1) Sugarcane yield is determined by the number of millable stalks produced and their individual weight. However, conventional sugarcane agriculture does not control intra-row spacing well, leading to sub- or supra-optimal tiller populations and poor yields.
2) The author analyzed sugarcane variety trial data from different agroclimatic zones in India and found that tiller mortality averages around 50-60% and is influenced strongly by environmental conditions. Varieties are not consistent in their tiller survival between locations or crops.
3) Experiments showed that earlier planting dates lead to higher maximum tiller numbers but also higher tiller mortality. Wider spacing between plants reduced tiller mortality compared to
ABSTRACT- Striga is a major constraint affecting sorghum, maize, other cereal crops, sugar cane and legume crops
production in sub Saharan Africa. Striga may result in complete crop loss under the worst of conditions. Prodigious seed
production, prolonged viability of the seeds and the subterranean nature of the early stages of parasitism make the control
of the parasite by conventional methods difficult if not impossible. The increasing incidence of Striga has been attributed
to poor soil fertility and structure, low soil moisture, intensification of land use through continuous cultivation and an
expansion of cereal production. Many potentially successful approaches developed to control this weed include using
resistant/tolerant varieties, sowing clean seeds that are not contaminated with Striga seeds, rotating cereal hosts with trap
crops that induce abortive germination of Striga seeds, intercropping, applying organic and inorganic soil amendments
such as fertilizer or manure, fumigating soil with ethylene, applying post emergence herbicides, push-pull technology and
using biological control agents. Based on some studies, the interaction of tied-ridging with N fertilizer and resistant
varieties; cereal-legume intercropping and its interaction with N fertilizer revealed low Striga infestation. No single
management option has been found effective across locations and time. Hence, an integrated Striga management
approach, currently, offers the best possibility for reducing impact at the farm level.
Key Words- Intercropping, Integrated pest management, Fertilizer, Management options, Striga
This presentation provides information on green gram (Vigna radiata):
- It is a legume crop originally from India that is drought resistant and suitable for dryland farming. It is often intercropped with crops like cotton.
- Green gram is high in protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and various vitamins and minerals. It has 126 kJ of energy per 100g when sprouted.
- Popular varieties include VRM 2, CoGG 7, and Pusa Badshah. Green gram requires well-drained soil, a well-distributed rainfall or irrigation, and fertilizer application of 12.5-25 kg N, 25-50 kg P2O5, and 12.5
This document discusses the classification of herbicides based on various factors:
1. Mode of action - including contact herbicides that kill via contact and systemic herbicides that move within the plant.
2. Time of application - including pre-plant, pre-emergence, and post-emergence applications.
3. Selectivity - including selective herbicides that only kill certain weeds and non-selective herbicides that kill any plant.
4. Spectrum of weed control - including narrow spectrum herbicides that control few weed types and broad spectrum that control many types.
5. Site of application - including soil-applied, foliar-applied, and those that
breeding for salt tolerance – response of plants to salinity – symptoms – mechanisms of salt tolerance – breeding methods for salt tolerance – problems – achievements; Cold tolerance – chilling resistance – effects of chilling stress on plants – mechanism of chilling tolerance – sources of chilling tolerance – selection criteria –freezing resistance – effects of freezing – mechanism of freezing resistance – genetic resources for freezing tolerance – selection criteria – problems in breeding for freezing tolerance.
Entrepreneurship development & business management AEXT5311 notesISHAN DEWANGAN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Theory Concept of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship Development, Characteristics, types and
functions of entrepreneurs.
Role of entrepreneurship in economic development & achievement motivation. Barriers of entrepreneurs.
SWOT Analysis, contract farming, joint venture, public private partnership, social
responsibility of business.
Government policy and programs and institutions for entrepreneurship development,
Impact of economic reforms on Agribusiness/ Agri enterprises.
Developing Managerial Skills, Entrepreneurial Development Process; Organizational
skill (controlling, supervising, problem solving, monitoring & evaluation)
Business Leadership Skills (Communication, direction and motivation Skills),
Supply chain management and Total quality management.
Project Planning Formulation and report preparation; Opportunities for Agri entrepreneurship and rural enterprise.
AEXT 5311 notes, IGKV 5 semester notes, 3 year 1 semester notes, entrepreneurship development and business management notes, BTC CARS, BILASPUR, Ishan Dewangan , B.Sc agriculture notes, agriculture notes, business management notes igkv,
This document provides information about the components of genetic variation, including phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental variation. It discusses different types of genetic variation caused by genes, including monogenic and polygenic variation. The key components of genetic variation are additive, dominance, and epistatic variance. Additive variance is fixable and results from differences between homozygotes. Dominance variance is due to heterozygote deviations and is not fixable. Epistatic variance results from gene interactions and can be fixable or non-fixable depending on the type of interaction. The document explains each type of genetic variance in detail.
ABSTRACT- Striga is a major constraint affecting sorghum, maize, other cereal crops, sugar cane and legume crops
production in sub Saharan Africa. Striga may result in complete crop loss under the worst of conditions. Prodigious seed
production, prolonged viability of the seeds and the subterranean nature of the early stages of parasitism make the control
of the parasite by conventional methods difficult if not impossible. The increasing incidence of Striga has been attributed
to poor soil fertility and structure, low soil moisture, intensification of land use through continuous cultivation and an
expansion of cereal production. Many potentially successful approaches developed to control this weed include using
resistant/tolerant varieties, sowing clean seeds that are not contaminated with Striga seeds, rotating cereal hosts with trap
crops that induce abortive germination of Striga seeds, intercropping, applying organic and inorganic soil amendments
such as fertilizer or manure, fumigating soil with ethylene, applying post emergence herbicides, push-pull technology and
using biological control agents. Based on some studies, the interaction of tied-ridging with N fertilizer and resistant
varieties; cereal-legume intercropping and its interaction with N fertilizer revealed low Striga infestation. No single
management option has been found effective across locations and time. Hence, an integrated Striga management
approach, currently, offers the best possibility for reducing impact at the farm level.
Key Words- Intercropping, Integrated pest management, Fertilizer, Management options, Striga
This presentation provides information on green gram (Vigna radiata):
- It is a legume crop originally from India that is drought resistant and suitable for dryland farming. It is often intercropped with crops like cotton.
- Green gram is high in protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and various vitamins and minerals. It has 126 kJ of energy per 100g when sprouted.
- Popular varieties include VRM 2, CoGG 7, and Pusa Badshah. Green gram requires well-drained soil, a well-distributed rainfall or irrigation, and fertilizer application of 12.5-25 kg N, 25-50 kg P2O5, and 12.5
This document discusses the classification of herbicides based on various factors:
1. Mode of action - including contact herbicides that kill via contact and systemic herbicides that move within the plant.
2. Time of application - including pre-plant, pre-emergence, and post-emergence applications.
3. Selectivity - including selective herbicides that only kill certain weeds and non-selective herbicides that kill any plant.
4. Spectrum of weed control - including narrow spectrum herbicides that control few weed types and broad spectrum that control many types.
5. Site of application - including soil-applied, foliar-applied, and those that
breeding for salt tolerance – response of plants to salinity – symptoms – mechanisms of salt tolerance – breeding methods for salt tolerance – problems – achievements; Cold tolerance – chilling resistance – effects of chilling stress on plants – mechanism of chilling tolerance – sources of chilling tolerance – selection criteria –freezing resistance – effects of freezing – mechanism of freezing resistance – genetic resources for freezing tolerance – selection criteria – problems in breeding for freezing tolerance.
Entrepreneurship development & business management AEXT5311 notesISHAN DEWANGAN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Theory Concept of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship Development, Characteristics, types and
functions of entrepreneurs.
Role of entrepreneurship in economic development & achievement motivation. Barriers of entrepreneurs.
SWOT Analysis, contract farming, joint venture, public private partnership, social
responsibility of business.
Government policy and programs and institutions for entrepreneurship development,
Impact of economic reforms on Agribusiness/ Agri enterprises.
Developing Managerial Skills, Entrepreneurial Development Process; Organizational
skill (controlling, supervising, problem solving, monitoring & evaluation)
Business Leadership Skills (Communication, direction and motivation Skills),
Supply chain management and Total quality management.
Project Planning Formulation and report preparation; Opportunities for Agri entrepreneurship and rural enterprise.
AEXT 5311 notes, IGKV 5 semester notes, 3 year 1 semester notes, entrepreneurship development and business management notes, BTC CARS, BILASPUR, Ishan Dewangan , B.Sc agriculture notes, agriculture notes, business management notes igkv,
This document provides information about the components of genetic variation, including phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental variation. It discusses different types of genetic variation caused by genes, including monogenic and polygenic variation. The key components of genetic variation are additive, dominance, and epistatic variance. Additive variance is fixable and results from differences between homozygotes. Dominance variance is due to heterozygote deviations and is not fixable. Epistatic variance results from gene interactions and can be fixable or non-fixable depending on the type of interaction. The document explains each type of genetic variance in detail.
The document provides information about the domestication of crop plants, including:
- Domestication involves adapting wild plants for human use by selecting for desirable traits over generations.
- It began as early as 11,000 BC with rye and included major crops like wheat, peas, and bottle gourd in various regions including the Middle East, Asia, and Americas.
- Key scientists like de Candolle and Vavilov studied the origins and centers of domestication for many crops still important today. The process resulted in morphological and physiological changes collectively known as the domestication syndrome.
