This study evaluated different stem cutting sizes for vegetative propagation of Jatropha curcas without rooting hormones. Cuttings of three lengths (20, 30, 40 cm) and four thicknesses (1.5-2 cm, 2-2.5 cm, 2.5-3 cm, 3-3.5 cm) were tested. The 40 cm long by 2.5-3 cm thick cuttings showed the highest survival rate (68%), most leaves (26.33), longest roots (22.35 cm), and greatest root volume, fresh weight, and dry weight. These cuttings performed best for vegetative propagation. Seed propagation resulted in taller plants with more branches, but cuttings flowered four
Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. Sandalwoodijtsrd
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed for Santalum album L. Santalaceae , an economically important species. Plant regeneration was achieved using nodal explants and leaf disc on Murashige and Skoog MS medium for direct shoot regeneration. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators PGR like 6 Benzyl Adenine BA , Kinetin KN and 2 Isopentenyl adenine 2 iP on shoot initiation 2 Isopentenyl adenine and Gibberellic acid GA3 for shoot elongation and multiple shoot formation and Indole 3 Butyric Acid IBA and a Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA for rooting was studied. Among the explants tested for shoot induction, nodal segments proved good results. The best treatment for obtaining shoot induction was 3.0mg L BAP and for rooting 1 mg L of IBA was found to be the best treatment combination for maximum sprouting of shoot and rooting. After six the rooted plantlets were transferred for hardening, 20 of plantlets survived and resumed growth in the mixture of soil, vermiculite and sand 1 1 1 . S. Aghi Zion Inbakani | S. Sathishkumar | Bakan Jagdish Sudhakar "Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. (Sandalwood)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/43698/micropropagation-of-santalum-album-l-sandalwood/s-aghi-zion-inbakani
assessment of drumstick tree (m. deifera) accessionsIJEAB
An experiment was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity among 9 drumstick tree (Moringaoleifera) accessions in the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were recorded on growth and yield characteristics before and after pruning. The result obtained showed that at 18 weeks after transplanting, accession UAM-NI had the tallest plants (3.63m) while UAM-BE had the shortest mean plant height (2.84m) under no pruning. Other parameters that showed significant differences were number of leaves per tree and stem diameter. Although accession UAM-OY recorded highest fresh (220.22g), dry (113.42g) and leaf powder (82.60g) weights, it was not significantly different from other accessions. However, at 18 weeks after pruning, there was a significant difference among the accessions with regard to leaf length. Although accession UAM-NA recorded highest fresh leaf weight (286.60g), dry leaf weight (90.67g) and leaf powder weight (85.60g), it was not statistically different from other accessions. For the pruned accessions, significant differences were recorded in leaf length, number of flowers/tree, days to podding and fifty percent podding, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/tree and 100seed weight. The result also indicated that the pruned accessions recorded higher leaf yield than the unpruned. The result of the cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two clusters and an outlier both for the pruned and unpruned accessions irrespective of area of collection.
The effect of seed coat removal on seed germination of terminalia superba eng...Innspub Net
The influence of four constant temperatures: 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and three germination media: 1% water agar, heat sterilized river sand and seed testing paper (STP) on the germination of decoated seeds of Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels. were investigated. The germination media were placed in 90 mm diameter plastic Petri dishes with seventy five decoated seeds in 3 replicates of 25 seeds. The statistical design used in the investigation was a completely randomized design in a 3 x 4 factorial (germination media × incubation temperatures). Decoated seeds of T. superba germinated at all the four temperatures investigated. The optimum temperatures were determined as 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. All the three media can be considered ideal for the reason that these temperatures interacted with the germination media to record germination percentages ranging from 73 to 89% in the study. Mean germination time (MGT) was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter when agar was used as germination media compared to when germination was carried out on STP and soil. The shapes of germination curves describing the cumulative germination of decoated seeds of T. superba at all temperatures and on all the germination media investigated are S-shaped.
S M Masiul Azam, Md Shahidul Islam, Parvin Shahanaz, Md Shafiqur Rahman and Sarder Md Shahriar Alam. “Molecular Characterization of Brassica Cultivars through RAPD Markers” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.3 (2019): 41-45.
Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. Sandalwoodijtsrd
An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed for Santalum album L. Santalaceae , an economically important species. Plant regeneration was achieved using nodal explants and leaf disc on Murashige and Skoog MS medium for direct shoot regeneration. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators PGR like 6 Benzyl Adenine BA , Kinetin KN and 2 Isopentenyl adenine 2 iP on shoot initiation 2 Isopentenyl adenine and Gibberellic acid GA3 for shoot elongation and multiple shoot formation and Indole 3 Butyric Acid IBA and a Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA for rooting was studied. Among the explants tested for shoot induction, nodal segments proved good results. The best treatment for obtaining shoot induction was 3.0mg L BAP and for rooting 1 mg L of IBA was found to be the best treatment combination for maximum sprouting of shoot and rooting. After six the rooted plantlets were transferred for hardening, 20 of plantlets survived and resumed growth in the mixture of soil, vermiculite and sand 1 1 1 . S. Aghi Zion Inbakani | S. Sathishkumar | Bakan Jagdish Sudhakar "Micropropagation of Santalum Album L. (Sandalwood)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/43698/micropropagation-of-santalum-album-l-sandalwood/s-aghi-zion-inbakani
assessment of drumstick tree (m. deifera) accessionsIJEAB
An experiment was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity among 9 drumstick tree (Moringaoleifera) accessions in the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were recorded on growth and yield characteristics before and after pruning. The result obtained showed that at 18 weeks after transplanting, accession UAM-NI had the tallest plants (3.63m) while UAM-BE had the shortest mean plant height (2.84m) under no pruning. Other parameters that showed significant differences were number of leaves per tree and stem diameter. Although accession UAM-OY recorded highest fresh (220.22g), dry (113.42g) and leaf powder (82.60g) weights, it was not significantly different from other accessions. However, at 18 weeks after pruning, there was a significant difference among the accessions with regard to leaf length. Although accession UAM-NA recorded highest fresh leaf weight (286.60g), dry leaf weight (90.67g) and leaf powder weight (85.60g), it was not statistically different from other accessions. For the pruned accessions, significant differences were recorded in leaf length, number of flowers/tree, days to podding and fifty percent podding, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/tree and 100seed weight. The result also indicated that the pruned accessions recorded higher leaf yield than the unpruned. The result of the cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two clusters and an outlier both for the pruned and unpruned accessions irrespective of area of collection.
The effect of seed coat removal on seed germination of terminalia superba eng...Innspub Net
The influence of four constant temperatures: 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and three germination media: 1% water agar, heat sterilized river sand and seed testing paper (STP) on the germination of decoated seeds of Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels. were investigated. The germination media were placed in 90 mm diameter plastic Petri dishes with seventy five decoated seeds in 3 replicates of 25 seeds. The statistical design used in the investigation was a completely randomized design in a 3 x 4 factorial (germination media × incubation temperatures). Decoated seeds of T. superba germinated at all the four temperatures investigated. The optimum temperatures were determined as 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. All the three media can be considered ideal for the reason that these temperatures interacted with the germination media to record germination percentages ranging from 73 to 89% in the study. Mean germination time (MGT) was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter when agar was used as germination media compared to when germination was carried out on STP and soil. The shapes of germination curves describing the cumulative germination of decoated seeds of T. superba at all temperatures and on all the germination media investigated are S-shaped.
S M Masiul Azam, Md Shahidul Islam, Parvin Shahanaz, Md Shafiqur Rahman and Sarder Md Shahriar Alam. “Molecular Characterization of Brassica Cultivars through RAPD Markers” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.3 (2019): 41-45.
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic l...researchplantsciences
A provenance trial of Entada pursaetha containing five provenances from Eastern ghats were used for this study. Individual seed characteristics varied among provenances and highest was recorded in Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills. Cent percent emergence was recorded with high seedling vigour in the seeds of Talakona. Inter-correlation studies revealed a strong positive correlation between emergence and seed length, maximum seed width, and seed weight, while minimum seed width showed weak correlation. Araku valley and Kolli hills exhibited close proximity, while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the highest. There was no influence of environment on the seed characters.Maximum and minimum seed width exhibited higher values of heritability.
