This document analyzes the genetic diversity among 41 wheat genotypes through cluster and principal component analysis based on various agronomic traits. The genotypes were clustered into 4 groups. Cluster 4 and 2 had genotypes with desirable traits like high yield, effective tillers, grain size etc. Cluster 3 had genotypes with late maturity and lower yield. Based on the analysis, genotypes HD 1982 and Pitic 62 were identified as high yielding and suitable for the terai region of Nepal. Principal component analysis supported the cluster analysis results.
Comparative potential on yield and its related characters in fine riceInnspub Net
A total of twenty fine grain rice cultivars including fifteen land races, three developed (Paijam, BR-49 and BR34) and two exotic (Philippine katari and Ranjit) varieties were collected from different parts of Bangladesh to identify the yield enhancing characters and to select desirable cultivars with high yield potential and high aroma emission from rice grain. The experiments were conducted in Aman season in 2013, in the Plant Breeding Research Field, HSTU, Dinajpur. Genetic variation for yield (t/ha) and other fourteen yield related characters like, plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), panicle weight (gm), total tillers/plant, productive tillers/plant, rachilla/panicle, sterile grain/panicle, total grain/panicle, 1000-grain weight (g), grain length (mm), grain breadth (mm), aroma content (%), days to 50% flowering, days to maturity was estimated. All the characters showed high heritability except sterile grain/panicle, indicated better progress under selection. High heritability (98.65%) was revealed by productive tillers/plant, suggested that the character would be less affected by environment. The cultivar, Ranjit produced the highest yield (4.96 t/h).The highest aroma contents in Kalozira (35%) and Kalosoru (30%) was estimated. The highest yield (4.96 t/h) was obtained from Ranjit and it was statistcally similar with the yields of Bolder (4.68 t/h), Malsira (4.25 t/h), Kalozira (4.33 t/h), BR-49 (4.26 t/h). The simultaneous consideration of yield potential and aroma emission from
rice grain, four cultivars viz. Kalozira, Radhunipagol, Badshabogh and Chinigura may be advanced for commercial cultivation by the farmers and agriculture entrepreneurs and may be incorporated in further breeding for the development of high yielding fine rice varieties but the highest amount of aroma emission (35%) and yield (4.33 t/h) indicated that Kalozira was the best aromatic rice cultivar. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Combining ability of inbred lines in quality protein maize (QPM) for varietal...Premier Publishers
Information on the combining ability of elite germplasm is essential to maximize their use for variety development. Sixty-six F1 crosses resulted from diallel crosses of 12 QPM inbred lines and two standard checks BHQP542 and Melkassa6Q were evaluated to determine general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability for yield and yield related traits using alpha-lattice design with two replications during the 2013 cropping season at Mechara. Analysis of variance showed that mean squares due to entries were significant for most traits studied, indicates existence of variability among the materials. Mean squares due to crosses and crosses versus checks were also significant for most studied traits. GCA and SCA mean squares revealed highly significant (p<0.01) differences for grain yield and most yield related traits. Inbred lines P1, P3 and P12 were good general combiners as the lines showed significant and positive GCA effects for grain yield. Among the crosses, P2 x P11 and P6 x P8 manifested positive and significant SCA effects for grain yield, indicating high yielding potential of the cross combinations. In general, this study identified inbred lines and hybrid combinations that had desirable expression of important traits which will be useful for the development of high yielding varieties.
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
Evaluation of promising lines in rice ( O r y z a s a t i v a L.) to agronomi...Galal Anis, PhD
A field experiment was conducted during the period 2014 and 2015 at the farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, kafr el-sheikh, Egypt for evaluation the performance of promising lines in rice to agronomic and genetic performance under Egyptian conditions. Results revealed that the Giza 179 produced the highest grain yield (5.44 kg/5m2) followed by the promising line GZ9461-4-2-3-1 (5.26 kg/5m2) and the commercial variety Giza 178 (5.07 kg/5m2). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits. The high genotypic coefficient of variability (gcv) and phenotypic coefficient of variability (pcv) recorded for number of filled grains/panicle indicate the existence of wide spectrum of variability for this trait and offer greater opportunities for desired trait through phenotypic selection. The phenotypic variance was higher than the corresponding genotypic variance for traits. Estimation of heritability ranged from 49.16% to 99.52% for number of panicle/plant and duration traits, respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for growing period and plant height and indicate the lesser influence of environment in expression of these traits and prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance hence, amenable of simple selection. The promising rice lines GZ9461-4-2-3-1 and GZ10147-1-2-1-1 performed better as compared with the commercial variety. Selection of these traits would be more effective for yield improvement in rice and these promising lines would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the development of high yielding cultivars.
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
Comparative potential on yield and its related characters in fine riceInnspub Net
A total of twenty fine grain rice cultivars including fifteen land races, three developed (Paijam, BR-49 and BR34) and two exotic (Philippine katari and Ranjit) varieties were collected from different parts of Bangladesh to identify the yield enhancing characters and to select desirable cultivars with high yield potential and high aroma emission from rice grain. The experiments were conducted in Aman season in 2013, in the Plant Breeding Research Field, HSTU, Dinajpur. Genetic variation for yield (t/ha) and other fourteen yield related characters like, plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), panicle weight (gm), total tillers/plant, productive tillers/plant, rachilla/panicle, sterile grain/panicle, total grain/panicle, 1000-grain weight (g), grain length (mm), grain breadth (mm), aroma content (%), days to 50% flowering, days to maturity was estimated. All the characters showed high heritability except sterile grain/panicle, indicated better progress under selection. High heritability (98.65%) was revealed by productive tillers/plant, suggested that the character would be less affected by environment. The cultivar, Ranjit produced the highest yield (4.96 t/h).The highest aroma contents in Kalozira (35%) and Kalosoru (30%) was estimated. The highest yield (4.96 t/h) was obtained from Ranjit and it was statistcally similar with the yields of Bolder (4.68 t/h), Malsira (4.25 t/h), Kalozira (4.33 t/h), BR-49 (4.26 t/h). The simultaneous consideration of yield potential and aroma emission from
rice grain, four cultivars viz. Kalozira, Radhunipagol, Badshabogh and Chinigura may be advanced for commercial cultivation by the farmers and agriculture entrepreneurs and may be incorporated in further breeding for the development of high yielding fine rice varieties but the highest amount of aroma emission (35%) and yield (4.33 t/h) indicated that Kalozira was the best aromatic rice cultivar. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Combining ability of inbred lines in quality protein maize (QPM) for varietal...Premier Publishers
Information on the combining ability of elite germplasm is essential to maximize their use for variety development. Sixty-six F1 crosses resulted from diallel crosses of 12 QPM inbred lines and two standard checks BHQP542 and Melkassa6Q were evaluated to determine general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability for yield and yield related traits using alpha-lattice design with two replications during the 2013 cropping season at Mechara. Analysis of variance showed that mean squares due to entries were significant for most traits studied, indicates existence of variability among the materials. Mean squares due to crosses and crosses versus checks were also significant for most studied traits. GCA and SCA mean squares revealed highly significant (p<0.01) differences for grain yield and most yield related traits. Inbred lines P1, P3 and P12 were good general combiners as the lines showed significant and positive GCA effects for grain yield. Among the crosses, P2 x P11 and P6 x P8 manifested positive and significant SCA effects for grain yield, indicating high yielding potential of the cross combinations. In general, this study identified inbred lines and hybrid combinations that had desirable expression of important traits which will be useful for the development of high yielding varieties.