Male sterility refers to nonfunctional pollen grains while female gametes function normally. There are several types of male sterility including cytoplasmic (governed by cytoplasmic genes), genetic (governed by nuclear genes), and cytoplasmic-genetic (governed by both). Male sterility prevents self-pollination and promotes cross-pollination, leading to heterozygosity. It has various applications in plant breeding for the production of hybrid seeds, especially in crops like maize, sorghum, and vegetables. The document discusses the characteristics, inheritance, and uses of different types of male sterility in crop improvement programs.
This document presents a genetics presentation on heterosis, outbreeding, and hybrid vigour. It discusses the topic in depth, including definitions, the genetic basis of heterosis through dominance and overdominance hypotheses, types of heterosis, factors affecting heterosis, examples in plants and animals, and applications. Specifically, it provides definitions of heterosis and hybrid vigour, outlines the contents of the presentation, and gives examples of heterosis in mules used by the Indian army and in black baldy and hybrid vigor cattle.
This document discusses various methods and trends in plant taxonomy, including:
1. Analyzing gross morphology, anatomy, pollen morphology, chemical constituents, serology, paleontology, ontogeny, cytogenetics, and embryology.
2. Numerical taxonomy involves using mathematical methods to classify plants based on quantitative evaluations of their similarities.
3. Descriptions cover anatomical features, chemotaxonomy, serotaxonomy, paleontological evidence of plant evolution, relationships shown by ontogeny and floral development, the role of cytogenetics and biosystematics, and using embryology for phylogenetic studies.
Mutation breeding involves deliberately inducing mutations in plant varieties to generate genetic diversity for crop improvement. The document discusses the history, techniques, and achievements of mutation breeding. It describes how mutations can be induced using physical or chemical mutagens and the procedures for handling segregating populations. Mutation breeding has been used to develop improved varieties with traits like increased yield, abiotic/biotic stress resistance, and quality. India has released many successful mutant crop varieties, especially in rice and chickpeas, through research centers like IARI. While mutation breeding can lead to quick gains, it also has limitations like unpredictability and costs of screening large populations.
This document provides information about a plant breeding course including its objectives. It begins with details about the course such as its name, credit hours, and presenter. It then discusses definitions of plant breeding and the objectives of plant breeding which include higher yields, improved quality, disease and insect resistance, and changes in maturity duration among other traits. The document lists 12 main objectives of plant breeding and provides examples for each one. It concludes with information about international agricultural research centers.
This document discusses distant hybridization, which involves crossing individuals from different plant species or genera. Some key points:
- The first recorded distant hybrid was between carnation and sweet william produced in 1717. An inter-generic hybrid called raphanobrassica was produced in 1928.
- Problems with distant hybrids include cross incompatibility, hybrid inviability, sterility, and breakdown in subsequent generations. Techniques like embryo rescue can help overcome some issues.
- Distant hybridization can be used to transfer beneficial traits like disease resistance between species. It has led to improvements in crops through hybrid varieties with increased yield, adaptation, and resistance to insects and disease.
This document summarizes topics related to genetic engineering including the Green Revolution, genetic erosion, traditional crossbreeding, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It describes how the Green Revolution increased agricultural production through high-yielding crop varieties but caused issues like pollution, soil erosion, and negative health effects. Genetic erosion is the loss of genetic diversity, which can be caused by habitat loss or lack of breeding. Traditional crossbreeding techniques include selection and hybridization to transfer traits, while genetic engineering directly inserts genes between unrelated species. The document discusses both perceived benefits and concerns about GMOs.
22. Polyploidy in plant breeding in crop improvementNaveen Kumar
Polyploidy refers to organisms that have more than two complete sets of chromosomes. It occurs naturally in plants through processes like autopolyploidy, where multiple chromosome sets are from the same species, and allopolyploidy, where chromosome sets are from different species. Polyploidy provides benefits like increased size, vigor and fertility restoration in some cases. It has played an important role in crop evolution, with many important crops being polyploid like potato, banana and coffee. Polyploidy can be artificially induced using techniques like colchicine treatment which inhibits chromosome separation. This has applications in crop improvement through creating new varieties and restoring fertility in interspecific crosses.
This document discusses mutation breeding and mutation induction. It defines mutation as a heritable change in phenotype and describes two types of mutations: those caused by changes in nuclear DNA and those caused by changes in cytoplasmic DNA. It then outlines the history of mutation research and induction starting in the 1920s. The document discusses spontaneous versus induced mutations and different mutagens used to induce mutations like radiation, chemicals, and base analogues. It describes the breeding procedure for mutation breeding and screening techniques. Finally, it covers advantages, limitations, research centers involved, and some achievements of mutation breeding.
The document discusses various activities related to plant genetic resources including exploration and collection, conservation, evaluation, documentation, multiplication, and utilization of germplasm. It describes exploration as collecting genetic material from various sources and assembling it in one place. Germplasm conservation methods include in situ conservation of genetic resources in their natural habitat and ex situ conservation by preserving genetic material outside its natural habitat, such as storing seed. Evaluation of germplasm involves analyzing collected samples for morphological, genetic, economic, and other traits. Documentation involves compiling and disseminating information about genetic resources activities like collection and storage. Utilization refers to using germplasm in crop improvement programs.
Mutation breeding is a tool for crop improvement that induces mutations using physical or chemical mutagens. Over 3,200 mutant varieties have been released globally in over 70 plant species. Key milestones included the first induced mutations in plants in 1927 and development of the first induced mutant variety in 1936. Procedures involve choosing plant material, applying mutagens like radiation or chemicals, handling mutated plants, and screening generations to select desirable traits. Successful examples include developing semi-dwarf, disease resistant, early maturing, and stress tolerant rice, wheat, barley, peanut, and chickpea varieties. Mutation breeding has made major contributions to global food production.
1. Inbred lines are developed through repeated self-pollination or inbreeding of plants over multiple generations to produce genotypes that are homozygous and genetically uniform.
2. The pedigree method is most commonly used to develop maize inbred lines, involving self-pollination over 6-7 generations with selection of desirable plants each generation.
3. Doubled haploid lines can also be used, in which haploid cells are induced and then chromosome doubled to instantly produce completely homozygous lines.
BREEDING METHODS FOR ASEXUALLY PROPAGATED SPECIES Naveen Kumar
This document discusses breeding methods for asexually propagated plant species. It describes two main modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, which includes vegetative propagation methods like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and modified stems/roots, is common in species that cannot or do not flower and sexually reproduce. Methods to develop new varieties in asexually propagated crops include clonal selection, clonal hybridization, and inducing mutations. Clonal selection involves selecting superior clones from a mixed population, while clonal hybridization crosses two desirable clones and selects progeny with superior traits. These methods have been used successfully to develop new varieties of crops like potato, sugarcane, banana and citrus.
General principles of seed production Junaid Abbas
The document discusses the importance of producing high quality pedigree seed through maintaining genetic purity and varietal characteristics. It states that seed production requires strict attention, high technical skills, and financial investment. Several factors can lead to the deterioration of seed varieties during production cycles, such as developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures during sowing and harvesting, natural crossing through pollination, and mutations. The document provides guidelines for maintaining varietal purity through practices like inspection of seed fields, rouging of off-type plants, adequate isolation distances, and periodic testing to ensure genetic purity is preserved in seed production.
Synthetic variety: A variety which is developed by crossing in all possible combinations a number of lines that combine well with each other.
The lines that make up synthetic varieties may be inbred lines, clones, open pollinated varieties or other populations tested for GCA or for combining ability with each other.
The possibility of commercial utilization of synthetic varieties in maize was first suggested by Hayes and Garber in 1922.
Synthetic varieties have been of great value in the breeding of those cross pollinated crops where pollination control is difficult, e. g. forage crop species, many clonal crops
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF SUGARCANE BREEDINGkldpngr
This document summarizes the current status and future prospects of sugarcane breeding in India. It provides background on sugarcane as an important crop and describes the key national institutes involved in sugarcane breeding. The breeding objectives, methods like clonal selection and hybridization are outlined. Important historical developments are noted, such as the first successful inter-specific hybrid Co 205. Current promising varieties for different regions are listed and challenges like complex genome and narrow genetic base are discussed. The future prospects section describes ongoing and planned work in population improvement, abiotic stress tolerance, genome characterization and disease resistance.
Double haploids are produced by doubling the chromosomes of haploid cells. Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original organism due to meiosis. A doubled haploid would have the full chromosome number and be homozygous. There are two main methods to produce haploids - anther/pollen culture (androgenesis) and ovary/ovule culture (gynogenesis). The haploids can then be doubled using chemicals like colchicine to produce doubled haploids. Doubled haploids have benefits for plant breeding as they are fully homozygous in the first generation, allowing for faster breeding cycles.
This document discusses several hypotheses for heterosis, or hybrid vigor. It summarizes the dominance hypothesis, which proposes that heterosis results from the superiority of dominant alleles over recessive alleles. It also summarizes the overdominance hypothesis, which suggests heterosis occurs when a heterozygote is superior to either homozygous parent due to production of superior hybrid substances or greater buffering capacity. The document also briefly discusses the epistasis hypothesis, which proposes non-allelic interaction between loci can contribute to heterosis, particularly dominance by dominance epistasis.
GPB 311: Wheat- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality in Wheat
Breeding for dual purpose attributes in sorghum. Identification of materials ...Maarouf Mohammed
This study investigated the potential for developing high-yielding dual-purpose (grain and fodder) sorghum cultivars. 122 sorghum genotypes were screened and 21 were selected based on traits like early flowering, high regrowth, plant height, panicle size, and grain/fodder yield. These 21 genotypes plus 3 checks were evaluated in field trials. Significant variation was found among genotypes for fodder and grain yields. Some genotypes like SG33 and S.25Abu70 showed potential for high dual yields. Positive associations were found between grain and fodder yields and related traits, suggesting dual-purpose cultivars can be developed by combining high levels of these traits.