Article Citation:
Sai Vishnu Priya K, Srinivasa Rao JV
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic liana- Entada pursaetha DC.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 032-037.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0006.pdf
Influence of Supporter Substrat on the Rooting Percentage of Kiwifruit Cuttin...irjes
The paper presents the influence of supporter substrate on rooting of greenwood and semi-hardwood
cuttings of kiwifruit. The study was conducted during two consecutive years, 2013-2014, in a private
greenhouse in Lezha, using two periods of taking cuttings: June 5, with greenwood cuttings, and September 5,
with semi-hardwood cuttings. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two variants (in substrate
prelate-peat mix (60:40) and substrate prelate 100 %) and three replications, with a plot size of 100 vegetative
cuttings for variant for each replication, was used. Vegetative cuttings were pre-treated with indol-3-butyric acid
(IBA) 3000 ppm and were planted under controlled environmental conditions (air temperature 17-18oC, basal
supporter temperature 22-26oC, and 80-85% RH). In June, the experimental greenhouse was shaded with a black
mesh. Obtained results showed that greenwood and semi-hardwood cuttings of planted in substrate prelate-peat
(60:40) rooted better than cuttings of planted in substrate only prelate, in both planting periods (52.4% versus
46%, and 63% versus 54%). The highest rooting percentages were achieved using semi-hardwood cuttings
planted in September 5 on supporter polite-peat mix substrate (63%) and only polite (54%). Differences
between variants were testified using LSD and statistical ANOVA-tests.
The basic density and some of the anatomical
properties of five clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis developed
by ITC Bhadrachalam were reported. The five clones
represented by four trees each of four and half years old were
from Sarapaka, Andhra Pradesh. Within tree variation in
anatomical properties of four and half years old grown
Eucalyptus tereticornis clones have been investigated and
correlated with basic density. Anatomical parameters studied
were found to vary significantly from bottom to top with no
definite trend. Significant variation exists in all the five clones
of different parameters. Basic density was positively correlated
with fibre length at middle, top and pooled positions. Fibre
length was positively correlated with fibre diameter, fibre
lumen diameter at bottom position, and with vessel diameter at
middle position, and negatively correlated with vessel
frequency at top position. The results obtained in this study
have shown the suitability of raw material for paper and pulp
where the required basic density is met with. Mainly these
clone are primarily tried to meet the requirement of paper and
pulp industry
ABSTRACT: Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell American species so far reported in North America, Central America, South America, Taiwan, China, Serbia, Bulgaria, Japan, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Coata Rica, Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil. First time reported in India from the Western Ghats of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. A detailed description and photograph are provided to facilitate its easy identification.
Effect of interaction between different plant growth regulators on in vitro s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In this paper a shoot multiplication is described for Citrus latifolia Tan. (persian lime) using nodal segment explants of young one – old – year trees by two different pathways contain with and without callusing phase. The best result for multiple shoot formation and regenerated shoot formation was 3.2 and 2.6 shoots per explants with 4.44 µM BA plus 0.053 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BA plus 0.049 µM IBA respectively. Alike shoot regeneration, shoot elongation was occurred in medium with 4.44 µM BA and 0.049 µM IBA. Micropropagated and regenerated plants are under other experiments. Abbreviation: BA – 6 benzylaminopurine; IBA – Indole acetic acid; NAA – Naphtalene acetic acid; PGRs – Plant Growth Regulators.
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic l...researchplantsciences
A provenance trial of Entada pursaetha containing five provenances from Eastern ghats were used for this study. Individual seed characteristics varied among provenances and highest was recorded in Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills. Cent percent emergence was recorded with high seedling vigour in the seeds of Talakona. Inter-correlation studies revealed a strong positive correlation between emergence and seed length, maximum seed width, and seed weight, while minimum seed width showed weak correlation. Araku valley and Kolli hills exhibited close proximity, while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the highest. There was no influence of environment on the seed characters.Maximum and minimum seed width exhibited higher values of heritability.