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
Evaluation of promising lines in rice ( O r y z a s a t i v a L.) to agronomi...Galal Anis, PhD
A field experiment was conducted during the period 2014 and 2015 at the farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, kafr el-sheikh, Egypt for evaluation the performance of promising lines in rice to agronomic and genetic performance under Egyptian conditions. Results revealed that the Giza 179 produced the highest grain yield (5.44 kg/5m2) followed by the promising line GZ9461-4-2-3-1 (5.26 kg/5m2) and the commercial variety Giza 178 (5.07 kg/5m2). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits. The high genotypic coefficient of variability (gcv) and phenotypic coefficient of variability (pcv) recorded for number of filled grains/panicle indicate the existence of wide spectrum of variability for this trait and offer greater opportunities for desired trait through phenotypic selection. The phenotypic variance was higher than the corresponding genotypic variance for traits. Estimation of heritability ranged from 49.16% to 99.52% for number of panicle/plant and duration traits, respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for growing period and plant height and indicate the lesser influence of environment in expression of these traits and prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance hence, amenable of simple selection. The promising rice lines GZ9461-4-2-3-1 and GZ10147-1-2-1-1 performed better as compared with the commercial variety. Selection of these traits would be more effective for yield improvement in rice and these promising lines would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the development of high yielding cultivars.
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
Snap bean is a warm-season crop harvested for its immature seed pods. In Ethiopia its production increased from time to time for both export and local markets. A field experiment was conducted at the research field of JUCAVM, during 2017 cropping season using irrigation aiming to improve the quality of snap bean. Five levels of N (0, 41, 82, 123, and 164 kg ha−1) and four levels of P (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg ha−1) were laid down in a randomized complete block design with three replications. N was applied in two equal splits (50% at planting and 50% during flowering) as Urea and the entire dose of P was applied basal as triple super phosphate at sowing. In this experiment pod length, pod diameter, pod protein concentration, pod straightness and marketable pod yield were measured as quality parameters. The results revealed that the main effects of N and P fertilizer rates showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for all quality parameters except for percentage of pod protein concentration and straightness of pod. Accordingly, the interaction effects of N and P were significant for percent of pod protein concentration and straightness of pod. Considering the major quality parameters and marketable pod yield applying 82 kg N ha −1 and 46 kg P2O5 ha−1 gave better result to increase the quality of snap bean in Jimma area. However, repeating the experiment for more seasons and similar location would help us draw sound conclusion and recommendations.
Participatory Varietal Selection and Evaluation of twelve Soybeans [Glycine m...Premier Publishers
Participatory varietal selection was carried out at North Western parts of Ethiopia, Metekel Zone at Mandura and Mambuk woreda during the main cropping season in 2017/18, to select the best performing, stable, adaptable Soybean varieties in the target areas, to enhance accessibility of improved varieties for producers and to get farmers’ indigenous knowledge used in varietal selection for future soybean research. The result of the current study clearly showed a significant difference between the released 12 Soybean varieties for most agronomic traits obtained at both districts. Seed yield, disease resistance and Number of pods per plant were the dominant selection criteria used by the farmers at both districts. Accordingly, majority of farmers frequently selected Pawe-01 variety. In addition, farmers gave priority for Seed yield at both districts and secondly, they gave equal emphasis to Number of pods per plant, disease resistance and number of branch per plant at Mandura and plant height, seed per pod and disease resistance at Mambuk. General, development of high seed yielding with many pods per plant for Mandura and high yielding with medium plant height in line with disease resistance and medium maturing for Mambuk district can enhance farmers’ preference towards improved Soybean varieties.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Factor and Principal Component Analyses of Component of Yield and Morphologic...Premier Publishers
The research was conducted to evaluate the yield performance, genetic variation and diversity of the rice genotypes for breeding purposes. Genetic variability and diversity assessment for component of yield and morphological traits among sixteen lowland rice genotypes were carried out at three locations namely Akungba, Akure and Okitipupa during the rainy seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2015. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times, a plot size of 3m x 3m and spacing of 20cm x 20cm was adopted to make a total plant density of 250,000 stands/ha. Cultural operations such as weeding, fertilizer and pesticide applications were carried out as appropriate. Data were collected on plant height, number of tillers per hill, effective tillers, tiller without panicle, flag leaf length, panicle length, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, one thousand grains weight, grain length, grain width, number of days to panicle initiation, number of days to maturity and grain yield per hill. Factor analysis indicated that the first five factors accounted for 79.3 % phenotypic variability, number of tillers, effective tillers with panicle, number of days to flowering and number of days to maturity exhibited 1.00 communality. The first eight principal components had cumulative variance of 93.1 %, whereas, PC(s) 1 and 2 had eigen value greater than 2.0. Therefore, factor and principal component analyses identified some similar characters as the most important for classifying the variation among rice genotypes and these include grain yield, panicle weight, panicle length, one thousand grain weight and number of effective tillers per hill.
Evaluation of Soya Bean Varieties at Moisture Stress of Eastern Harerghe Zone...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Soya bean is a multi-purpose crop. The area of production for soybeans is expected to increase due raised demand of domestic processing industries and boosted demand for use in animal feed. This experiment were conducted with the objective of identify superior genotypes in terms of yield, insect pest & disease tolerance/resistance and with desirable agronomic traits for the last two years of (2014 & 2015). Analysis of variance showed that there were significant difference among the varieties in terms of disease reaction, grain yield and yield related attributes. Korme, Ethio-eugoslavia and Didesa provided about 32.67%, 29.11%, 22.55%, yield advantages over the standard check (Clark), respectively. Therefore, the three high yielding varieties (Korme, Ethio-eugoslavia, and Didesa) were selected and recommended for further production at Fedis and similar agro-ecologies.
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Study on Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlation a...IJEABJ
The present investigation entitled “Studies on genetic variability in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was carried out at the UCOA, vegetable research farm, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda during rabi 2015-16 to evaluate tomato genotypes. The experiment was laid out in CRD with three replications. Total 20 genotypes including check cultivar were evaluated for horticultural Traits contributing yield and quality (suitable for processing) .There is a wide variability in different genotypes in tomato. Traits i.e. Number of primary branches per plant, Days to first fruit harvest, Plant height (cm),number of fruits per cluster, number fruits per plant, average fruit weight (gm), equatorial diameter of fruit (cm), polar diameter of fruit (cm), number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness (mm), fruit pH, Fruit TSS (0brix), days to last fruit harvest and average yield per plant (kg) were studied during the investigation Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all the characters under study during the investigation. High Phenotypic and Genotypic coefficient of variation were detected for characters like number of fruits per plant, number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness and average yield per plant. High heritability coupled with genetic gain were recorded for number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, number of locules per fruit and average yield per plant. Therefore these characters also show some scope for improvement through selection. A highly significant and positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation were found in number of fruits per cluster, plant height, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight.
