procedure 1908; the Civil Courts Act 1887; the Suit Valuation Act 1887; the Limitation Act 1908; the Registration Act 1908; & the Specific Relief Act 1877.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
2. Finding one’s Roots: A Reference to Anita Nair and Shashi Deshpande
*Corresponding Author: AfeeraKhanam 31 | Page
In „Ladies Coupe‟ Anita Nair exhibits the struggles of the female intellect those often stand as a barrier
inseeking their roots. Anita Nair in this novel also depicts the anguish of her women characters, which turned
their miseries into their strength and weapon to fight out their inner conflicts. She makes them realize the
importance of one‟s roots. Ladies Coupe is the story of six women who vary in their age, profession, place of
living and brought up. They share their inner conflicts with the protagonist, Akhilandeswarito help her perceive
the prospects of life.As Anita Nair outlines her protagonist Akhila as
“This is Akhila. Forty-five years old. Sans rose- coloured spectacles.Sans husband, children, home and
family.Dreaming of escape.Hungry for life and experience. Aching to connect” [1].
Akhila shares the friendly ambience of the ladies coupe with five other women, JanakiPrabhakar,
satisfied wife and disturbed parent; Margaret Shanti, a chemistryeducator married to Ebenezer Paulraj, a
heartless disciplinarian too egocentric to understand her desires; Prabha Devi, the ideal daughter and wife, who
attained her identity through swimming which gave her self-realization; fourteen year old Sheela, with her talent
to capture what others cannot; and Marikolanthu, whose virginity was ruined by one night of lustfulness.
Akhila the protagonist, an individual person of forty-five, an income tax clerk and a woman who never
had her own identity – always the daughter, the sibling, the great-aunt, the supplier.Until the day she takes a
one-way ticket to the coastal town of Kanyakumari, proudlydetached individual for the first time in her life and
decided to escapefrom all that her orthodox Tamil Brahmin life has confined her to.
“This is the way it has always been. The smell of a railway platform at night fills Akhila with a sense of
escape…Akhila has often dreamt of this. Of leaving.Of running away.Of pulling out. Of escaping”[1].
As the train moves forward,Akhila listens to the women‟s stories which draw her into their secret
moments. She tries to search in these stories an answer to her question that has been with her all her life: Can a
woman stay alone and be satisfied, or does a woman need a man to feel settled? Hence the train journey literally
describesAkhila‟s journey towards finding her own roots. The novel is about leading life on one‟s own
conditions. It is this power and endurance of the common woman that Nair brings out as a novelist.
JanakiPrabhakar is a satisfied and perplexed mother. She is forty-five years old and has nothing to get
distressed about life.She has been fortunate enoughto have a friendly husband.Janakihas always been tended
from childhood till today. But at this point of life, she discovers that she doesn‟t have her own roots. She was
always ruled and never had a chance to prove her talents. Janakiassumed that home was a woman‟s domain.
Gradually with the passage of time, her interests came to a standstill and says,
"I thought if I were to lose it all, I would cope. If I were to become alone, I would manage perfectly. I
was quite confident about that I think I was tired being this fragile creature "[1].
Janaki is complacent of her lifestyle without any self-realization. She identifies herself as
“A woman like me ends up being brittle. Our men treat us like princess” [1].
Janaki lives a satisfied life until her sense of individuality and dignity is threatened in her son‟s house,
she realizes that a woman needs to be powerful and liberated to live one‟s own life. She understands the
emptiness of being a devoted wife and an affectionate mother.In her sixties, Janaki thinks of her own roots,
freedom and the long-lost independence.
Anita Nair highlights the truth about how most women think satisfied with the assurance and affection
of her husband. With such a false assurance, they fail to realize the pleasure and confidence they would have
achieved with their own identity. Janaki is never given a chance to look for something more than her married
life. She is in a state of chaos as at first she says Akhila that she could manage confidently without her husband,
but immediately says that even if she is allowed to do it, she is not sure how far she could be contented. This
shows that Janaki doesn‟t have an urge to find her own roots. Through the character of Janaki, Anita Nair
describes how from ancient age women are prepared for the selfless duty of a wife which robs them of their
honor.