Article Citation:
Sai Vishnu Priya K, Srinivasa Rao JV
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic liana- Entada pursaetha DC.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 032-037.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0006.pdf
Influence of Supporter Substrat on the Rooting Percentage of Kiwifruit Cuttin...irjes
The paper presents the influence of supporter substrate on rooting of greenwood and semi-hardwood
cuttings of kiwifruit. The study was conducted during two consecutive years, 2013-2014, in a private
greenhouse in Lezha, using two periods of taking cuttings: June 5, with greenwood cuttings, and September 5,
with semi-hardwood cuttings. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two variants (in substrate
prelate-peat mix (60:40) and substrate prelate 100 %) and three replications, with a plot size of 100 vegetative
cuttings for variant for each replication, was used. Vegetative cuttings were pre-treated with indol-3-butyric acid
(IBA) 3000 ppm and were planted under controlled environmental conditions (air temperature 17-18oC, basal
supporter temperature 22-26oC, and 80-85% RH). In June, the experimental greenhouse was shaded with a black
mesh. Obtained results showed that greenwood and semi-hardwood cuttings of planted in substrate prelate-peat
(60:40) rooted better than cuttings of planted in substrate only prelate, in both planting periods (52.4% versus
46%, and 63% versus 54%). The highest rooting percentages were achieved using semi-hardwood cuttings
planted in September 5 on supporter polite-peat mix substrate (63%) and only polite (54%). Differences
between variants were testified using LSD and statistical ANOVA-tests.
The basic density and some of the anatomical
properties of five clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis developed
by ITC Bhadrachalam were reported. The five clones
represented by four trees each of four and half years old were
from Sarapaka, Andhra Pradesh. Within tree variation in
anatomical properties of four and half years old grown
Eucalyptus tereticornis clones have been investigated and
correlated with basic density. Anatomical parameters studied
were found to vary significantly from bottom to top with no
definite trend. Significant variation exists in all the five clones
of different parameters. Basic density was positively correlated
with fibre length at middle, top and pooled positions. Fibre
length was positively correlated with fibre diameter, fibre
lumen diameter at bottom position, and with vessel diameter at
middle position, and negatively correlated with vessel
frequency at top position. The results obtained in this study
have shown the suitability of raw material for paper and pulp
where the required basic density is met with. Mainly these
clone are primarily tried to meet the requirement of paper and
pulp industry
ABSTRACT: Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell American species so far reported in North America, Central America, South America, Taiwan, China, Serbia, Bulgaria, Japan, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Coata Rica, Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil. First time reported in India from the Western Ghats of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. A detailed description and photograph are provided to facilitate its easy identification.
Effect of interaction between different plant growth regulators on in vitro s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In this paper a shoot multiplication is described for Citrus latifolia Tan. (persian lime) using nodal segment explants of young one – old – year trees by two different pathways contain with and without callusing phase. The best result for multiple shoot formation and regenerated shoot formation was 3.2 and 2.6 shoots per explants with 4.44 µM BA plus 0.053 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BA plus 0.049 µM IBA respectively. Alike shoot regeneration, shoot elongation was occurred in medium with 4.44 µM BA and 0.049 µM IBA. Micropropagated and regenerated plants are under other experiments. Abbreviation: BA – 6 benzylaminopurine; IBA – Indole acetic acid; NAA – Naphtalene acetic acid; PGRs – Plant Growth Regulators.
Castor is an important oil crop and its oil is used in many industrial products as well as lubricant. Since Ethiopia is center of origin, there is a high diversity of the crop present in this country. This study was undertaken to identify the castor genotypes which can mature earlier to overcome moisture stress at dry areas of the country. There is a wide range of variability in the characterized genotypes and there is also correlation both positively and negatively affected days to maturity which is the main objective of this research. The result from this experiment showed promising results as there are several early maturing and high yielding genotypes was identified. Therefore, further selection should be continued to get best and early maturing as well as high yielder varieties.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation among 20 Accessions of Nigerian...IOSRJAVS
Morphological techniques were used to evaluate the diversity in 20 cowpea accessions collected from some parts of Nigeria for two years (2007 and 2008) at Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was employed to show the relationships among the traits. Similarly, genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and expected genetic advance were estimated for the twelve traits in cowpea for each season. This study shows that for cowpea yield improvement, number of main branches, pod numbers, pods per plant, pods per peduncle and seeds per pod should be part of the selection criteria.