Correlation and path analysis for genetic divergence of morphological and fib...Innspub Net
Seventy five genotypes of cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were studied for morphological characteristics i-e plant height, monopodial branches, sympodial branches, boll weight, seed volume, seed density, seed index and fiber characters. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and estimates were made for genetic advance, broad sense heritability and coefficient of variance for the traits. ANOVA revealed highly significant variability among genotypes for all the characteristics studied. The estimates for heritability were
higher for seed index (0.93) and plant height (0.93). The highest value (6.4) for genetic advance was observed for
sympodial branches whereas lowest value was (0.17) for boll weight. Correlation analysis revealed positive and significant for most of the parameters. In path coefficient, the number of sympodial branches, boll weight, lint index and lint weight had maximum direct and positive effect on fiber fineness of seed cotton. Whereas, the number of monopodial branches, plant height, seed index, seed volume, seed density, staple length, fiber strength and ginning out turn (G.O.T%) had direct and negative effects on fiber of seed cotton. The principle component analysis (PCA) revealed significant differences between genotypes and the first four components with Eigen
values greater than 1 contributed 66.68% of the variability among the genotypes. The grouping of genotypes
possessing excelled traits signifies genetic potential of the germplasm for the improvement of seed and fiber characteristics in cotton crop. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Potato (Solanum Tube...Premier Publishers
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) used as fresh products and commercially processed foods such as French fries and chips.The objective of the experiment was to assess the nature and magnitude of variability in potato genotypes for tuber quality, yield and yield-related traits. Twenty four potato genotypes were evaluated at Holetta Agricultural Research Centre using a randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing season of 2017. The results of the analysis of variance indicated there was highly significant differences among the genotypes for all traits excepted peel content. The phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation ranged between 0.90 to 46.43% and 0.75 to 40.0%. Heritability in the broad sense (H2) and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) ranged from 38.13 to 91.64% and 1.28 to 73.50%. High phenotypic coefficients of variation and genotypic coefficients of variation coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for shoot dry mass weight, average tuber number, average tuber weight, unmarketable tuber yield, small size tuber and large size tubers. Therefore, selection for these characters would be effective for the emerging processing industry and could be selected as parents for future crossing program in Ethiopia.
protein maize (QPM) production. A field trial was therefore conducted to compare the performance of
six hybrids (three each of QPM and normal endosperm) at three population densities using a split-plot
design at the sub-station of the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Oke-Oyi, in the
southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. Plant population
densities (53,333, 66,666, and 88,888 plants ha
-1
) constituted the main plots and the six hybrids were
assigned to the subplots, replicated three times. Our results showed a differential response of maize
hybrids to high densities, with plant populations above 53,333 plants ha
-1
reduced grain yield, and this is
more pronounced in QPM than normal endosperm hybrids. This is contrary to the results observed in
many other countries. This might be that the hybrids were selected in low yield potential area at low
plant densities, and hence not tolerant to plant density stress. It may also be due to low yield potential
of the experimental site, which does not allow yield increases at high plant densities. Though normal
endosperm hybrids 0103-11 and 0103-15 as well as QPM Dada-ba were superior for grain yield among
the hybrids at 53,333 plants ha
-1
, hybrid 0103-11 was most outstanding. Therefore, genetic
improvement of QPM and normal endosperm hybrids for superior stress tolerance and high yield could
be enhanced by selection at higher plant population densities.
VARIABILITY, CORRELATION AND PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN 6 GENOTYPES OF Lentil (Lens culinaris) AT IAAS, PAKLIHAWA, RUPANDEHI, NEPAL. This research had been undertaken as a part of UPA (Undergraduate Practicum Assessment)
Improving Grain Yield in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) by Estimation of Heterosis, G...Galal Anis, PhD
The recent approach for rice production includes the improvement of yield is necessary to cater for consumer demand. Therefore, a field experiment (diallel analysis) was conducted and Training Center, Egypt during 2014 and 2015growing season to estimate combining ability, heterosis and genetic parameters in ricefor improving the yield. Th and Sakha105 were recorded highest mean values for most traits. The crosses (Giza177 × Sakha106, Sakha101 × Sakha104 and Sakha101 × Gz7576-10-3-2-1) were recorded highest mean values for grain yield plant-1.Sakha106 and Sakha104 recorded the highest mean values for flag leaf area. evident from the result, a positive correlation was observed between flag leaf area and grain yield as well as, the results were recorded positively correlation coefficient between n to heading, number of filled grains panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight. cross Sakha 101/Sakha 104, Sakha 104/Sakha 106, Sakha 105/BL1 and Sakha 106/BL1 were identified as themost promising cross for developing high yielding rice varieties and could be further benefits to isolate superior transgressive segregants for breeding programs
Correlation and Path analysis studies among yield and yield related traits in...Premier Publishers
The16 Soybean genotypes were evaluated for Association of characters and path coefficient analysis on eleven important yield and grain yield contributing characters at Bako Tibe during the main cropping season of 2015/16. The experiment was designed as RCBD with three- replication. Generally, the magnitudes of genotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients that indicate the presence of inherent association among various characters. In this study yield was positively correlated with hundred seed weight, number of seed/pod and number of pod per plant so, increasing these traits ultimately increases in grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through improvement and selection program. Based on findings it can be concluded that pod length, number of pod /plant, biological yield, grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through selection and improvement program to develop high yielding soybean genotypes.
Maize (Zea mays) is cultivated all over the world including Pakistan for fodder and grain. Genetic diversity and environmental effects greatly affect the fodder yield and quality in maize. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the genetic diversity among 31 maize genotypes for fodder and quality related traits. Genotypes were collected from the Australian Grain Gene Bank and grown under field conditions with three replications following randomized complete block design. The morphological traits such as plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), leaf-stem ratio (wt. basis), stem girth (cm), leaves plant-1, days to 50% silking, days to 50% silking, leaf moisture (%), dry fodder yield plant-1 (g), green fodder yield plant-1 (g) and quality traits such as crude protein (%), ether extract (%), ash content (%), crude fiber (%) and nitrogen-free extract (%) were recorded.
Analysis of variance, biplot analysis and genotypic and phenotypic correlation were performed. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences with days to 50% silking, days to 50% tasseling, plant height, stem girth, leaf area, leaves plant-1, moisture percentage, green and dry fodder yield, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash content and nitrogen free extract and non-significant differences with leaf stem ratio. At phenotypic and genotypic level, dry fodder yield plant-1, plant height, stem diameter, leaf moisture %, No. of leaves, days to 50% silking, crude fiber and ether extract revealed significant correlation with fodder yield plant-1.
Biplot analysis based on PCA for different quantitative parameters showed that first two principal components i.e F1,F2 are contributing 23.29% and 14.53 % to the total variations respectively. Based on all the results the best genotypes were DTMA-271, DTMA-15, DTMA-281 and DTMA-295 could be used in breeding programs.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
Snap bean is a warm-season crop harvested for its immature seed pods. In Ethiopia its production increased from time to time for both export and local markets. A field experiment was conducted at the research field of JUCAVM, during 2017 cropping season using irrigation aiming to improve the quality of snap bean. Five levels of N (0, 41, 82, 123, and 164 kg ha−1) and four levels of P (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg ha−1) were laid down in a randomized complete block design with three replications. N was applied in two equal splits (50% at planting and 50% during flowering) as Urea and the entire dose of P was applied basal as triple super phosphate at sowing. In this experiment pod length, pod diameter, pod protein concentration, pod straightness and marketable pod yield were measured as quality parameters. The results revealed that the main effects of N and P fertilizer rates showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for all quality parameters except for percentage of pod protein concentration and straightness of pod. Accordingly, the interaction effects of N and P were significant for percent of pod protein concentration and straightness of pod. Considering the major quality parameters and marketable pod yield applying 82 kg N ha −1 and 46 kg P2O5 ha−1 gave better result to increase the quality of snap bean in Jimma area. However, repeating the experiment for more seasons and similar location would help us draw sound conclusion and recommendations.