The document provides information about the domestication of crop plants, including:
- Domestication involves adapting wild plants for human use by selecting for desirable traits over generations.
- It began as early as 11,000 BC with rye and included major crops like wheat, peas, and bottle gourd in various regions including the Middle East, Asia, and Americas.
- Key scientists like de Candolle and Vavilov studied the origins and centers of domestication for many crops still important today. The process resulted in morphological and physiological changes collectively known as the domestication syndrome.
Male sterility refers to nonfunctional pollen grains while female gametes function normally. There are several types of male sterility including cytoplasmic (governed by cytoplasmic genes), genetic (governed by nuclear genes), and cytoplasmic-genetic (governed by both). Male sterility prevents self-pollination and promotes cross-pollination, leading to heterozygosity. It has various applications in plant breeding for the production of hybrid seeds, especially in crops like maize, sorghum, and vegetables. The document discusses the characteristics, inheritance, and uses of different types of male sterility in crop improvement programs.
This document presents a genetics presentation on heterosis, outbreeding, and hybrid vigour. It discusses the topic in depth, including definitions, the genetic basis of heterosis through dominance and overdominance hypotheses, types of heterosis, factors affecting heterosis, examples in plants and animals, and applications. Specifically, it provides definitions of heterosis and hybrid vigour, outlines the contents of the presentation, and gives examples of heterosis in mules used by the Indian army and in black baldy and hybrid vigor cattle.
This document discusses various methods and trends in plant taxonomy, including:
1. Analyzing gross morphology, anatomy, pollen morphology, chemical constituents, serology, paleontology, ontogeny, cytogenetics, and embryology.
2. Numerical taxonomy involves using mathematical methods to classify plants based on quantitative evaluations of their similarities.
3. Descriptions cover anatomical features, chemotaxonomy, serotaxonomy, paleontological evidence of plant evolution, relationships shown by ontogeny and floral development, the role of cytogenetics and biosystematics, and using embryology for phylogenetic studies.
Mutation breeding involves deliberately inducing mutations in plant varieties to generate genetic diversity for crop improvement. The document discusses the history, techniques, and achievements of mutation breeding. It describes how mutations can be induced using physical or chemical mutagens and the procedures for handling segregating populations. Mutation breeding has been used to develop improved varieties with traits like increased yield, abiotic/biotic stress resistance, and quality. India has released many successful mutant crop varieties, especially in rice and chickpeas, through research centers like IARI. While mutation breeding can lead to quick gains, it also has limitations like unpredictability and costs of screening large populations.
This document provides information about a plant breeding course including its objectives. It begins with details about the course such as its name, credit hours, and presenter. It then discusses definitions of plant breeding and the objectives of plant breeding which include higher yields, improved quality, disease and insect resistance, and changes in maturity duration among other traits. The document lists 12 main objectives of plant breeding and provides examples for each one. It concludes with information about international agricultural research centers.
This document discusses distant hybridization, which involves crossing individuals from different plant species or genera. Some key points:
- The first recorded distant hybrid was between carnation and sweet william produced in 1717. An inter-generic hybrid called raphanobrassica was produced in 1928.
- Problems with distant hybrids include cross incompatibility, hybrid inviability, sterility, and breakdown in subsequent generations. Techniques like embryo rescue can help overcome some issues.
- Distant hybridization can be used to transfer beneficial traits like disease resistance between species. It has led to improvements in crops through hybrid varieties with increased yield, adaptation, and resistance to insects and disease.
This document summarizes topics related to genetic engineering including the Green Revolution, genetic erosion, traditional crossbreeding, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It describes how the Green Revolution increased agricultural production through high-yielding crop varieties but caused issues like pollution, soil erosion, and negative health effects. Genetic erosion is the loss of genetic diversity, which can be caused by habitat loss or lack of breeding. Traditional crossbreeding techniques include selection and hybridization to transfer traits, while genetic engineering directly inserts genes between unrelated species. The document discusses both perceived benefits and concerns about GMOs.
22. Polyploidy in plant breeding in crop improvementNaveen Kumar
Polyploidy refers to organisms that have more than two complete sets of chromosomes. It occurs naturally in plants through processes like autopolyploidy, where multiple chromosome sets are from the same species, and allopolyploidy, where chromosome sets are from different species. Polyploidy provides benefits like increased size, vigor and fertility restoration in some cases. It has played an important role in crop evolution, with many important crops being polyploid like potato, banana and coffee. Polyploidy can be artificially induced using techniques like colchicine treatment which inhibits chromosome separation. This has applications in crop improvement through creating new varieties and restoring fertility in interspecific crosses.
This document discusses mutation breeding and mutation induction. It defines mutation as a heritable change in phenotype and describes two types of mutations: those caused by changes in nuclear DNA and those caused by changes in cytoplasmic DNA. It then outlines the history of mutation research and induction starting in the 1920s. The document discusses spontaneous versus induced mutations and different mutagens used to induce mutations like radiation, chemicals, and base analogues. It describes the breeding procedure for mutation breeding and screening techniques. Finally, it covers advantages, limitations, research centers involved, and some achievements of mutation breeding.
The document discusses various activities related to plant genetic resources including exploration and collection, conservation, evaluation, documentation, multiplication, and utilization of germplasm. It describes exploration as collecting genetic material from various sources and assembling it in one place. Germplasm conservation methods include in situ conservation of genetic resources in their natural habitat and ex situ conservation by preserving genetic material outside its natural habitat, such as storing seed. Evaluation of germplasm involves analyzing collected samples for morphological, genetic, economic, and other traits. Documentation involves compiling and disseminating information about genetic resources activities like collection and storage. Utilization refers to using germplasm in crop improvement programs.
Mutation breeding is a tool for crop improvement that induces mutations using physical or chemical mutagens. Over 3,200 mutant varieties have been released globally in over 70 plant species. Key milestones included the first induced mutations in plants in 1927 and development of the first induced mutant variety in 1936. Procedures involve choosing plant material, applying mutagens like radiation or chemicals, handling mutated plants, and screening generations to select desirable traits. Successful examples include developing semi-dwarf, disease resistant, early maturing, and stress tolerant rice, wheat, barley, peanut, and chickpea varieties. Mutation breeding has made major contributions to global food production.
1. Inbred lines are developed through repeated self-pollination or inbreeding of plants over multiple generations to produce genotypes that are homozygous and genetically uniform.
2. The pedigree method is most commonly used to develop maize inbred lines, involving self-pollination over 6-7 generations with selection of desirable plants each generation.
3. Doubled haploid lines can also be used, in which haploid cells are induced and then chromosome doubled to instantly produce completely homozygous lines.
BREEDING METHODS FOR ASEXUALLY PROPAGATED SPECIES Naveen Kumar
This document discusses breeding methods for asexually propagated plant species. It describes two main modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, which includes vegetative propagation methods like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and modified stems/roots, is common in species that cannot or do not flower and sexually reproduce. Methods to develop new varieties in asexually propagated crops include clonal selection, clonal hybridization, and inducing mutations. Clonal selection involves selecting superior clones from a mixed population, while clonal hybridization crosses two desirable clones and selects progeny with superior traits. These methods have been used successfully to develop new varieties of crops like potato, sugarcane, banana and citrus.
General principles of seed production Junaid Abbas
The document discusses the importance of producing high quality pedigree seed through maintaining genetic purity and varietal characteristics. It states that seed production requires strict attention, high technical skills, and financial investment. Several factors can lead to the deterioration of seed varieties during production cycles, such as developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures during sowing and harvesting, natural crossing through pollination, and mutations. The document provides guidelines for maintaining varietal purity through practices like inspection of seed fields, rouging of off-type plants, adequate isolation distances, and periodic testing to ensure genetic purity is preserved in seed production.
Synthetic variety: A variety which is developed by crossing in all possible combinations a number of lines that combine well with each other.
The lines that make up synthetic varieties may be inbred lines, clones, open pollinated varieties or other populations tested for GCA or for combining ability with each other.
The possibility of commercial utilization of synthetic varieties in maize was first suggested by Hayes and Garber in 1922.
Synthetic varieties have been of great value in the breeding of those cross pollinated crops where pollination control is difficult, e. g. forage crop species, many clonal crops
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF SUGARCANE BREEDINGkldpngr
This document summarizes the current status and future prospects of sugarcane breeding in India. It provides background on sugarcane as an important crop and describes the key national institutes involved in sugarcane breeding. The breeding objectives, methods like clonal selection and hybridization are outlined. Important historical developments are noted, such as the first successful inter-specific hybrid Co 205. Current promising varieties for different regions are listed and challenges like complex genome and narrow genetic base are discussed. The future prospects section describes ongoing and planned work in population improvement, abiotic stress tolerance, genome characterization and disease resistance.
Double haploids are produced by doubling the chromosomes of haploid cells. Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original organism due to meiosis. A doubled haploid would have the full chromosome number and be homozygous. There are two main methods to produce haploids - anther/pollen culture (androgenesis) and ovary/ovule culture (gynogenesis). The haploids can then be doubled using chemicals like colchicine to produce doubled haploids. Doubled haploids have benefits for plant breeding as they are fully homozygous in the first generation, allowing for faster breeding cycles.
This document discusses several hypotheses for heterosis, or hybrid vigor. It summarizes the dominance hypothesis, which proposes that heterosis results from the superiority of dominant alleles over recessive alleles. It also summarizes the overdominance hypothesis, which suggests heterosis occurs when a heterozygote is superior to either homozygous parent due to production of superior hybrid substances or greater buffering capacity. The document also briefly discusses the epistasis hypothesis, which proposes non-allelic interaction between loci can contribute to heterosis, particularly dominance by dominance epistasis.