The Effects of Coconut Milk on the Rooting Of Two Types of Cutting of Termina...ijsrd.com
Objectives: The trial investigated the effects of coconut milk on stem and root cuttings of Terminalia catappa. Methodology and results: Each cutting type treated with three coconut milk concentrations (0%, 50% and 100%).The experiment was a 2x3 factorial set, six treatment combinations replicated four times and laid out in a completely randomized design. The results showed that root cuttings produced significantly more cuttings with roots, number of roots on rooted cuttings and rooted cuttings with the longest roots (P<0.05)>0.05) than those treated with 50% and 0% coconut milk. There was a significant interaction (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05) between cutting type and coconut milk concentration on the number of leaves produced. It was recommend that root cuttings treated with 100% coconut milk should be used for vegetative propagation programs of the species.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Effects of 60Co gamma radiation doses on seed germination of Jatropha curcas ...Innspub Net
By: Baudouin K. Nyembo, Alexandre N. Mbaya, Calvin C. Ilunga, Jean-Louis N. Muambi, Luc L. Tshilenge
Key Words: Jatropha curcas, Gamma irradiation, Seed germination, LD50.
Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 13(5), 46-52, November 2018.
This study aimed to assess the effects of different gamma radiation doses from Cobalt -60 isotopic source on seed germination and early growth parameters of Jatropha curcas L. Healthy and dry seeds were subjected to three doses of gamma rays (100, 200 and 300 Gy). The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design, with three replicates. The significantly maximum germination percentage (89.85 %), seedling survival (92.3 %), seedling collar diameter (0.892 cm), plant height (17.30 cm), number of leaves (7) were observed at 30 days after germination. The results revealed that seed germination percentages and seedling shoot length decreased with increasing dose of gamma-rays. Higher gamma-ray dose (300 Gy) in particular had a pronounced effect on these germination parameters than others, probably because high-dose inhibited cell division due to free radicals and DNA system damage. The LD50 for seeds germination rates was obtained at 254 Gy. These results implied that germination traits of Jatropha curcas seeds were sensitive to increase in gamma-ray.
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
Camellia sinensis is the economically most important Camellia species. The genus Camellia belongs to the family Theaceae. This genus accommodates as many 82 species (Sealy, 1958) and over 200 species (Zhijian et al., 1988). The tea plant was originally included in the genus Thea by Linnaeus (1752) hence, Thea sinensis L., the original name of the tea plant has now become camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze. As the age of tea bushes from pruning advances, size and weight of harvestable shoots decline due to the reduction in the vascular supply to growing buds. An extreme case of growth retardation is evident in the higher proportion of banji shoots at the plucking table. Also, the upper and knots where many new stems have originated, despite the maintenance of foliage and losses efficiency, lower leaves drop off, leading to uneconomic harvesting (Wilson, 1999). Under continued plucking without pruning or skiffing, the plucking table becomes inconveniently high and growing apices gradually lose vigour. Pruning at this stage becomes necessary by which these irregularities could be remedied. It is an important practice in tea cultivation which involves removal of certain amount of growth of the bush.
From the view of the observed interaction between clones, seedling cultivars pruning height and tipping measures, it is evident that a required specific pruning height and tipping measure is necessary for maximum crop production. However, in South India below 30cm, 45cm, 55cm, 60cm, 65cm and above 65cm pruning heights can be advantageously adopted for the sinensis and assamica cultivars, respectively under four to five years pruning cycles. Analysing the yield at different heights of pruning, suggests that at 55cm it is hard pruning, at 60cm it is medium pruning and at 65cm it is light pruning. Integrated harvesting methods were followed by the trails. Light pruning trail yield is low and banji percentage is high, hard pruning trail yield as well as banji percentage is low, in medium pruning trail banji percentage is low and yield is high.
Article Citation:
Balamurugan T and Nandagopalan V.