Participatory Varietal Selection and Evaluation of twelve Soybeans [Glycine m...Premier Publishers
Participatory varietal selection was carried out at North Western parts of Ethiopia, Metekel Zone at Mandura and Mambuk woreda during the main cropping season in 2017/18, to select the best performing, stable, adaptable Soybean varieties in the target areas, to enhance accessibility of improved varieties for producers and to get farmers’ indigenous knowledge used in varietal selection for future soybean research. The result of the current study clearly showed a significant difference between the released 12 Soybean varieties for most agronomic traits obtained at both districts. Seed yield, disease resistance and Number of pods per plant were the dominant selection criteria used by the farmers at both districts. Accordingly, majority of farmers frequently selected Pawe-01 variety. In addition, farmers gave priority for Seed yield at both districts and secondly, they gave equal emphasis to Number of pods per plant, disease resistance and number of branch per plant at Mandura and plant height, seed per pod and disease resistance at Mambuk. General, development of high seed yielding with many pods per plant for Mandura and high yielding with medium plant height in line with disease resistance and medium maturing for Mambuk district can enhance farmers’ preference towards improved Soybean varieties.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Factor and Principal Component Analyses of Component of Yield and Morphologic...Premier Publishers
The research was conducted to evaluate the yield performance, genetic variation and diversity of the rice genotypes for breeding purposes. Genetic variability and diversity assessment for component of yield and morphological traits among sixteen lowland rice genotypes were carried out at three locations namely Akungba, Akure and Okitipupa during the rainy seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2015. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times, a plot size of 3m x 3m and spacing of 20cm x 20cm was adopted to make a total plant density of 250,000 stands/ha. Cultural operations such as weeding, fertilizer and pesticide applications were carried out as appropriate. Data were collected on plant height, number of tillers per hill, effective tillers, tiller without panicle, flag leaf length, panicle length, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, one thousand grains weight, grain length, grain width, number of days to panicle initiation, number of days to maturity and grain yield per hill. Factor analysis indicated that the first five factors accounted for 79.3 % phenotypic variability, number of tillers, effective tillers with panicle, number of days to flowering and number of days to maturity exhibited 1.00 communality. The first eight principal components had cumulative variance of 93.1 %, whereas, PC(s) 1 and 2 had eigen value greater than 2.0. Therefore, factor and principal component analyses identified some similar characters as the most important for classifying the variation among rice genotypes and these include grain yield, panicle weight, panicle length, one thousand grain weight and number of effective tillers per hill.
Evaluation of Soya Bean Varieties at Moisture Stress of Eastern Harerghe Zone...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Soya bean is a multi-purpose crop. The area of production for soybeans is expected to increase due raised demand of domestic processing industries and boosted demand for use in animal feed. This experiment were conducted with the objective of identify superior genotypes in terms of yield, insect pest & disease tolerance/resistance and with desirable agronomic traits for the last two years of (2014 & 2015). Analysis of variance showed that there were significant difference among the varieties in terms of disease reaction, grain yield and yield related attributes. Korme, Ethio-eugoslavia and Didesa provided about 32.67%, 29.11%, 22.55%, yield advantages over the standard check (Clark), respectively. Therefore, the three high yielding varieties (Korme, Ethio-eugoslavia, and Didesa) were selected and recommended for further production at Fedis and similar agro-ecologies.
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Study on Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlation a...IJEABJ
The present investigation entitled “Studies on genetic variability in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was carried out at the UCOA, vegetable research farm, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda during rabi 2015-16 to evaluate tomato genotypes. The experiment was laid out in CRD with three replications. Total 20 genotypes including check cultivar were evaluated for horticultural Traits contributing yield and quality (suitable for processing) .There is a wide variability in different genotypes in tomato. Traits i.e. Number of primary branches per plant, Days to first fruit harvest, Plant height (cm),number of fruits per cluster, number fruits per plant, average fruit weight (gm), equatorial diameter of fruit (cm), polar diameter of fruit (cm), number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness (mm), fruit pH, Fruit TSS (0brix), days to last fruit harvest and average yield per plant (kg) were studied during the investigation Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all the characters under study during the investigation. High Phenotypic and Genotypic coefficient of variation were detected for characters like number of fruits per plant, number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness and average yield per plant. High heritability coupled with genetic gain were recorded for number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, number of locules per fruit and average yield per plant. Therefore these characters also show some scope for improvement through selection. A highly significant and positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation were found in number of fruits per cluster, plant height, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight.
Correlation and path analysis for genetic divergence of morphological and fib...Innspub Net
Seventy five genotypes of cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were studied for morphological characteristics i-e plant height, monopodial branches, sympodial branches, boll weight, seed volume, seed density, seed index and fiber characters. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and estimates were made for genetic advance, broad sense heritability and coefficient of variance for the traits. ANOVA revealed highly significant variability among genotypes for all the characteristics studied. The estimates for heritability were
higher for seed index (0.93) and plant height (0.93). The highest value (6.4) for genetic advance was observed for
sympodial branches whereas lowest value was (0.17) for boll weight. Correlation analysis revealed positive and significant for most of the parameters. In path coefficient, the number of sympodial branches, boll weight, lint index and lint weight had maximum direct and positive effect on fiber fineness of seed cotton. Whereas, the number of monopodial branches, plant height, seed index, seed volume, seed density, staple length, fiber strength and ginning out turn (G.O.T%) had direct and negative effects on fiber of seed cotton. The principle component analysis (PCA) revealed significant differences between genotypes and the first four components with Eigen
values greater than 1 contributed 66.68% of the variability among the genotypes. The grouping of genotypes
possessing excelled traits signifies genetic potential of the germplasm for the improvement of seed and fiber characteristics in cotton crop. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Potato (Solanum Tube...Premier Publishers
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) used as fresh products and commercially processed foods such as French fries and chips.The objective of the experiment was to assess the nature and magnitude of variability in potato genotypes for tuber quality, yield and yield-related traits. Twenty four potato genotypes were evaluated at Holetta Agricultural Research Centre using a randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing season of 2017. The results of the analysis of variance indicated there was highly significant differences among the genotypes for all traits excepted peel content. The phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation ranged between 0.90 to 46.43% and 0.75 to 40.0%. Heritability in the broad sense (H2) and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) ranged from 38.13 to 91.64% and 1.28 to 73.50%. High phenotypic coefficients of variation and genotypic coefficients of variation coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for shoot dry mass weight, average tuber number, average tuber weight, unmarketable tuber yield, small size tuber and large size tubers. Therefore, selection for these characters would be effective for the emerging processing industry and could be selected as parents for future crossing program in Ethiopia.