GPB 311: Wheat- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality in Wheat
Breeding for dual purpose attributes in sorghum. Identification of materials ...Maarouf Mohammed
This study investigated the potential for developing high-yielding dual-purpose (grain and fodder) sorghum cultivars. 122 sorghum genotypes were screened and 21 were selected based on traits like early flowering, high regrowth, plant height, panicle size, and grain/fodder yield. These 21 genotypes plus 3 checks were evaluated in field trials. Significant variation was found among genotypes for fodder and grain yields. Some genotypes like SG33 and S.25Abu70 showed potential for high dual yields. Positive associations were found between grain and fodder yields and related traits, suggesting dual-purpose cultivars can be developed by combining high levels of these traits.
PROVENANCE AND SITE EFFECTS ON PROGENY SAFFRON CORMS (CROCUS SATIVUS) PRODUCT...BENELCAIDMohamed
Background: Saffron spice is the most expensive spice in the world. Its yield is determined by the effect of the genotype of mother corms, their environment and the interaction between both factors. Improving saffron yield and yield components could be accomplished through the evaluation of these effects on progeny corms asexual propagation. Objectives: The aim of the present study was then to evaluate progeny corm productivity of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under the effects of the provenance of mother corms, the planting site and their interaction. Methods: A multifactorial design was started with four different corms provenances noted Sh, Am, Za and As that were planted in two different sites noted TAL and FSA. Progeny corm number, fresh weight and diameter average as well as total progeny biomass were measured at each harvest. Results: Results indicate morphological polymorphism among saffron mother corms between the provenances. Both tested factors had a significant effect on progeny corm productivity. In term of total useful progeny biomass able to flower with a diameter >2.5cm and mass >11g, Am accession was the highest performing at the FSA coastal site. Furthermore, this planting site showed the best results for other provenances in term of progeny corms quantitative traits. Useful progeny corms productivity was enhanced 7.38 times the starting biomass after only two years compared with Za accession planted in TAL (1.05). This last accession is marked by a described phenomenon characterized by the super-dominance of the first generated corm. Regardless the number of progeny corms, positive correlation was stated between the studied agro-morphometric traits and Am provenance in FSA planting site. Conclusions: This study offers preliminary information of saffron agro-morphometric variability under different plantation sites and allows a clonal selection with the planting conditions that show a clear superiority relating to progeny corms quantitative performance. Keywords: Saffron, Provenance, Planting site, Corms, Productivity. http://www.american-jiras.com/ElCaid-ManuscriptRef.5-ajira160918.pdf
This document provides an overview of breeding field and horticultural crops. It begins by discussing the breeding of rice, including its origin, species, related wild species used in breeding, and breeding objectives. The key breeding objectives for rice are outlined, including high yield potential, adaptability and stability of yield, early maturity, resistance to lodging and shattering, and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Grain quality objectives like shape, size, texture, and cooking quality are also mentioned.
This study assessed the adaptability of 12 improved groundnut varieties (Sadi, manipinter, etc.) grown in Ethiopia. The varieties were planted in 2012/13 at two sites - a research center and nearby sub-site. Combined data analysis found significant varietal differences in yield, flowering time, maturity time, plant height, and seed weight. Location significantly affected yield, flowering time, maturity time, and plant height. Sadi and Fetene were the earliest to flower and mature. Manipinter had the highest 100-seed weight and was the highest yielder, followed by Sartu, Sadi, and wr961. Fetene and Oldhale performed poorly. The study identified varieties best suited to
This study assessed the adaptability of 12 improved groundnut varieties at two sites in Ethiopia. At both sites, varieties showed significant differences in yield, days to flower, days to maturity, plant height, and hundred seed weight. Manipinter yielded highest (16.9q/ha), followed by Sartu (12.2q/ha), Sadi (11.8q/ha), and wr961 (11.05q/ha). Location significantly affected yield, days to flower, days to maturity, and plant height. Varietal differences were highly significant for yield, days to flower, days to maturity, stand count, and plant height across locations.
Genetic Diversity and Selection Criteria in Blast Resistance Rice (Oryza sati...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated genetic diversity among 16 advanced blast-resistant rice lines under tropical environments. Three field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 in Malaysia. Various agronomic traits were measured, including plant height, tillers, panicles, grain weight, and yield. Genetic diversity was analyzed using multivariate analysis. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for traits like tonnes per hectare, grain weight per plot, and kilograms per plot, indicating significant genetic influence. Heritability was also high for several traits. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into nine major clusters based on assessed characters. The study aims to identify promising lines and guide future rice breeding programs in Malaysia.
Technical report on two Sorghum varieties (12KNICSV-188 and 12KNICSV-22) deve...ICRISAT
Sorghum is an important staple crop in Nigeria due to its adaptability to different ecologies and affordability. Nigeria is the largest producer of Sorghum in Africa and the third largest in the world after USA and India. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD), under the Agricultural Transformation Agenda is focused on strengthening the Nigerian economy through commodity transformation of sorghum as one of its target crops. Improving nourishment and ensuring food security for the low income populace who depend on sorghum as their staple food, and most of whom are situated in the North West and North East Nigeria.
Determination of Suitable Cutting Size for Vegetative Propagation of Jatropha...ZY8
This study evaluated different stem cutting sizes for vegetative propagation of Jatropha curcas without rooting hormones. Cuttings of three lengths (20, 30, 40 cm) and four thicknesses (1.5-2 cm, 2-2.5 cm, 2.5-3 cm, 3-3.5 cm) were tested. The 40 cm long by 2.5-3 cm thick cuttings showed the highest survival rate (68%), most leaves (26.33), longest roots (22.35 cm), and greatest root volume, fresh weight, and dry weight. These cuttings performed best for vegetative propagation. Seed propagation resulted in taller plants with more branches, but cuttings flowered four
This document summarizes research on the mineral micronutrient content of field peas, chickpeas, common beans, and lentils grown in Saskatchewan, Canada. The following key points are made:
1) Pulses grown in Saskatchewan were found to contain significant amounts of important minerals like magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, and selenium that contribute to recommended daily intakes.
2) The mineral content varied significantly based on location, year, and cultivar. Location had the strongest effect on mineral levels.
3) Growing pulses in Saskatchewan has the potential to increase micronutrient intake and address mineral deficiencies in diets that commonly consume these crops. Further selection of cultiv
Sugarcane is a tropical crop cultivated for its sucrose content. It is vegetatively propagated through stem cuttings. Conventional breeding methods have focused on increasing yield, sucrose content, and resistance to diseases and stresses. However, sugarcane has a complex polyploid genome that poses challenges for breeding. New techniques including mutation breeding, transgenic approaches, micropropagation, and development of "energy canes" aim to broaden the genetic base and introduce new traits. Breeding objectives also include abiotic stress tolerance and nutrient use efficiency.
Knowledge of Farmers about production technology of root and tuber cropsVedant Girawale
It is believable that to motivate farmers for adopting package of
practices of root & tuber crops for food security and nutritional security is very much essential. Final decision of farmers to adopt root & tuber crops cultivation is usually the result of their knowledge about package of practices of tuber crops. Therefore, it was felt necessary to study level of knowledge of the farmers about package of practices of root & tuber crops in Navsari distrist of south Gujarat, India.
Combining Ability and Heterosis for Grain Yield and Other Agronomic Traits in...Premier Publishers
A varietal diallel of eight parents (3 sweet corn, 1 popcorn and 4 field corn) was evaluated at the Teaching and Research Farms of College of Agriculture, Lafia and Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi respectively, to estimate combining ability, heterosis and gene action. The experiments were laid out as 8x8 α-lattice design with three replications in both locations during the 2018 rain-fed cropping season. Data was collected on emergence count, chlorophyll content, days to tasselling, days to silking, plant height, ear height and grain yield. A significant difference (p≤ 0.05 and p≤ 0.01) in the General Combining Ability (GCA), Specific Combining Ability (SCA) and Reciprocals was observed, with apparent additivity for all the traits. Both negative and positive GCA, SCA and Reciprocal effects and heterosis were observed for all the traits studied. Recurrent selection in TZY-sh2-Y, MAW-sh2-W, SAMMAZ 39, TZEE 2009 and MAY-PC-Y for earliness, dwarfism, vigour and yield was recommended for further breeding towards the improvement of these genotypes in the Southern Guinea Savanna ecology of Nigeria.
This document summarizes information about groundnut (peanut), including its origin in Brazil and major production areas like India, China, Nigeria, and Sudan. It describes the plant's lifecycle and chromosome number, and classifies species within the Arachis genus. It outlines breeding objectives such as disease resistance, yield improvement, and exploiting wild species. Common breeding methods are also summarized, including selection, hybridization techniques like bulk selection and pedigree method, and approaches like mutation breeding. The document provides an overview of groundnut's taxonomy, genetics, breeding goals, and approaches.
The document summarizes the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), an agricultural method developed in Madagascar that can double rice yields while reducing water usage, costs, and environmental impacts. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings with wide spacing, keeping soil well-aerated through alternate wetting and drying, and frequent weeding. Trials in multiple countries show SRI can increase yields from 2-4 tons/hectare to 5-10 tons/hectare or more through synergistic effects on root and tiller growth. The document discusses scientific explanations for SRI's performance and responses to objections about its adoption and labor requirements.