Formation, growth and productivity of the tea bush.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 116-123.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0034.pdf
Yield Performances of Pleurotus ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as I...IOSRJPBS
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some vegetables (Diplazium sammatii, Moringa oleifera, and Justicia insularis) as additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on two substrates; banana leaves (BL) and banana leaves/sawdust (BL/SD). The substrates were amended with these vegetables at different concentration levels (0 g, 5 g, 10 g and 15 g). Spawn running was completed in 30, 35, and 40 days in banana leaves, banana leaves/sawdust and the control respectively. Parameters assessed included area of pileus, number of fruit bodies, fresh weight, dry weight, length of stipe and girth of stipe. Higher mean values for fresh weight (21.69 g), area of pileus (42.58 cm2 ), length of stipe (5.10 g) and girth of stipe (4.30 g) were obtained from BL substrate treated to 5 g M. oleifera leaf powder. These values were significantly different from values obtained for other plant additives. Considering the number of fruit bodiesthat emerged on BL/SD substrates, the control produced more fruit bodies than the substrates with additives. The best performance in BL/SD substrates was observed when the substrate was treated to 10 g J. insularis in some of the parameters assessed. These included fresh weight (20.64 g), number of fruit bodies (8.00) and stipe girth (3.44 cm).Other parameters like area of pileus (36.08 cm2 ) and dry weight (2.39 cm), control had a better performance. While for length of stipe, 15 g M. oleifera leaf powder had the highest mean value that was significantly different (P≤0.05) from what was observed in substrates amended with other additives. It is therefore evident that these vegetables have high potential for utilization as additives or supplements for growing of Pleurotus ostreatus especially when using BL as substrates. In addition, substratesadditive concentration combination played a significant role in selective organ growth of the test mushroom.
Genetic and Morphological Diversity Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasica ca...Premier Publishers
Growing of Ethiopian mustard, as an oilseed and leaf vegetable require genetic improvement which relies on its genetic diversity. The experiment was executed to analyse genetic and morphological diversity of Ethiopian mustard land races at Holetta agricultural research center. Forty-nine genotypes collected from different agro ecologies were analyzed using morphological traits in order to assess the genetic and morphological diversity that exists in these materials. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits compared except seed yield per plant, fresh leaf biomass per plant topped at 40, 50 and 60 days of growth and number of intact leaves at flowering. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the accessions that is important for selection and breeding. For yield component traits, high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variations was observed in seed yield per plot and oil yield. This shows that selection of these traits based on phenotype, may be useful for yield improvement. The highest heritability in broad sense was recorded for thousand seed weight(68.80%), followed by days to flowering (65.91%), stand percent (63.14%), linolenic acid (62.58%), days to maturity(60.43%), plant height (59.63%), palmitic (58.19%), linoleic (57.46%),leaf area (52..09%), oil content (50.33%), leaf width (48.29%),leaf length(46.28%), oil yield(44.84%), fresh leaf biomass at 50 days of topping(43.40%), seed yield per plot(42.99%), number of leaves at vegetative state(40.48%), seed yield of 50 days growth stage topped plants(38.85%) and primary branches (34.20%). This suggests that large proportion of the total variance was due to high genotypic variance. Hence, a good progress can be made if some of these traits are considered as selection criteria for the improvement of yield, yield component and vegetative traits. The present study revealed the presence of considerable variability among genotypes for all traits compared except seed yield per plant, fresh leaf biomass per plant topped at 40,50 and 60 days of growth and number of intact leaves at flowering. These conditions indicate that there is good opportunity to improve these characters using the tested genotypes.
Mutation Induction for Improvement of Banana (Musa Spp). "Berangan Cv. Intan-...paperpublications3
Abstract: In vitro mutation induction by using gamma ray at 20, 30, 40 and 60Gy was used to generate variability in triploid banana "Berangan cv. Intan (AAA), so as to provide the opportunity to select plants with desirable characters such as early fruiting and short stature. Mutation frequency increased with increased dosage whereas, survival and capacity to regenerate decreased with increased doses. Time to initiation varied from 4-8 weeks for gamma-irradiated materials compared to 2-3 weeks in the control. It appeared that the higher the dose, the longer it took for shoot initiation. The exposure of shoot-tip meristem pieces to radiation doses produced wide variation in growth and morphogenetic performance. Mutagenic treatments induced 2 to 3- fold increases in variability in both quantitative and qualitative traits at different stages, in vitro; at nursery and field. For the field-grown plants; the proportion varied from 2.9% for the control plants to 16.8% for 60 Gy and 20.1% for 40 Gy-treatments, while for treatments at 20 and 30 Gy variations was at 18% and 19.2%, respectively. The frequency of variants was highest in 40 Gy followed by 30 Gy and 20 Gy, while it was very low in 60 Gy except for plant stature (dwarfism or stunted growth). Earliness to flowering variants were recorded at 20, 30 and 40 Gy at low frequencies (0.6%, 0.7% and 1.7%) respectively, while none was observed for 60 Gy treatments. As in vitro mutation induction could create genetic variability as well as many undesirable variants, it is highly desirable to integrate in vitro mutation with a selection system that can screen for large mutagen treated population. The useful variants recorded for earliness to flowering were selected for 30 and 40 Gy treatments. 40 Gy showed high frequency in earliness as compared with 20 and 30 Gy., which came to flowering as early as 6 – 6.5 months compared to 7-8 months for control. The useful dwarf, which considered as desirable traits, showed a balance of height and girth.