protein maize (QPM) production. A field trial was therefore conducted to compare the performance of
six hybrids (three each of QPM and normal endosperm) at three population densities using a split-plot
design at the sub-station of the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Oke-Oyi, in the
southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. Plant population
densities (53,333, 66,666, and 88,888 plants ha
-1
) constituted the main plots and the six hybrids were
assigned to the subplots, replicated three times. Our results showed a differential response of maize
hybrids to high densities, with plant populations above 53,333 plants ha
-1
reduced grain yield, and this is
more pronounced in QPM than normal endosperm hybrids. This is contrary to the results observed in
many other countries. This might be that the hybrids were selected in low yield potential area at low
plant densities, and hence not tolerant to plant density stress. It may also be due to low yield potential
of the experimental site, which does not allow yield increases at high plant densities. Though normal
endosperm hybrids 0103-11 and 0103-15 as well as QPM Dada-ba were superior for grain yield among
the hybrids at 53,333 plants ha
-1
, hybrid 0103-11 was most outstanding. Therefore, genetic
improvement of QPM and normal endosperm hybrids for superior stress tolerance and high yield could
be enhanced by selection at higher plant population densities.
VARIABILITY, CORRELATION AND PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN 6 GENOTYPES OF Lentil (Lens culinaris) AT IAAS, PAKLIHAWA, RUPANDEHI, NEPAL. This research had been undertaken as a part of UPA (Undergraduate Practicum Assessment)
Improving Grain Yield in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) by Estimation of Heterosis, G...Galal Anis, PhD
The recent approach for rice production includes the improvement of yield is necessary to cater for consumer demand. Therefore, a field experiment (diallel analysis) was conducted and Training Center, Egypt during 2014 and 2015growing season to estimate combining ability, heterosis and genetic parameters in ricefor improving the yield. Th and Sakha105 were recorded highest mean values for most traits. The crosses (Giza177 × Sakha106, Sakha101 × Sakha104 and Sakha101 × Gz7576-10-3-2-1) were recorded highest mean values for grain yield plant-1.Sakha106 and Sakha104 recorded the highest mean values for flag leaf area. evident from the result, a positive correlation was observed between flag leaf area and grain yield as well as, the results were recorded positively correlation coefficient between n to heading, number of filled grains panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight. cross Sakha 101/Sakha 104, Sakha 104/Sakha 106, Sakha 105/BL1 and Sakha 106/BL1 were identified as themost promising cross for developing high yielding rice varieties and could be further benefits to isolate superior transgressive segregants for breeding programs
Correlation and Path analysis studies among yield and yield related traits in...Premier Publishers
The16 Soybean genotypes were evaluated for Association of characters and path coefficient analysis on eleven important yield and grain yield contributing characters at Bako Tibe during the main cropping season of 2015/16. The experiment was designed as RCBD with three- replication. Generally, the magnitudes of genotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients that indicate the presence of inherent association among various characters. In this study yield was positively correlated with hundred seed weight, number of seed/pod and number of pod per plant so, increasing these traits ultimately increases in grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through improvement and selection program. Based on findings it can be concluded that pod length, number of pod /plant, biological yield, grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through selection and improvement program to develop high yielding soybean genotypes.
Maize (Zea mays) is cultivated all over the world including Pakistan for fodder and grain. Genetic diversity and environmental effects greatly affect the fodder yield and quality in maize. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the genetic diversity among 31 maize genotypes for fodder and quality related traits. Genotypes were collected from the Australian Grain Gene Bank and grown under field conditions with three replications following randomized complete block design. The morphological traits such as plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), leaf-stem ratio (wt. basis), stem girth (cm), leaves plant-1, days to 50% silking, days to 50% silking, leaf moisture (%), dry fodder yield plant-1 (g), green fodder yield plant-1 (g) and quality traits such as crude protein (%), ether extract (%), ash content (%), crude fiber (%) and nitrogen-free extract (%) were recorded.
Analysis of variance, biplot analysis and genotypic and phenotypic correlation were performed. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences with days to 50% silking, days to 50% tasseling, plant height, stem girth, leaf area, leaves plant-1, moisture percentage, green and dry fodder yield, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash content and nitrogen free extract and non-significant differences with leaf stem ratio. At phenotypic and genotypic level, dry fodder yield plant-1, plant height, stem diameter, leaf moisture %, No. of leaves, days to 50% silking, crude fiber and ether extract revealed significant correlation with fodder yield plant-1.
Biplot analysis based on PCA for different quantitative parameters showed that first two principal components i.e F1,F2 are contributing 23.29% and 14.53 % to the total variations respectively. Based on all the results the best genotypes were DTMA-271, DTMA-15, DTMA-281 and DTMA-295 could be used in breeding programs.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
Heterosis, Combining ability and Phenotypic Correlation for Some Economic Tra...Galal Anis, PhD
This investigation was carried out to study heterosis , combining ability and phenotypic correlation in a diallel mating design among 6 Egyptian rice genotypes (excluding reciprocals),including 3 varieties ( Sakha 101, Sakha 104 and Sakha 105),and 3 promising lines (Gz6903, Gz7576 and Gz8479). An experiment was conducted at the research Farm of Rice Research and Training Center (RRTC), Sakha, Kafr EL-sheikh, Egypt during 2013 growing season and designed in a randomize complete block with three replications. Data were recorded on nine traits; days to maturity, chlorophyll content, flag leaf area, plant height, number of panicles / plant, panicle fertility (%), Panicle weight ,1000-grain weight and grain. The results revealed that, the genotypes were highly significant different in all studied characters. The cross (Sakha 101 × GZ6903) showed positive and significant heterosis for mid and better parents for most studied traits. The parent (Sakha 101) was good general combiner for most studied traits. The cross (Sakha 101 × GZ6903) showed positive and highly significant for specific combining ability effects for grain yield and its components.Grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with days to maturity, chlorophyll content, plant height, number of panicles/plant and panicle weight .On the contrary, plant height had significant negative association with days to maturity.
Grain Quality of Doubled Haploid Lines in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Produced by ...Galal Anis, PhD
Genetic devlopment to imrove genotypes with high quality is the most important approach of rice. Thus, anther culture technique is one of straight forward approaches for improvement of rice cultivars with good grain quality. Therefore, this investigation aimed to develop some doubled haploid lines (DH) through anther culture technique and evaluate them along with their five parents including two check varieties for some nutritional characteristics. The results indicated that the three mineral element contents (Zn, Mn and Fe) of rice grain were clearly different among genotypes (DH), which implied that genotypic variations might provide opportunities to select for higher mineral element content. Analysis of variance revealed that the differences among genotypes were significant for all studied traits. Highly significant positive correlations were recognized among the studied characteristics. Accordingly, Rice lines with the high nutritional values will use as donors for this trait in rice breeding programs for exploitation and in hybridization.
STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND YIELD ATRIBUTING CHARACTERS IN INDIGENOUS RICE (OR...Vipin Pandey
The present study was carried out to study ninety four rice accessions, along with checks, on the basis of sixteen
qualitative and twenty quantitative characters. Analysis of variance for quantitative characters showed differences for
different characters. High coefficient of variation in the entire genotypes was observed for grain yield per plant (27.4 %),
number of effective tillers per plant (22.37 %), test weight (21.14 %) and kernel length breadth ratio (20.59 %).