Gamma ray induced early generation polygenic variability in medium grain arom...Premier Publishers
Two advanced breeding lines of aromatic non-basmati rice, IET 14142 and IET 14143, irradiated with 250Gy, 350Gy and 450Gy of gamma ray induced wide variation for polygenic characters in M2 and M3 generations. Wide range of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation (GCV and PCV) for different characters indicated differential radio-sensitivity of the characters. Increase in values of GCV and PCV in M3 over M2 generation for flag leaf length and spikelet number was due to “release of additional variability”. Heritability in M3 generation increased over M2 in IET 14142 for days to flower and flag leaf angle at all three doses, and for other characters only at certain doses. The genetic advance increased from M2 to M3 in IET 14142 for some characters due to increase in variance, while it decreased in M3 generation in IET 14143 for certain characters due to increase in mean values. The overall results indicated the scope for isolating promising segregants in micro mutational population even in early generations.
Agronomic, Yield and Quality Performance Evaluation of Improved Vetch Varieti...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out to introduce and evaluate the adaptability of specific vetch genotypes based on yield, yield components and nutritional quality in Guji Zone, Ethiopia. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks, each containing 7 plots of vetch accessions namely; Vicia villosa IRLI, Vicia atropurporea, Vicia villosa Holota, Vicia sativa ICARD 61509, Vicia sativa ICARD 61744, Vicia dasycarpa lana and Vicia dasycarpa namoi in 2010 summer season and 4 plots of Vetch varieties/accessions (Vicia narbonensis, Lelisa, Abdeta and Gebisa) in 2011 summer season with each plot measuring 3m x 4m was used. The analysis of yield and yield components and quality shows that Vicia sativa ICARD 61744 and Vicia sativa ICARD 61509 was significantly higher in seed yield and Vicia sativa ICARD 61744 was significantly less in Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) content. Vicia sativa ICARD 61509 was significantly higher in Dry Matter Yield (DMy) and it is similar with other accessions except Vicia dasycarpa namoi. Vicia villosa Holeta was significantly higher in green forage yield and highest in Organic matter (OM), Crude Protein (CP) and In vitro Organic matter digestibility (DOMD). Abdeta was significantly higher in seed per pod, seed yield and Harvesting Index (HI) and highest in OM. Lelisa was significantly higher in green forage yield and late in date of maturity at (P<0.05). Therefore, based on the performance of most parameters, Vetch accessions/varieties, Vicia atropurpureum, Vicia villosa Holota, Vicia sativa ICARD61509 and Vicia sativa ICARD61744, in 2010 and Gebisa and Lelisa, in 2011 were best performing.
This study evaluated 12 vegetable pigeon pea cultivars across two locations in eastern Kenya to identify high-yielding cultivars under both rain-fed and supplemental irrigation conditions. Growth parameters such as days to flowering, plant height, branch numbers, and pod size were measured. Significant differences were found among cultivars for time to flowering and maturity. Plant growth and pod characteristics were generally enhanced with supplemental irrigation. Positive correlations between pod number and yield indicated pod number can be used as a predictor of yield potential. Several cultivars were identified as high-yielding under rain-fed conditions, and others performed best with supplemental water. The cultivars KAT 60/8, ICEAP 00068, ICEAP
Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in riceAshish Tiwari
With resources such as land being limited, increasing yield potential holds an important place for feeding the growing population. Stress is one of the main reasons for hindering the full flourish potential of any crop. Thus, breeding for increasing yield potential as well as stress adaptability goes hand in hand. Various conventional as well as advanced breeding methods along with the understanding of crop physiology can help us achieve the goal
Millet research status and breeding program mes in Nepalhari paneru
The document discusses millets, which are small-seeded grasses grown as cereal crops around the world. In Nepal, finger millet is an important staple food, especially in hilly regions. While research has led to some improved varieties, more work is needed to develop millet varieties with higher yields, disease resistance, early maturity, and stress tolerance to improve productivity. Techniques like hybridization combined with selection may help breed new high-yielding varieties with desired traits, though the small floret size of millets limits cross-breeding and requires techniques like emasculation or genetic male sterility systems.
This document is the 17th Annual Report of SBEC Sugar Limited for the year 2011. It includes information about the Board of Directors, Auditors, Registered Office, Corporate Office, Bankers and contents of the Annual Report such as Notice of Annual General Meeting, Directors' Report, Auditors' Report, Balance Sheet, and Profit and Loss Account. It also provides details about the re-appointment of Mr. Santosh Chand Gupta as Whole Time Director (Works) of the company for a period of one year, including his salary, perquisites, and other terms.
Mawana is an integrated sugar business with sugar, ethanol, and power production facilities located across 3 units. It has over 10,000 retail outlets selling its sugar products. Mawana aims to offer fair returns to stakeholders while operating in a clean and green manner. Key metrics include sales of over Rs. 578 crore, profit before tax of Rs. 132 crore, and sugar production of over 3.5 lac MT. Mawana plans to increase yields, expand capacity, and leverage co-generation to strengthen relationships with farmers and local communities.
This document contains a list of 305 plant names and their respective export quotas in metric tons. The export quotas range from 0 to 3023.3 metric tons. The majority of plants have non-zero export quotas assigned.
This document discusses screening sugarcane genotypes for drought tolerance. It notes that the tillering phase is the critical period for water demand, and moisture stress during this period can reduce yields by 30-50%. Field experiments were conducted withholding irrigation from 60-150 days in treatment plots to evaluate genotypes. Genotypes were rated based on their relative cane and sugar yields in normal and drought conditions, with those faring best in both considered most drought tolerant. Several varieties including CoC 671 and Co 8208 were identified as suitable for water limited conditions.
The RETECH 2011 Business Conference outlined sessions focused on strategic industry trends, policies, renewable energy technologies, investment, and international trade. Key sessions included discussions on the global and US energy outlook; opportunities for strategic collaboration between natural gas and renewable energy; strategies for adopting renewable energy through integrated sustainability approaches; and excellence in international renewable energy business partnering. The conference provided a platform for utilities, government agencies, financiers, and technology firms to discuss market developments and solutions across the renewable energy sector.
This document provides information on sugarcane seed, practices, and frameworks. It lists several key publications on sugarcane growing, breeding, and crop management. It also provides details on the publications and CDs for sale from the Sugarcane Breeding Institute in Coimbatore, India, including books, reports, and multimedia resources on sugarcane production, varieties, and research. The document concludes with background on sugarcane as a multipurpose crop and the increasing global demand for sugarcane products like sugar and ethanol.
Sugarcane is a promising feedstock for bioethanol production due to its high yields, low land use requirements, and positive environmental impacts. The sugarcane industry has integrated concerns about sustainability, climate change, jobs, and costs. Genetic modification and new technologies are being used to further improve sugarcane varieties and increase ethanol yields. Countries like Brazil have demonstrated sustainable biofuel production from sugarcane, while other nations are exploring developing their own sugarcane industries.
This document discusses India's energy landscape and opportunities for liquid fuels from sugarcane. It notes that India imports a large portion of its energy needs and is seeking to boost domestic production. Sugarcane is discussed as a feedstock for ethanol, butanol, methanol, and hydrogen. The sugar industry has become more integrated as a biorefinery model. Opportunities exist to increase ethanol production to meet blending mandates and fuel demand through increasing sugarcane acreage and yields. Other liquid fuels like butanol and methanol are mentioned as alternatives that can be produced from sugarcane.
- India imports over 68% of its oil consumption and is expected to become the fourth largest net importer of oil by 2025 as domestic production cannot meet demand.
- Nearly three-fourths of India's crude oil imports come from the Middle East, with Saudi Arabia and Iran being the largest exporters.
- India produces 1.3 billion liters of ethanol annually but requires almost 2 billion liters to support a 10% blending rate for gasoline, and increasing blending would require additional sugarcane production.
Successes & failures in realization of economic potential of biofuelssugarmills
The document summarizes the potential of sweet sorghum as an alternative feedstock for ethanol production in India. Some key points:
- Sweet sorghum has higher yields and lower costs of cultivation than sugarcane, requiring less water, fertilizer, and time to grow. It can be a more economical source for ethanol production.
- One hectare of sweet sorghum can absorb around 45 tons of CO2 during growth and has near carbon neutral emissions when used for ethanol production due to high yields and fast growth cycle.
- Sweet sorghum requires less energy input for cultivation than the energy output from its total biomass, making it more energy efficient than other feedstocks like sugarc
This document discusses sugarcane ethanol production in India. It notes that sugarcane is a perennial crop that sequesters carbon dioxide and its entire biomass can be utilized. However, the sugarcane industry in India currently lacks innovative developments and policies to fully support ethanol production. The document outlines developments in sugarcane crops in other countries and calls for India to develop a comprehensive ethanol policy, infrastructure to support ethanol trade, and incentives for multi-fuel vehicles to increase ethanol blending and utilization.
Bioethanol from sugarcane has become a major source of energy due to concerns over food shortages from other biofuel feedstocks. Vietnam has great potential for biofuel production from its sugarcane, cassava, agricultural residues and cellulosic biomass. Two ethanol plants are planned to begin operations in 2008-2009, producing ethanol from sugarcane molasses and cassava, while biodiesel may be produced from catfish oil, used cooking oil, and Jatropha oil.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
1. GENERAL ARTICLES
A breeder’s perspective on the tiller dynamics
in sugarcane
Raman Kapur*, S. K. Duttamajumder and K. Krishna Rao
Sugarcane is a vegetatively propagated crop grown for sugar. A sugarcane ‘clump’ comprises
of several cane stalks arising from subsurface sprouting of the underground buds in the form of
tillers which develop into millable canes, providing the sink for sucrose accumulation. Thus, the
number of millable stalks and the individual stalk weight constitute the yield in sugarcane. The
conventional sugarcane agriculture, wherein two or three-budded stalk pieces called ‘setts’ are
used for planting, does not exercise strict control on the intra-row spacing and this often leads to
sub- or supra-optimal tiller population. If it is suboptimal, it leads to poor yield. When in excess, it
leads to competition and results in poor tiller survival. Although tillering ability is a genetically
governed trait, a breeder tends to select the types which produce a near-optimal number of millable
canes. What is overlooked in the process is the substantial tiller mortality. In our opinion, both
these practices (breeding and agronomy) do not do justice to the very nature of the sugarcane plant
and are rather wasteful. With this perspective, sugarcane planting and breeding are revisited to
drive home the point that better selection of sugarcane variability and efficient planting system be
adopted for reducing the cost of seed and increasing the profitability. Fortunately, it is being dem-
onstrated at a few places in the country that better sugarcane agronomy is the route to enhanced
productivity and juice quality. Further, the gains extend to ratoon crops as well, resulting in an
overall win-win situation for the farmer and the factory.