The next character depicted isSheelaVasudevan,the youngest of the six. She is fourteen years of age but
has the certainty to sense things which others failed to perceive. She has secured it from her dead grandmother
3. Finding one’s Roots: A Reference to Anita Nair and Shashi Deshpande
*Corresponding Author: AfeeraKhanam 32 | Page
Ammumma who was gentle and very graceful. She is one among the very few Indian women who believed that
the essential thing in a woman is to satisfy her own self. She says,
"You mustn't become one of those women who groom themselves to please others. The only person
you need to please is yourself. When you look into a mirror, your reflection should make you feel
happy". [1]
For her the first most important thing was to satisfy her own self, she dressed elegantly every night
with a lot of gold jewelry. She would dress up so much that even if she were to die in sleep, she wanted to look
splendid.
Sheelastrongly develops the quest for identity in her only because of her grandmother. She prepares her
dead grandmother beautifully as she used to dress up every night by least bothering about her family members.
"Sheela rubbed her aunt's foundation into her grandmother's face, shoulders and chest. She adorned her
with costume jewellery "[1].
Sheela performs this act only to satisfy her individuality even though she was disapproved by her
family. Anita Nair presents the character of Sheela not only as a strong independent individual who identifies
her roots but also as a woman who protects herself against sexual abuse.Sheela felt embarrassed, disturbed and
unpleasant at the caress of her friend Hasina‟s father Naazar. She couldn‟t vocalize against this misconduct but
develops strength and boldness to safeguard herself. Then she takes a strong resolution that she would never go
to Hasina‟s house.
Sheela was more sensible than the girls of her age usually are. Through her character it‟s evident how
in different situations of life, a woman can be more sensible than man. This story of SheelahelpsAkhila to
become a woman of strength and develop her individuality.
Margaret Shanthi is a Chemistry teacher who imagines herself as waterwhich suppresses, revives,
forgives and emerges successfully. At last, she celebrates her success and says "water that also destroys "[1]. All
her feelings were suppressed by her rigid husband Ebenezer Paulraj. In the beginning,Shanthi had lived in
fantasy under the slogan, "Love separates reason from thought" [1]. Her thoughts were oppressed by her intense
love for him. Starting with her trivial satisfactions like having a long hair, eating at roadside stalls and wishing
to pursue a doctorate and to have a baby, in everything Ebe stood there to subdue her desires. She was blinded in
his love and felt he was right in whatever he does. "He was Ebe. My Ebe. He was right .He was always right
"[1].
Margaret realizes her agony for the first time when Ebe humiliates her in the party."Frankly, if you
want my opinion, when I think of it, it is the odor of rotten eggs" [1].Then she realizes how he had crushed her
dreams of freedom and her own identity.Finally, she discovers how she had been deceived all these years in her
love towards him which he had returned it with humiliation and indignity. Instead of breaking her marriage, she
quests for her authority and energy to take avenge against an oppressive husband.So she stays in a marital
relationship and very skillfully crushes the egoist nature of Ebe by making him a fat man.Margaret finally
conquered her inner conflicts and identified her roots of individuality. She has become an independent woman
who always kept Ebe dependent on her.She attempts to take out the pessimism and apprehensions from Akhila‟s
mind who is in search of her identity.
As SunitaSinha says, "she tries to shutter the slogan of a woman needing a man to be complete, by
relating the story of Ebenezer Paulraj and herself” [2].
The next character isPrabha Devi who had grown up as her mother had expected of her. She is married
to Jagdeesh who offers all the comforts and delights. She always felt as the luckiest person on earth.
“Prabha Devi always made herself believe „how lucky I am to be me‟ , but each time she tells herself
this, she is tormented by the memory of an experience that is hard to obliterate” [2].
Prabha Devi regrets with a sense of guilt as she had lost herself in the charm of the glamorous world of
New York. She had completely changed her way of life and reasoning. She felt quite confident in projecting her
beauty. Unlike Sheela‟s grandmother she dressed herself to charm and attract others. When people admired her
looks, she feigned not to observe. But she knew that wherever she went she charmed people with her looks. And
she enjoyed it, "I am young. I am beautiful "[1]. All this ended painfully when Pramod her husband‟s friend got
4. Finding one’s Roots: A Reference to Anita Nair and Shashi Deshpande
*Corresponding Author: AfeeraKhanam 33 | Page
allured by her beauty and progressed towards her. That day she realized the distress caused by this glamorous
life of beauty and charm. She renounced herself from life and she became a woman beyond disgrace and doubt.