Correlation analysis revealed positive and highly significant correlation of total number of filled grains per panicle, total
number of grains per panicle, plant height and number of effective tiller per plant; harvest index, test weight, flag leaf
length and days to maturity had positive highly significant correlation with grain yield per plant. Principal Component
Analysis revealed, out of 20, only seven principal components (PCs) exhibited more than 1.00 eigen value, and showed
about 77.42 % variability among the traits studied. So, these 7 PCs were given due importance for further explanation.
Component matrix revealed that the PC1 was mostly related to quality characters while PC2, PC3, PC4, PC5, PC6 and
PC7 mostly associated with yield related traits. Cluster analysis performed by UPGMA method using Euclidean distance
as dissimilarity measure divided the 97 genotypes of rice into ten clusters. The cluster III constituted of 48 genotypes,
forming the largest cluster followed by cluster VI (22 genotypes), cluster V (10 genotypes), cluster II (5 genotypes) and
cluster VIII (4 genotypes), cluster I, IV and VII (two genotypes each), cluster IX and X had (only one genotypes each).
Quality analysis performed for 97 rice genotypes revealed wide range of genetic variability for most of the quality traits.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Performance of different substrates on growth, yield and biological efficienc...svchandran01
The substrate paddy straw has recorded maximum yield of fresh mushroom.Among the substrates newspaper substrate exhibited highest biological efficiency of more than 95 per cent. Among the varieties CO (OM) 2 has recorded early spawn run and maximum yield performance.
Genetic Divergence Studies in Black Gram (Vigna Mungo (L.) Hepper)ijtsrd
The experiment was conducted during 2017-2018 to estimate the genetic divergence, using 120 black gram genotypes for nine quantitative characters. Among the nineteen clusters, cluster I had maximum number of genotypes (62) followed by the cluster III (16 genotypes), cluster XIV (11 genotypes), cluster (9 genotypes). Clusters XV and XVII (4 genotypes) and cluster XVIII (2 genotypes). The clusters viz., II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII, XIII, XVI and XIX had one genotype each. The cluster XVII exhibited the maximum intra cluster distance. The maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster XIX and IV. The maximum genetic divergence per cent was contributed by the trait number of clusters per plant. The cluster II and VI had the lowest mean value for days to 50% flowering and the cluster VII had the highest mean value for the trait and number of pods per plant. L. Priya | M. Arumugam Pillai | D. Shoba | N. Aananthi"Genetic Divergence Studies in Black Gram (Vigna Mungo (L.) Hepper)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16958.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/16958/genetic-divergence-studies-in-black-gram-vigna-mungo-l-hepper/l-priya
Evaluation of Improved Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) Varieties for Adaptation ...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out to evaluate and identify adapted improved cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) (Fabaceae) varieties in southern tigray lowlands of Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted during the 2016 and 2017 main cropping seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate three improved cowpea varieties for yield and yield related traits under rain-fed conditions at Mekoni Agricultural Research Center site and Kara Adisheho farmer’s field. Analysis of variance showed that all the traits measured were statistically significant at 5% level of probability except plant height. The earliest days to 90% maturity (79 days) were observed for the variety Kenkety, whereas the longest was recorded by bole variety (89.6 days). Similarly, Kenkety variety filled their seeds in a short period of time (25 days) compared to Assebot and Bole varieties (29; 32 days). The highest pooled mean grain yield was obtained from Kenkety variety (1958 kgha-1), while Assebot and Bole had the lowest yield of 1656 and 1481 kgha-1 respectively. When we see variety × location wise mean, still Kenkety variety outsmarts in both locations over the varieties and Kara Adisheho were suitable for cowpea production with (2128 kgha-1) grain yield. Taken as a whole, Kenkety variety over weights Assebot and Bole varieties especially for the two main traits of earliness and yield performance. Thus, Kenkety was promising variety for demonstration and scaling up activities in the agro ecology.
Principal Component Analysis for Evaluation of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted to study the variability among the genotypes by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to select those that are most suitable for breeding programme. This study included ten quantitative traits. The result of principal component analysis showed that the first four principal components with Eigen value greater than 0.88 contributed about 76.10 per cent of total variation in the population. The variability of the genotypes was interpreted based on four principal components, the first principal component described the yield level, the second principal component described the productivity and quality and the last two principal components described the quality of the fodder which indicating that the identified traits within the axes exhibited great influence on the phenotype and this could be effectively used for selection among the tested entries for further development of Guinea grass varieties with improved fodder yield and quality.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Analysis of genetic diversity among the different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes
1. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 5(2): 180–185, 2018
180
https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.421363
TÜRK
TARIM ve DOĞA BİLİMLERİ
DERGİSİ
www.dergipark.gov.tr/turkjans
TURKISH
JOURNAL of AGRICULTURAL
and NATURAL SCIENCES
Research Article
Analysis of Genetic Diversity among the Different Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes
1
Manoj KANDEL*, 2
Arjun BASTOLA, 2
Pradeep SAPKOTA, 2
Omprakash CHAUDHARY, 2
Pratiksha DHAKAL, 2
Pushpa
CHALISE, 3
Jiban SHRESTHA
1
Hill Crop Research Program, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Nepal
2
Department of Agronomy, Plant Breeding and Agri-statistics institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS),
Paklihawa,Tribhuvan University, Nepal
3
Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Nepal
*Corresponding Author Email: manojkandel24@gmail.com
Received: 20.01.2018 Received in Revised: 02.03.2018 Accepted: 30.03.2018
Abstract
Forty one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes were studied for days to booting, days to heading,
plant height at vegetative, plant height at maturity, days to 50% anthesis, days to 100% anthesis, flag leaf
senescence, days to physiological maturity, peduncle length, effective tillers, spikelet’s length, grain per spike,
biomass ,harvest index, sterility percentage, thousand grain weight and grain yield in randomized complete
block design at terai, Nepal with the objective to identify superior genotypes after clustering them based on
their genetic diversity in performance. Result of multivariable analysis revealed that 41 wheat genotypes
formed four clusters. Cluster 4 and 2 had highest value of effective tiller, spike length, grain per spike, thousand
grain weight, biomass, harvest index ,grain yield and lowest value days to heading, days to booting ,days to
anthesis and sterility percentage. Cluster 3 had high days to booting, days to heading, days to 50% and 100%
anthesis, days to flag leaf senescence and low in plant height at maturity, thousand grain weight ,harvest index
and grain yield. Considering of multivariable analysis and other agronomic performance wheat genotypes HD
1982 and Pitic 62 may be utilized as high yielding genotypes in Terai condition of Nepal.
Keywords: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), genetic divergence, multivariable analysis
Introduction
Wheat is hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) cereal
crop belong to family Poaceae (grasses) and genus
Triticum (Bozzini, 1988). Wheat is the world's most
favored staple food. It is nutritious, easy to store
and transport and can be processed into various
types of food. Wheat is considered a good source
of protein, minerals, B-group of vitamins and
dietary fiber (Shewry, 2007). It is an excellent
health-building food and used for preparation in
bread, biscuits, confectionary products and
noodles. Wheat is also used as animal feed, for
ethanol production and brewing of wheat beer.