Keywords: Intra-row competition, precision farming, sugarcane, tiller dynamics and mortality.
The problem 4–37 (ref. 2). Understandably, the typical segregating
breeding populations show considerable variability for
THE present-day cultivars of sugarcane are derivatives of tillering ability, depending on the proportion of the chro-
inter-specific hybridization between mainly Saccharum mosomes of the wild species, S. spontaneum. On account
officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum. The former is a of the naturally stressful growing conditions, subtropical
cultivated species requiring careful nurture and is charac- cane varieties have more of the spontaneum complement
terized by thick, juicy, colourful canes with good sugar compared with that in the tropical varieties which are
content and moderate tillering. On the other hand, the closer to S. officinarum3. For this reason, it would appear
latter is a wild species, very hardy and tolerant to biotic that tropical varieties would tiller less and retain most of
and abiotic stresses with profuse tillering1. The resulting the tillers to form millable canes. Breeders tend to select
thin, fibrous canes contain little extractable juice of low genotypes which produce acceptable number of millable
sugar content. Sugarcane varieties in vogue are an inter- canes, without much focus on the route (wasteful or
mediate between the two, but the chromosomes of the spend-thrift) taken by a genotype to reach that number.
two parental species are unequally represented in the hy- A tiller mortality of 50–60% in sugarcane is considered
brid, in favour of the cultivated species. S. spontaneum acceptable. For this purpose, data of the All-India Coor-
chromosomes comprise only about 10–15% in the 120– dinated Research Project (AICRP) on sugarcane for dif-
130 (2n) chromosomes of the commercial varieties. In the ferent agro-climatic zones were examined to see whether
Saccharum species germplasm collection, the range of there are any regional differences in the kind of variabil-
number of stalks per clump in S. spontaneum was 19–274, ity that gets selected with respect to tillering and their
and the corresponding values for S. officinarum were subsequent conversion to millable canes. Then the effect
of intra-row competition in the conventional planting
technique on tiller mortality was looked at for any oppor-
Raman Kapur and S. K. Duttamajumder are in the Indian Institute of
Sugarcane Research (ICAR), Lucknow 226 002, India and K. Krishna tunity for redressal. Fortunately, the solution is in sight
Rao is in the KBD Sugars and Distilleries Ltd, Punganur 517 247, India. and is being convincingly demonstrated at a few places in
*For correspondence. (e-mail: kapurraman2@gmail.com) the country.
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 100, NO. 2, 25 JANUARY 2011 183
2. GENERAL ARTICLES
Methodology a higher tiller survival which could be on account of
greater moisture availability. Secondly, early maturing
The AICRP on sugarcane conducts multi-location varietal and mid–late maturing varieties do not show much differ-
trials in five different sugarcane agro-climatic zones. The ence in tiller mortality.
reports of the Principal Investigator (Plant Breeding) for An analysis of individual test varieties and standards in
recent years were used for working out the extent of the NW Zone and the Peninsular Zone in two plant crops
shoot/tiller mortality4–7. The values for maximum shoot/ and one ratoon crop (Table 2) showed that varieties are
tiller count and the millable canes towards maturity were not consistent in their tiller survival, suggesting a strong
used to compute percentage tiller survival. In addition, influence of the growing and cultural conditions. Mid–
efforts of individual groups were sourced for information late varieties, in general, have a higher tiller survival,
on the various possibilities and how the scenario can be whereas ratoons due to higher tillering have higher tiller
turned to advantage. The two sites used for this purpose mortality. Further, ranks change from location to location
are Vapi in Gujarat and KBD Sugars, Andhra Pradesh. (data not shown) and vary from crop to crop, which
Apart from this, the experiments conducted at the Indian means tiller survival is highly influenced by the environ-
Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, on tiller ment. Occasionally, in the test varieties, we encounter
dynamics and at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coim- extreme types, i.e. shy tillering or high tillering geno-
batore, on wide-row spacing have been taken into consid- types. Yet, the fact remains that despite the innate capacity
eration to suggest possible solutions to this problem. of a genotype, tillering is highly manipulatable culturally.
Hoeing, intentional or accidental breaking of apical
dominance and earthing-up are operations to encourage
Analysis or discourage tillering. This can be further seen from the
fact that apparently low tillering genotypes can be made
Shoot count at 120 days after planting, tiller count at 180 to tiller profusely if their main shoot is smothered,
days and number of millable canes at 240 or 300 days for injured or damaged by borers, etc. so much so that plank-
standard varieties, test varieties, early maturity group, ing of young plants was a practice in some parts of west-
mid-maturity group, plant crop and the ratoon crop data ern Uttar Pradesh/Haryana to enhance tiller production.
for different agro-climatic zones are presented in Tables 1 Experiments to study the role of time of planting on
and 2. The values are given in terms of percentage sur- tiller production indicated that greater the maximum
vival and are an indication of the conversion efficiency of number of tillers in a particular treatment, greater is the
a genotype of turning tillers into millable canes or ‘effec- mortality (Table 3)8. The earlier the planting time, higher
tive tillers’. Table 1 shows that the zones do not drasti- is the tiller maxima and so is the tiller mortality, with
cally differ in tiller mortality, except that in the East ratoon showing the highest loss of tillers (72%). In
Coast Zone and North Central and Eastern zones, there is another experiment with varieties differing in tillering
Table 1. Percentage survival of tillers in the standard varieties in different agro-climatic zones of sugarcane
Tiller survival (%) Tiller survival (%)
Sugarcane zone Early maturing variety Mean Range Mid–late maturing variety Mean Range
Peninsular Zone Co 85004 61.3 56.8–65.8 Co 7219 62.2 60.0–64.3
CoC 671 63.5 58.2–68.7 Co 86032 62.7 58.6–66.7
Mean 62.4 Mean 62.5
East Coast Zone Co 6907 70.2 64.4–76.0 Co 6304 80.7 78.4–83.0
Co 7508 75.3 67.4–83.1 Co 7219 69.2 64.4–74.0
Co 86249 75.2 65.3–91.3
Mean 72.7 Mean 72.2
North West Zone CoJ 64 66.0 65.2–66.7 Co 1148 64.7 51.9–74.8
CoPant 84211 61.8 60.2–63.5 CoS 767 63.9 50.4–76.7
CoS 8436 63.7 50.4–76.5
Mean 63.9 Mean 64.1
North Central and BO 120 75.7 74.8–76.6 BO 91 72.5 58.0–80.9
North Eastern Zone CoS 687 77.5 76.4–78.7 BO 128 67.7 57.3–76.6
CoSe 95422 71.9 66.9–77.0 CoSe 92423 77.3 66.4–83.0
Mean 75.1 Mean 72.5
Adapted from ref. 4.