Prabha Devi was a virtuous wife and a lovely mother who had destroyed herself due to the guilt of past.
She realized that she was not pleased with her life as she was not having her own identity.However, she never
thought she would seek her identity through swimming which would give her self-realization.As she plunges
into the pool of water and keeps herself floating she admits that
“This body had been the cause of much unhappiness, first with its excessive demands for ratification
and then with an abrupt deadening of nerve ends now melted. Life would never be the same again. That
nothing else that happened would ever measure up to that moment of supreme content when she
realized that she had stayed afloat [1].
Ever since Pramod made her life bitter, she was broken by horror and shame but then she had
conquered them and described herself as
"I am afloat. I am afloat. My body no longer matters. I have this. I have conquered fear "[1].
Varalakshmi makes a comment on Prabha Devi as
“She triumphs over her innate timidity and gains „peak experience‟ of supreme content bringing
tremendous happiness to her husband as well” [2].
She had attained her roots as she experienced a self-agreement, self-realization, and self- satisfaction.
Among all the five women, Akhila considers Prabha Devi the closest due to her age and manner.
Akhila felt that if Prabha Devi could conquer over her inborn fear and overcome customs then even she could
achieve her own identity. Through the character of Prabha Devi in Ladies Coupe, Anita Nair portrays the inner
struggles that arise in a woman and how she alters on her own. By portraying the childhood of Prabha Devi,
Nair features the gender discrimination that triumphs in Indian society. Anita Nair here clearly depicts how
Indian women do not step out of customs but live a self-satisfied and self-realized life within it.
The last woman left out in the coupe with Akhila was Marikolanthu. Her life was different from that of
the rest of the women. According to her, when compared to her miserable life, the other women's stories were
nothing but they were making alot of fuss over petty things. But all these tragic events had helped her to arise as
an independent woman.
"Women are strong. Women can do everything as well as men. Women can do much more. But a
woman has to seek that the strength in herself "[2].
Marikolanthu had to struggle to find her own „self‟. She was a pitiable creature who had been abused
cruelly of her mind, body, and soul. She was raped in her youth by a relative of chettiarwho left her with
unjustness as she was born poor and distressed. Her life was filled with disgrace, hatred, enrage, failure and
dejection. She had been trying to find happiness under the shadow of the foreign sisters or Sujata who were her
favorite.She hardly had any feelings for her son Muthu who was born successfully after many attempts of
abortion. She was a merciless mother who lent her son for two years in return for five thousand rupees to meet
her needs.
Murugesan destroyed her life and his life also came to an end by next year. The dead Murugesan‟s
burial was supervised byMuthu, a caretaker of graves, not knowing that it was his own father. As the fire burnt
his dead body, Marikolanthu felt the painful moments of Murugesan in her life were also ashen. At this moment,
she realized her mistake of using Muthu for her own needs. She finally decided to live a blessed life as a mother
for Muthu. For so long now, she had been satisfied as a sister to the real thing, substitute housewife, alternate
mother and surrogate lover. At last, she had identified her individuality and just wanted to be the real woman,
not the ideal one.
All these days she used to surrender her happiness to make others happy. But she finally realizes her
roots of happiness and satisfaction along with her son Muthu. Marikolanthu feels as
Kahake says, “If I detach love from myself, life becomes empty and without substance. I lose
my own self-hood”[2].
5. Finding one’s Roots: A Reference to Anita Nair and Shashi Deshpande
*Corresponding Author: AfeeraKhanam 34 | Page
She is a transformed woman who finds her individuality and does not bother about having a son with a
nameless father. She has now emerged as a powerful independent woman who inspires Akhila to search for her
identity.
Through the life stories of five other women characters,Akhila understands the desires of married
women, the decisions they make and the judgments made for them. The life story of all the five women made
Akhila powerful and independent.
As KannaMuthiah says "In Ladies Coupe , the real life experience of other women characters produce a
sort of psychological treatment to Akila and helps her to take the right decision which enhances her to
be a powerful individual "[2].