Wheat accounted nearly 55% of carbohydrate
consumed worldwide (Gupta et al., 1999).
Wheat comes third in Nepal after rice and
maize. It is a major winter cereal crop in Nepal and
more than 80% of wheat is grown in rice-wheat
cropping pattern. Wheat production and
productivity is 18, 11,889 mt and 2.5 t ha-1
respectively (MoAC, 2015/16). Wheat grows well in
temperature 15-18C during grain filling period.
Wheat doesn’t remain untouched to this scenario.
Projection of wheat demand by 60% by 2050 is
accompanied with the present decrease in
production by 20-30% due to induced temperature
rise by (Rosegrant and Agcaoili 2010). Wheat
production will suffer the effects of stagnating or
decreasing on farm productivity and wrong choice
of varieties on the part of the farmers. Cluster
analysis is a group of multivariate analysis which
enables grouping of individuals based on similarity
or dissimilarity in traits. The resultant clusters of
individuals perform high homogeneity between
clusters.
On the other hand, many factors like
climate change, hindrance in selection of good
genotypes, improver knowledge are resulting in
decrease in its production and productivity
annually. Maintaining and increasing productivity
2. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 5(2): 180–185, 2018
181
of cereals like wheat being the most challenging
issue in Nepal and probably in the world, the
proposed study is of utmost importance. The
research was carried out in identical environment,
for all genotypes suggested for the selection of
comparative better genotype based on the
performance observed and records obtained
during the field research.
Materials and Methods
The investigation was carried out RCBD
design with three replications at agriculture college
farm, institute of Agriculture and Animal Science
(IAAS), Paklihawa, Rupendehi during December to
March, 2015. This site contains sandy loam soil
with acidic reaction. The research location is
characteristic of tropical climate. The spacing of
wheat in 22.5×8 cm and plot of size 2.4*0.22 sqm.
Inter replication gap was 1 meter. The line sowing
was done on 9 December 2014 by manually.
Compost manure at the rate of 5 ton/ha and
fertilizer was applied at the rate of 120:60:40 NPK
kg ha-1
. Half dose of Nitrogen and full dose of P2O5
and K2O were applied during the field preparation
and remaining half dose of N was applied in equal
amount as side dressing at 30 and 60 DAS. The
artificial irrigation was given at CRI stage, grain
filling stage and milking stage where as other
requirement of water was fulfilled through natural
precipitation. Two manual weeding were done
after 30 and 60 days of sowing. Harvesting was
done by serrated sickles when the grains were
dried enough and had turned to straw colour. Each
genotypes harvested were kept in different tagged
bags. Harvested wheat was dried on sun for two
days and was threshed by beating with sticks. The
data were taken from five randomly selected
plants per genotype per replication were used.
Data of the following mentioned traits were
recorded.
Physio-morphological traits
DTB-Days to booting, DTH-Days to heading,
PHV-Plant height at vegetative, PHM-Plant height
at maturity, NH-Days to 50% anthesis, ANF-Days to
100% anthesis, FLS-Flag leaf senescence, PM-Days
to physiological maturity , PL-Peduncle length(cm),
Yield attributing traits
ET-Effective tillers, SL-Spikelet’s length (cm),
GPS-Grain per spike, BM-Biomass (ton/ha), GY-
Grain yield (ton/ha), HI-Harvest index, ST-Sterility
(%), TGW- Thousand grain weight (gm).
The plant materials were obtained from
International Maize and Wheat Improvement
Centre (CIMMYT). The list of 41 genotypes included
in the study is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. List of the genotypes used for the experiment
Treatments Genotypes Treatments Genotypes Treatments Genotypes
1 LR52 15 Nepal-251 29 WK-1204
2 LR64 16 Annapurna-1 30 Aditya
3 KalyanSona 17 Annapurna-2 31 NL-971
4 Pitic 62 18 Annapurna-3 32 Vijay
5 RR21 19 BL-1022 33 Gaura
6 NL 30 20 Bhrikuti 34 Dhaulagiri
7 HD1982 21 NL-1135 35 NL-1073
8 UP262 22 Annapurna 4 36 NL-1064
9 Lumbini 23 Achyut 37 BL-3623
10 Triveni 24 Rohini 38 BL-3629
11 Vinayak 25 Kanti 39 BL-3972
12 Siddartha 26 PasangLhamu 40 NL-1055
13 Vaskar 27 BL-1473 41 NL-1164
14 Nepal-297 28 Gautam
Statistical analysis
Data entry and processing was carried out
using Microsoft excel (MS- Excel, 2010.The
collected data were subjected to multivariable
analysis was done using statistical software
packages of Minitab ver.14 (Mohammadi and
Prasanna, 2003).
Result and Discussion
Cluster analysis
All the genotypes were clustered using days
to booting, days to heading, days to anthesis (50%
and 100%), length of flag leaf, days to flag leaf
senescence, days to maturity, Plant height
vegetative and maturity, peduncle length, number
of effective tiller per plant, number of grains per
3. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 5(2): 180–185, 2018
182
spike, sterility percentage, weight of grains per
spike, grain yield, 1000 grain weight, biomass yield
and harvest index. The dendrogram of 41
genotypes was constructed in single linkage and
Euclidean distance (Fig 1).Distance between
different clusters centroids of wheat genotypes is
presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Distances between different cluster centroids of wheat genotypes
Cluster1 Cluster2 Cluster3 Cluster4
Cluster1 0.0000 29.2950 25.0020 21.1976
Cluster2 0.0000 40.0828 36.7247
Cluster3 0.0000 35.5311
Cluster4 0.0000
The critical examination of dendrogram
revealed four clusters with 48.58 % similarity level
in UPGMA clustering. The cluster one consisted of
38 genotypes, which represents 92% genotypes. It
includes 38 genotype trements number 1, 2, 5, 6,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41 as shown in Table 1.This
cluster had almost intermediate quantitative traits
as shown in Table 3.
Cluster 2 consisted of 1 genotype (Pitic 62)
and this cluster had highest value of effective tiller,
spike length, grain per spike, thousand grain
weight, biomass, harvest index and grain yield. The
cluster of this genotypes is suitable for cultivation
due to high yield and yield attribution traits.
Cluster 3 had 1 genotype (Kalyansona) and
this cluster had high days to booting, days to
heading, days to 50% and 100% anthesis, days to
flag leaf senescence and low in plant height at
maturity, thousand grain weight and harvest index.
These genotypes had inferior trait values for yield
and yield attributing trait value under study
condition.
The cluster 4 had 1 genotype (HD1982) and
this cluster had high in plant height at vegetative,
days to plant maturity, number of effective tillers,
spikelet’s length and thousand grain weight, grain
yield and lowest value in days to booting, heading,
50% anthesis, flag leaf senescence and sterility
percentage. Since cluster of this genotypes HD1982
and cluster 2 genotypes Pitic 62 had superior trait
values in terai condition and theses genotypes may
be of interest to researchers. The distance
between the clusters centroid was found highest
between clusters 3 and 4 and lowest between
clusters 1 and 4.