184 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 100, NO. 2, 25 JANUARY 2011
3. GENERAL ARTICLES
Table 2. Mean values for number of tillers and millable canes and percentage of tiller survival in sugarcane varietal trials
a. North Western Zone (2007–2008 and 2008–2009) – Early
AVT* I plant AVT II plant Ratoon (five locations)
NMC† Tillers Survival NMC Tillers Survival NMC Tillers Survival
Variety ‘000/ha ‘000/ha (%) Rank ‘000/ha 180 d (%) Rank ‘000/ha 180 d (%) Rank
Test variety
CoH 127 101.2 150.1 67.4 1 100.3 142.5 70.4 1 108.2 191.5 56.5 3
CoJ 03191 91.3 143.1 63.8 4 91.0 136.6 66.6 4 75.4 130.0 58.0 2
CoJ 03192 91.3 142.4 64.1 3 93.9 136.2 68.9 2 75.8 136.1 55.7 4
CoLk 9902 122.7 184.1 66.6 2 141.6 211.0 67.1 3 164.3 270.9 60.6 1
CoPant 03219 110.6 179.8 61.5 5 112.3 173.8 64.6 5 105.3 204.2 51.5 6
CoS 03279 102.8 172.5 59.6 6 102.2 166.7 61.3 6 106.5 203.1 52.5 5
Standard
CoJ 64 103.5 161.1 64.2 2 101.1 154.4 65.5 1 110.6 194.6 56.8 1
CoPant 84211 103.7 160.1 64.8 1 95.1 146.3 65.0 2 79.6 155.5 51.2 2
b. North Western Zone (2006–2007 and 2007–2008) – Mid-late
AVT I plant AVT II plant Ratoon
NMC Tillers Survival NMC Tillers Survival NMC Tillers Survival
Variety ‘000/ha 120 d (%) Rank ‘000/ha 120 d (%) Rank ‘000/ha 120 d (%) Rank
Test variety
Co 0121 94.0 141.0 66.7 6 82.3 128.4 64.1 7 79.8 126.7 63.0 3
Co 0240 90.0 113.0 79.6 1 73.8 105.5 69.9 2 79.4 109.0 72.8 1
CoLk 9710 121.1 188.0 64.4 7 103.4 150.5 68.7 3 115.6 177.1 65.3 2
CoPk 59 94.2 137.0 68.8 3 77.7 120.8 64.3 6 77.7 138.4 56.1 7
CoPk 112 106.2 155.0 68.5 4 73.8 113.9 64.8 5 72.1 115.4 62.5 4
CoS 98259 95.3 138.0 69.1 2 91.9 127.8 71.9 1 101.2 163.0 62.1 5
CoS 01268 84.1 125.0 67.3 5 81.6 124.8 65.3 4 98.1 158.1 62.0 6
Standard
Co 1148 114.4 171.0 66.9 1 100.5 154.8 64.9 2 98.9 168.2 58.8 2
CoS 767 103.7 164.0 63.2 3 87.4 141.3 61.9 3 94.9 161.9 58.6 3
CoS 8436 97.6 149.0 65.5 2 85.9 122.3 70.3 1 84.6 122.7 68.9 1
c. Peninsular zone (2007–2008 and 2008–2009) – Early
AVT I plant AVT II plant Ratoon
NMC Tillers Survival NMC Tillers Survival NMC Tillers Survival
Variety ‘000/ha 120 d (%) Rank ‘000/ha 180 d (%) Rank ‘000/ha 90 d (%) Rank
Test variety
Co 0205 93.1 151.6 61.4 9 92.6 167.8 55.2 4 80.5 141.3 57.0 4
Co 0209 90.4 136.6 66.2 4 93.5 135.6 69.0 1 84.6 136.7 61.9 2
Co 0310 88.6 128.8 68.8 3 83.7 180.7 46.3 8 76.2 167.2 45.6 9
Co 0312 109.8 171.5 64.0 6 102.2 219.0 46.7 7 98.4 200.5 49.1 7
Co 0315 89.8 113.2 79.3 1 84.5 145.4 58.1 3 78.1 133.4 58.5 3
CoM 0254 95.8 150.3 63.7 7 93.2 198.3 47.0 6 86.8 183.1 47.4 8
CoM 9902 99.6 141.8 70.2 2 88.4 164.4 53.8 5 80.4 123.6 65.0 1
CoM 9903 88.6 134.1 66.1 5 80.4 175.3 45.9 9 72.4 140.4 51.6 6
CoVC 9982 82.4 131.5 62.7 8 91.0 152.9 59.5 2 76.9 142.7 53.9 5
Standard
Co 85004 101.1 157.8 64.1 3 99.0 174.7 56.7 2 94.5 164.7 57.4 2
Co 94008 88.2 119.7 73.7 1 89.4 105.5 84.7 1 82.3 137.1 60.0 1
CoC 671 84.5 130.0 65.0 2 82.3 154.8 53.2 3 76.1 134.1 56.7 3
(Contd.)
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 100, NO. 2, 25 JANUARY 2011 185
4. GENERAL ARTICLES
Table 2. (Contd.)
d. Peninsular Zone (2007–08 and 2008–2009) – Mid-late
AVT I plant AVT II plant Ratoon
NMC Tillers Survival NMC Tillers Survival NMC Tillers Survival
Variety ‘000/ha 120 d (%) Rank ‘000/ha 120 d (%) Rank ‘000/ha 90 d (%) Rank
Test variety
Co 0218 85.4 145.8 58.6 6 83.9 158.8 52.8 7 73.3 156.4 46.9 8
Co 0211 97.3 158.4 61.4 4 112.4 176.1 63.8 2,3 90.6 136.6 66.3 2
Co 0317 83.2 123.5 67.4 2 80.4 125.4 64.1 1 73.4 112.3 65.4 3
Co 0325 70.8 108.2 65.4 3 69.4 110.9 62.6 4 64.4 99.2 64.9 4
Co 0328 86.2 118.8 72.6 1 77.9 122.1 63.8 2,3 72.2 105.9 68.2 1
CoM 0265 83.2 150.6 55.2 8 70.6 119.4 59.1 5 72.0 126.0 57.1 6
MS 0217 74.0 122.2 60.6 5 83.7 164.0 51.0 8 68.0 133.8 50.8 7
CoVC 03301 75.5 134.3 56.2 7 82.6 151.1 54.7 6 63.7 106.4 59.9 5
Standard
Co 7219 91.4 124.2 73.6 1 89.9 132.8 67.7 1 82.0 140.0 58.6 2
Co 86032 93.5 139.9 66.8 2 90.4 151.5 59.7 2 82.7 133.3 62.0 1
*AVT, Advance Varietal Trial, †NMC, Number of millable canes. In Table 2 a, values for NMC and tillers are mean of 8 locations, adapted
from refs 5 and 6. In Table 2 b, c, d, values for NMC and tillers are mean of 10 locations, adapted from refs 6 and 7. Extreme values are given in
bold.
Table 3. Pattern of tiller (× 1000/ha) production in sugarcane crop (cv. Co 1148)
Month Autumn planting Spring planting Late (April) planting First year ratoon
March 160 50 – 160
April 400 120 200 380
May 380 320 200 500
June 280 310 260 350
July 140 180 240 220
August 140 170 180 140
September 130 140 150 140
October (millable cane) 120 100 95 140
Percentage of survival* 30.0 31.3 36.5 28.0
*No. of millable canes in October/maximum no. of tillers (in bold) × 100.
Adapted from Dwivedi and Srivastava8.
ability (CoLk 8102 and CoJ 64), again the one with lower Results of wide row spacing with respect to cane pro-
tiller number (CoJ 64) had higher tiller survival, irrespec- ductivity and other yield contributing traits are summa-
tive of the planting time (Table 4)9. This may have rized in Table 6 (ref. 11). It is obvious that tiller survival
resulted from the competition for nutrition, moisture and (39% as opposed to 29%), cane weight and cane yield are
space. higher in wide row spacing in var. Co 86032. Less num-
The effect of planting methods on growth and yield ber of initial tillers and higher conversion of tillers into
attributes10 is presented in Table 5. Least tiller survival millable canes in wide row planting led to greater weight
(62%) was observed at 60 cm row spacing compared with of individual canes. The discrepancy in the percentage
90 cm row spacing (68%) and trench planting (66%). The tiller survival in the data presented, particularly in the
highest tiller survival was obtained with pit planting AICRP varietal trials, is possibly because the tiller
(73%), which got translated into higher cane yield. maxima were not taken into account. Significant differ-
Maximum sun during the crop maturity phase is more ences in varietal response to wide row spacing (150 cm)
conducive to maturity of sugarcane. Space planting were observed with high tillering varieties (Co 6304, Co
allows an individual clump to trap more light with mini- 8021, Co 86032, Co 62175 and Co 8506) giving higher
mal shading. Therefore, in the pit method of planting, the yields than the low tillering varieties (Co 87025, CoC 671
sucrose content is significantly higher than that in the and Co 8014). Some of the varietal characters suiting
other treatments where planting is continuous within a wide row spacing are high tillering, fan-shaped growth
row. Further, tiller mortality is the lowest in the pit habit, longer duration, high-yielding nature and non-
method. lodging12.
186 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 100, NO. 2, 25 JANUARY 2011
5. GENERAL ARTICLES
Table 4. Mean number of tillers/row in relation to time of planting
Variety Autumn planting Spring planting Late (summer) planting
CoJ 64 87.2 49.8 60.1
Survival % 38.3 48.9 45.0
CoLk 8102 123.9 76.6 85.5
Survival % 29.8 38.2 35.6
Adapted from Shrivastava and Misra9.
Table 5. Effect of planting methods on growth and yield attributes of sugarcane
Germination No. of
Planting method (%) tillers (‘000 ha–1) No. of
millable Tiller Cane Cane Weight Cane
30 45 canes survival length girth per cane Brix Pol % yield CCS
DAP DAP June August October (‘000 ha–1) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (%) juice CCS % (t ha–1) (t ha–1)
60 cm row spacing 29.9 42.5 190 210 162 130.1 61.9 221 2.30 0.79 18.2 15.03 10.1 70.1 7.07
90 cm row spacing 31.2 41.9 167 166 125 112.7 67.5 231 2.36 0.90 18.3 15.20 10.2 63.9 6.57
Trench planting 38.7 48.5 176 183 151 121.9 66.5 236 2.38 1.09 18.2 15.21 10.2 75.6 7.74
Pit planting 42.5 49.5 169.0 148 144 122.7 72.6 252 2.61 1.30 18.7 15.54 10.4 86.3 9.02
CD (P = 0.05) 2.26 3.2 8.3 11.7 9.7 12.3 – 12.2 0.35 0.44 0.21 0.2 0.19 4.86 1.10
DAP, Days after planting; Adapted from ref. 10.
Table 6. Quantitative parameters of cane under wide row spacing in tion is of the highest order, which results in nearly 90%
var. Co 86032 germination from the single bud setts.