She became aware of her roots and had overcome her fears. She had been oppressed for so many years
by her family but now she would no longer allow them to rule her. Shewill live for own self-fulfillment.
As SunitaSinha says, "She is empowered to reclaim her lost love and releases herself from the hold of
conventions and family expectations" [2].
Akhila‟s questions are finally answered, she clearly understands what she needs out of her life and
where her happiness lies. Akhila is released mentally from the hold of tradition and family responsibilities. By
the end of the journey, she asserts her identity and independence.
"I am the woman you think you have wondered about. For within me is a woman I have discovered"
[1].
Anita Nair through her novel „Ladies Coupe‟ has presented different characters exposing their darker
and brighter side of life. She depicts a clear picture of their inner conflicts, their wounded dreams, and their
struggle for identity and how they are lost in the social dilemma.In the end, she reveals how an individual
grows, develops and slowly seeks the individuality.
ShashiDeshpande, an author, and a short story writer, acquires a sovereign place among Indian English
Women Writers. Her novel „Roots and Shadows‟ has achieved the ThirumathiRangamal honor for the best
Indian novel of 1982-1983. In this novel ShashiDeshpande lays emphasis on female world and experience. The
novel deals with a woman‟s struggle to maintain her identity and acquire her independence. She vividly
describes how the protagonist confronts with family, with the male world and the society in search of her
individuality.
ShashiDeshpande is fortunate in creating powerful women protagonists who deny getting crushed
under the burden of their personal problemsand face life with great strength and courageousness. She presents
the modern Indian woman of middle class who is educated and more realistic.ShashiDeshpande‟s Roots and
Shadows reveal the endeavor of the protagonist, Indu, an educated middle-class woman, in a patriarchal society.
Indu represents the New Woman, who is educated and lives in close relation with society brushing sideways all
its restricted customs. The novel also considers the unrealized hopes and disturbed marriages of women in a
large Maharashtrian Brahmin household.
The novel starts with Indu‟s return to her paternal home. She arrives to attend the burial ritual of Akka,
the person who dictated the family. The whole family is on the verge of a transformation in the hands of Indu,
though everybody is ignorant of it. Induunderstands the difference between her roots as an independent woman
and shadows as a daughter in this ancestral house. Indu‟s aunt Akka is a childless widow who has acquired her
wealth through loyalty to her old husband in a distinct marriage. She has endured the marital relationship as if a
penalty, but in the end, has acquired her identity of a powerful woman from it.
Indu inheritsAkka‟s house and has to divide it among the family, a decision which liberates the whole
family. ShashiDeshpande has notably depicted the women as dependent in the male dominated family by giving
us knowledge of the married lives of Indus‟s aunt and other relations. The oppressed condition of Indian women
is revealed through Indus‟s kakis and atyas in the novel.Though Indu is educated and has an open attitude, she
realizesthat she is no different from her village bred aunts and she too is oppressed like them in the patriarchal
society.
To the older generation, a women‟s life is nothing “but to get married, to bear children, to havesons and
the grand children” [3].
6. Finding one’s Roots: A Reference to Anita Nair and Shashi Deshpande
*Corresponding Author: AfeeraKhanam 35 | Page
Indu, since her childhood, desired to be independent and wanted to attain her own identity. Being a
motherless child, she was given love and affection by the elder members of the joint family but now she finds
Akka‟s authority as an obstacle in acquiring her own identity and freedom.She feels suppressed in the family
where women don‟t have any preferences except accepting the norms. She offends
As a girl, they had told me I must be meek and submissive. Why? I had askedbecause you are a female.
You must accept everything, even defeat with gracebecause you are a girl they had said, it is the only
way, they said, for a female tolive and survive. [4]
The quiet, modest and submissiveIndu finally develops as a brave, challenging, defiant and
independent woman. She, at last, identifies her own roots in Akka‟s house.