Table 3. Mean values of single linkage method clustering of wheat genotypes
S.N. Variable Cluster1 Cluster2 Cluster3 Cluster4 Grand centroid
1 No. of observation 38 1(Pitic62) 1(KS) 1(HD1982)
2 DTB 69.184 68.333 77.333 58.333 69.098
3 DTH 73.851 75.000 82.333 63.333 73.829
4 PHV 43.523 44.427 43.220 47.453 43.634
5 PHMAT 72.440 66.100 59.753 65.173 71.798
6 ANTH(50) 78.044 80.000 86.333 72.000 78.146
7 Anth(100) 83.509 84.667 91.333 82.000 83.691
8 FLS 106.237 105.333 111.333 102.667 106.252
9 PMAT 116.781 115.000 117.667 118.000 116.789
10 EFFTILLER 3.947 4.000 3.667 4.667 3.959
11 PEDLEGN 16.909 15.300 19.067 13.133 16.830
12 SPIKELNTH 16.401 16.447 13.313 16.500 16.329
13 GRAINPERSPIKE 49.030 76.800 41.867 45.133 49.437
14 Sterility 9.563 3.995 1.684 1.498 9.038
15 HI 0.453 0.448 0.437 0.455 0.453
16 TGW 40.914 41.333 35.000 42.000 40.806
17 Biomass (T/ha) 5.883 6.808 3.606 7.563 5.891
18 Grain yield(T/ha) 2.666 3.089 1.566 3.485 2.670
Principal component analysis
Seventeen quantitative traits were
constructed into six principal component among 17
traits which had eigen value greater than 1 exhibits
almost all variability exist in components and eigen
values, proportion of variance and coefficient of
4. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 5(2): 180–185, 2018
183
quantitative traits are presented in table no 4.The
first six principal components revealed that 77.5
variability among 41 genotypes of wheat . Similarly
5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 principal component revealed 70.7,
63, 52.9, 40.7 and 24.2 % of cumulative variance
respectively. The first principal component had
days to heading, booting, and anthesis 50% and
flag leaf senescence had positive loading. The first
principal component explained phonological
characters.
Second principal component had positive
loading with effective tiller, spike length, grain per
spike, thousand grain weights, biomass, harvest
index and grain yield and negative loading days to
100 % antithesis.
Third principal component had positive
loading with number of effective tillers and
negative loading with peduncle, spikelet’s length
and thousand grain weights.
Fourth principal component had negative
loading with sterility and plant height at maturity
and positive loading with effective tiller, spike
length, grain per spike, biomass, harvest index and
negative loading with days to booting and heading.
Fifth principal components had negative
loading with days to physiological maturity,
thousand grain weight and sterility and positive
loading with peduncle length, grain per spike and
harvest index and sixth principal component had
negative loading with sterility and grain per spike
and positive loading with peduncle length, days to
physiological maturity and harvest index.
The present research revealed that these
genotype formed in cluster 4 and 2 in trail
condition were the most suitable for cultivation
under studied condition The finding PCA supported
the result obtained by cluster analysis and PCA
score plot was shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Dendrogram with Single linkage and euclidean distance of 41 genotypes of wheat
In present study there is sustainable genetic
diversity in physio-morph and yield attributing trait
of wheat. Cluster analysis revealed that genotypes
formed four distinct clusters.The high yielding
genotypes and low yielding genotypes formed
different cluster.The member of cluster 2 and 4
were found most suitable to terai condition for
cultivation. Ajmal et al., (2013) also reported
cluster analysis help selection process more easy
by genotypes which show better performance in
yield attributing traits are grouped in one cluster
from this study genotypes HD 1982 and Pitic 62
were found most suitable for cultivation in terai
condition of Nepal which had high value for grain
yiled and yield attribution traits.Similar to the
findings by Ali et al. (2008) who reported that
cluster analysis can be useful for finding high
yielding wheat genotypes. In this study of principal
component use to reduces of original variables into
six principal component and information about
each variable which support cluster analysis result.
Kamara et al., (2003) also used principal
component analysis to categorize traits of maize
that accounted for most of the variance in the
Dendrogram with Single Linkage and Euclidean Distance
48.85
65.90
82.95
100.00
Genotypes
Similarity
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184
data. Similar to the findings about presence of a
high genetic divergence among wheat genotypes
reported by (Singh and Dwivedi 2002). Principal
component analysis is usually used in plant
sciences for the reduction of variables and
grouping of genotypes. Therefore principal
component analysis is a powerful tool to obtain
parental lines for a successful breeding program
(Akter et al., 2009).
Table 4. Coefficient, eigen values and variance for 17 quantitative traits of 41 genotypes of wheat
Variable PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6
DTB 0.424 0.120 -0.032 -0.150 0.071 -0.129
DTH 0.415 0.146 -0.097 -0.096 0.210 -0.096
PHV -0.241 0.121 -0.203 0.072 -0.170 0.240
PHMAT -0.080 0.246 -0.185 -0.527 0.170 0.023
ANTH(50) 0.433 0.039 -0.084 0.045 0.049 0.122
Anth(100) 0.378 -0.113 0.026 0.210 -0.071 0.113
FLS 0.369 0.308 -0.137 0.017 -0.017 0.086
PMAT 0.171 0.197 -0.050 -0.035 -0.385 0.434
EFFTILLER 0.046 0.091 0.566 -0.184 -0.115 0.168
PEDLEGN -0.115 0.003 -0.356 -0.285 0.387 0.328
SPIKELNTH -0.123 0.208 -0.401 0.250 -0.204 -0.246
GRAINPERSPIKE 0.040 0.181 0.050 0.395 0.402 -0.397
Sterility -0.002 -0.093 -0.105 -0.482 -0.046 -0.424
HI -0.144 0.156 -0.018 0.233 0.510 0.369
TGW -0.076 0.378 -0.313 0.102 -0.309 -0.083
Biomass (T/ha) -0.104 0.488 0.293 -0.091 -0.054 -0.126
Grain yield(T/ha) -0.138 0.493 0.282 -0.009 0.100 -0.012
Eigen value 4.1069 2.8165 2.0695 1.7114 1.3121 1.1551
Proportion 0.242 0.166 0.122 0.101 0.077 0.068
% of cumulative variance 24.2 40.7 52.9 63 70.7 77.5
Figure 2. Principal component analysis using correlation matrix of forty-one wheat genotypes.
6. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 5(2): 180–185, 2018
185
Conclusion
The genetic diversity was observed in days
to booting, days to heading, plant height at
vegetative, plant height at maturity, days to 50%
anthesis, days to 100% anthesis, flag leaf
senescence, days to physiological maturity,
peduncle length, effective tillers, spikelet’s length
,grain per spike, biomass ,harvest index, sterility
,thousand grain weight and grain yield in the
tested wheat genotypes. The genotypes grouped
into 4 and 2 cluster were good because of their
desirable yield attributing traits. The presence of
high level of diversity among the tested genotypes
grouped into divergent clusters and supported by
principal component indicated their suitability for
further research can be done in this direction by
selectiong superior genotypes.Theses genotypes
could be very useful in developing commercial
variety in terai condition of Nepal.
Acknowledgements
The authors would be highly indebted to
Prof. Dr. Surya Kant Ghimire, Department of
Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agriculture and
Forestry University (AFU) for providing valuable
suggestions and ideas during research. They would
also like to thank to National Wheat Research
Program Bharaihawa (NWRP) for the provision of
reseach materials.
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