Wide rows Conventional
Quantitative character (1.5 m) spacing (0.75 m)
The exposition
Seed rate (no. of two-budded setts/ha) 50,000 100,000
No. of tillers/ha at 90 days 270,000 414,000 The above facts point to two things. One is regarding the
No. of millable canes at harvest/ha 105,000 120,000
breeding of sugarcane. Seedlings do get enough space
Tiller survival (%) 38.9 29.0
Cane height (cm) 430 322 and time to have most of the tillers turning into millable
Cane diameter (cm) 2.64 2.35 canes. But the actual growing environment in subsequent
No. of internodes per cane 31 29 clonal generations is akin to the conventional method
Single cane weight (kg) 1.98 1.52 with no control over intra-row spacing. This is where the
Cane yield (t/ha) 208 182
genetic variation in tillering ability and the effective till-
Adapted from Nagendran11. ers (those resulting into millable canes) are selected in
favour of only high tillering genotypes. It can be said that
It may be argued that the above experiments may not the otherwise good genotypes with a ‘shy’ tillering habit
apply to the stressful growing conditions existing in the do not go very far. Such clones score low on cane pro-
subtropical region. In fact, similar advantage is derived in ductivity. No special effort is made by agronomists to
the spaced transplanting (STP) technique13 developed at come out with a package of cultural practices to capital-
the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research (IISR), ize on the potential of such genotypes and thus these are
Lucknow with respect to cane yield and maturity. Herein, beaten by higher tillering and better-yielding clones.
single bud nursery was raised and settlings transplanted Nevertheless, it is possible for a breeder to score his elite
in the field at a distance of 75–90 cm between the rows selections for lower tiller mortality and promotion of the
and 45–60 cm within the row, depending on the tillering efficient ones. It is hoped that this exposition shall help
ability of the variety in question. The STP technique was breeders look at their selections from a new perspective.
developed as a result of the special attention paid to tiller- Indirectly, such genotypes would not have their tillering
ing that lays the foundation of the dominant yield- phase spread out too much temporally, and shall lead to
determining attribute, i.e. stalk population. Through this more synchronous tillers, the benefit of which will be re-
technique the researchers achieved the long-awaited cor- flected in uniform ripening and better cane quality.
rections in spacing and geometry for a fuller utilization of The second aspect is more manageable and feasible,
incoming radiation14. The added advantages are that the but calls for a drastic change in the way we cultivate
seed rate is one-third of the conventional and seed selec- sugarcane. Rather than being dubbed as a hardy crop
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 100, NO. 2, 25 JANUARY 2011 187
6. GENERAL ARTICLES
which can take a lot of abuse and neglect, we have to turn greater tillering provides the buffer. Nevertheless, several
cane agriculture into a modern precise farming system. studies have proved 90 cm row spacing as the optimum.
This is another stunning fact of conventional cane agri- However, changing varietal spectrum, labour shortages
culture in subtropical India, that 30–40% germination is forcing mechanization of cane agriculture, especially of
the norm. Nearly two-thirds of the viable buds are sup- the planting and the harvesting operations, require that
posed to provide a buffer, just as the excess tillering is crop geometry be revisited22.
considered an insurance against crop failure. To begin
with, the very preparation of seed cane, preparation of The solution
seed bed, ensuring a good tilth and high germination of
single bud setts (either in nursery or directly in the field) Interestingly, sporadic but dedicated efforts are neverthe-
and subsequently nurturing the young crop (direct plant- less, being made to grow sugarcane differently. The bet-
ing or transplanted settlings) for a high survival call for a ter known example is the Vapi experiment at Vikram
change in our approach. It is not that options have not Farm, Gujarat by Channaraj23. The system primarily uses
been provided, but these have lacked a strong conviction single bud setts planted in rows 120 cm apart and bud-to-
and adequate efforts to convince the scientific community bud distance of 30 cm. The seed is drawn from a 7-
and the research administrators. The technologies in month-old crop. Organic and inorganic nutrition is spread
question are sett transplanting (STP) or modifications out and split in monthly dozes up to 120 days. Irrigation
thereof, such as polybag method, single pre-sprouted bud is provided through a sub-surface porous pipe, which
planting, bud-chip method, etc. The benefits of these saves a lot of water. The aim is to obtain 25,000 plants
have been demonstrated, but the required follow-up by per hectare, each with 10 tillers which become individual
extension workers to popularize these has not been done millable canes of 1 kg each. The ratoon crop is equally
sufficiently. well-managed and productive. The Madhi Sugar Factory
There have been many studies which have focused on area where the technology is being adopted is reporting
sugarcane tillering and support the concept of intra-row enhanced cane yields (nearly 50%) and better sugar
spacing. As early as in 1956, it was reported that as the recovery (0.5% points). A visit to the place rather than
canes per clump increased, the stalk length, cane weight looking for published results would be more rewarding.
and percentage in juice declined15. A study carried out Another example of a successful application of this
with the cultivar Co 453 at Shahjahanpur showed that concept is from Andhra Pradesh. At Sree Vaani Sugars,
with increase of seed rate in the autumn and the spring- Chittoor District, a system of renewed intensification
planted crops, tillers per plant decreased, millable canes (SRI) of sugarcane cultivation, called Krishna’s sugar-
per hectare increased, tiller mortality and yield increased, cane SRI cultivation, has been developed24. Herein,
but the average cane weight decreased16. Similarly, single bud nursery is raised in plastic trays (each with a
experiments conducted in Punjab showed that with capacity to hold 50 buds). The sprouting and healthy
increase in inter-row spacing, there was a significant growth of settlings is ensured in a net-house for 4–5
reduction in tiller mortality, which was 57.0, 37.5, 34.1, weeks. The transplanting in the field is done at the rate of
26.1 and 18.9% at spacings of 60, 90, 120, 150 and 12,500–13,750 settlings per hectare. The row-to-row and
180 cm respectively17. plant-to-plant distance is 120 and 60 cm respectively.
Experiments carried out in Australia on row configura- This spacing is designed to allow growing of an intercrop
tions and cane productivity showed that high density like tomato to augment return to the farmer and reduce
planting (81,000 setts/ha in 0.5 m rows) did not produce his waiting period from a long-duration crop like sugar-
more cane or sugar yield at harvest than low-density cane. The germination is more than 85% and establish-
planting (27,000 setts/ha in 1.5 m rows) regardless of ment more than 90%, with appropriate care. Nine tillers
location, crop duration, water supply or soil health18. per clump are attained by 120 days of transplanting. This
Results also showed that sugarcane possesses the capacity tiller count of 100,000–125,000/ha does not reduce, as
to compensate for different row configurations and plant- hardly any tiller mortality is observed. Individual canes
ing densities through variation in stalk number and indi- acquire a weight of up to 1.5 kg. This results in a cane
vidual stalk weight19,20. Further, there was evidence of yield of 150–180 t/ha, which is a huge gain. The quality
different growth patterns between cultivars in response to also is in no way less than the conventional method. In
different row spacings. It was argued that there is a need fact, it is better on account of uniform maturity. The sys-
to evaluate potential cultivars under a wider range of row tem not only ensures more return to the farmer from sug-
distances21. arcane, but adds to his profit through an intercrop. It also
Closer home, the results of several experiments at the means substantial water-saving due to wide row spacing.
Sugarcane Breeding Institute and elsewhere with wide row Again, such innovations have to be seen in situ to gener-
spacing were reviewed22. Stressful conditions, more preva- ate the confidence for repeating them at other places.
lent in subtropical India, warrant narrower row spacing as Thus, by judicious modification of the method of plant-
an insurance against poor individual cane weight, wherein ing which takes care of the intra-row spacing, the tillering
188 CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 100, NO. 2, 25 JANUARY 2011
7. GENERAL ARTICLES
attribute of sugarcane is allowed to have its full expres- 6. Anon., All India Coordinated Research Project on Sugarcane,
sion. Also, the cultural practices ensure that the tillers Principal Investigator’s Report for Varietal Improvement Pro-
gramme 2007–2008, Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore,
produced are nurtured to develop into millable canes and 2008.
harvested to bumper yields. This methodology not only 7. Anon., All India Coordinated Research Project on Sugarcane,
ensures that all the energy of the plant is utilized in pro- Principal Investigator’s Report for Varietal Improvement Pro-
ducing harvestable biomass, but that canes get full term gramme 2008–2009, Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore,
to acquire impressive girth and weight. The advantage 2009.
8. Dwivedi, R. S. and Srivastava, K. K., A scenario of research on
spills over to the ratoon because ratoons suffer much physiology and biochemistry of sugarcane. In Sugarcane Research
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trolled intra-row spacing, ensures higher ratoon produc- nical Bulletin No 35, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research,
Lucknow, Appendix (Tables), 1996, p. 10.
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to form after a particular stage (implying that secondary Research, Lucknow, 2008, pp. 13–14.
and tertiary tillers contribute minimally to the total 11. Nagendran, K., Mechanization programme in Sakthi Sugars. In
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12. Sundra, B., Influence of varieties, seed and fertilizer rates and
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synchronous tillering, for which adequate variability does under wide row spacing. Indian Sugar, 2002, LII(5), 341–347.
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trait. As a matter of fact, all the successful examples nique for sugarcane planting. Indian Farming, 1981, 31, 15–17.
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Results, IISR Silver Jubilee 1977, IISR, Lucknow, 1977, p. 17.
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Therefore, suggestion is made to all those involved India. Proc. ISSCT, 1956, 9(1), 400–418.
with sugarcane development to help rewrite sugarcane 16. Singh, U. S. and Singh, Lallan, Optimum requirement of three-
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industry and the nation. Not only the required technology and spring seasons. Indian Sugar, 1967, 27(3), 275–281.
17. Kanwar, R. S. and Sharma, K. K., Effect of interrow spacing on
is in place, but it has been practically demonstrated and tiller mortality, stalk population and yield of sugarcane. Proc.
found feasible and profitable. It is no more a matter of ISSCT, 1974, 15(2), 751–755.
choice, but imperative that if we want to meet the future 18. Garside, A. L. and Bell, M. J., Row spacing and planting density
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answer. This shall prolong the commercial life of sugar- fumigated and non-fumigated soil. Crop Pasture Sci., 2009, 60(6),
532–543.
cane varieties and better realize their genetic potential 19. Bell, M. J. and Garside, A. L., Shoot and stalk dynamics and the
with a mere reorientation of the same resources. The yield of sugarcane crops in tropical and subtropical Queensland,
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