Yes, the house had been a trap too, binding me to a past I had to move away from,Now, I felt clear, as
if I had cut away all the unnecessary/uneven edges of me. [4]
Indu in her quest for identity opposes her family to marry a man against her aunt‟s wishes. Here
Deshpande tries to present women as rebellious and also shows that women can confront their family to fulfill
their desires – if it is the case of marriage or career selection. Every individual should be given the right to take
her own decisions in life. Indu marriesJayantagainst the wishes of the joint family and moves into a nuclear
family. She imagines that her marriage with Jayant would entitleherto freely reveal her real self to the world.
After a rebellious love marriage, she does the role of a perfect housewife where she finds her growth restrained.
She falls into the traditional way of life and expresses her feelings of loneliness,
“I had rejected the family, tried to draw a magic circle around Jayant and myself. I had pulled in my
boundaries and the poorer for it. Alienation, I know now, is not the answer…‟I am alone‟ they seem to
me to be the most poignant words in any language.” [5]
Indu feels her individuality is lost when she starts livingaccording to her husband‟s requirements. It is
usually noticed that women are left with no options in their lives. They are controlled by the patriarchal society
in every possible manner which obstructs their progress. Women serve the whole household and take care of
their requirements physically as well as emotionally but their own desires are overlooked and they are
undervalued. They are distressed and their desires are concealed in their hearts forever. Probably marriage has
taught Induto pretend and deceit. As she realizes
“I had learnt to reveal to Jayant nothing but what he wanted to see …. I hid my response as if they were
bits of garbage” [4].
Indu leaves Jayantwhen she felt that her individuality is at risk. In the beginning of her married life, she
could not understand the growing complications in their relationship. She feels that her possibilities, certainty,
and courageare beingcrushed in this relationship. Later she realizes and decides to liberate herself from the
marital tensions by leaving Jayant. But she is again in a confused state, as she feels it‟s better to be distressed
than to strike back. In the end, instead of leaving Jayant, she goes back to him expecting that things will change.
Lastly, Indu evolves as confident and independent in taking decisions. She uses Akka‟s money
according to her conscience and does not yield to any kind of influence from anyone.She makes a decision to
get Mini married toa better man and not to a man who was chosen by Akka and pay for her wedding. She also
resigns her job; where she has previously workedonly to avoid annoying her husband and settles down to pursue
her career in writing. She comes to a realization that the independence which she has acquired must be within
the parameters of marriage. Indu eventually returns to Jayant whom she loves very much. She would live with
Jayant and try to rectify their hindering relationship. She finally realizes that she has beenfollowing shadows
leaving her roots far behind in the family and in Jayant. While searching for her roots she even gets into an illicit
love affair with Naren, whom she considers nothing more than a shadow.Indu believes that she hasdiscovered
the truth of life in her journey to identity. She says,
“How can I live without knowing what I want? Imust know. To live without fear…fear of being
unloved, misunderstood, displeasing, without the fear of failure…” [4]
7. Finding one’s Roots: A Reference to Anita Nair and Shashi Deshpande
*Corresponding Author: AfeeraKhanam 36 | Page
Towards the end, Induattains her independence and refuses to be controlled by Kaka, Atya or even her
husband Jayant, in achieving what she feels is correct. She gathers enough courage to stand by her beliefs.
ShashiDeshpande through Indu's plight represents the difficulties faced by women inmodern India in their quest
for transforming the thinking of the society.The novel ends with Induattaining her identity as well as restoring
her family ties.
In „Roots and Shadows‟, Indu realizes that family relationships are the roots of one‟s being and they
keep on reflecting like shadows.It is a representation of power struggle, where „Roots‟ stand for tradition and
„Shadows‟ indicate the marginal enlightenment. Also, it suggests that these roots are shadows that one cannot
escape from.
Anita Nair and ShashiDeshpande reveal the journey of Indian women from real to ideal. Anita Nair‟s
women characters are the real women who take their own decisions and live to fulfill their desires whereas
Deshapande‟s protagonists never deny the family relations and struggle to achieve their rights within the
parameters of the family frame.
REFERENCES
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3. Sharma, Siddharta. ShashiDeshpande’s Novels: A Feminist Study. N.p.: Atlantic, 2011. Print.
4. Deshpande, Shashi. Roots and Shadows: A Novel. Bombay: Sangam, 1983. Print.
5. Dodiya, Jaydipsinh. Indian Women Novelists in English. New Delhi: Sarup& Sons, 2006. Print.
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