Mutation Induction for Improvement of Banana (Musa Spp.) Berangan Cv. Intan-AAApaperpublications3
Abstract: In vitro mutation induction by using gamma ray at 20, 30, 40 and 60Gy was used to generate variability in triploid banana "Berangan cv. Intan (AAA), so as to provide the opportunity to select plants with desirable characters such as early fruiting and short stature. Mutation frequency increased with increased dosage whereas, survival and capacity to regenerate decreased with increased doses. Time to initiation varied from 4-8 weeks for gamma-irradiated materials compared to 2-3 weeks in the control. It appeared that the higher the dose, the longer it took for shoot initiation. The exposure of shoot-tip meristem pieces to radiation doses produced wide variation in growth and morphogenetic performance. Mutagenic treatments induced 2 to 3- fold increases in variability in both quantitative and qualitative traits at different stages, in vitro; at nursery and field. For the field-grown plants; the proportion varied from 2.9% for the control plants to 16.8% for 60 Gy and 20.1% for 40 Gy-treatments, while for treatments at 20 and 30 Gy variations was at 18% and 19.2%, respectively. The frequency of variants was highest in 40 Gy followed by 30 Gy and 20 Gy, while it was very low in 60 Gy except for plant stature (dwarfism or stunted growth). Earliness to flowering variants were recorded at 20, 30 and 40 Gy at low frequencies (0.6%, 0.7% and 1.7%) respectively, while none was observed for 60 Gy treatments. As in vitro mutation induction could create genetic variability as well as many undesirable variants, it is highly desirable to integrate in vitro mutation with a selection system that can screen for large mutagen treated population. The useful variants recorded for earliness to flowering were selected for 30 and 40 Gy treatments. 40 Gy showed high frequency in earliness as compared with 20 and 30 Gy., which came to flowering as early as 6 – 6.5 months compared to 7-8 months for control. The useful dwarf, which considered as desirable traits, showed a balance of height and girth.
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Determination of Suitable Cutting Size for Vegetative Propagation of Jatropha Curcas
1. Natural Product Radiance, Vol. 8(2), 2009, pp.162-166 Green Page: Research Paper
Determination of suitable cutting size for vegetative
propagation and comparison of propagules to evaluate
the seed quality attributes in Jatropha curcas Linn.
M Kathiravan, A S Ponnuswamy and C Vanitha*
Department of Seed Science and Technology
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
* Correspondent author, E-mail: cvani_seed@yahoo.co.in; Phone: 9846442771
Received 26 December 2007; Accepted 12 January 2009
Abstract
An attempt was made to propagate the Jatropha, Jatropha curcas Linn. through
stem cutting without any rooting hormonal treatments. The cuttings were selected with three different
lengths, viz. 20 cm (L1), 30 cm (L2) and 40 cm (L 3) and four different stem thickness:
1.5-2.0 cm (T1), 2.0-2.5 cm (T2), 2.5-3.0 cm (T3) and 3.0-3.5 cm (T4). The cuttings were planted
in the nursery and observed for survival percentage, number of leaves per plant, root volume, root
fresh and dry weight on 90 days after planting. The result revealed that the stem cutting with 40 cm
length (L3) and 2.5 to 3.0 cm thickness (T3) was found to be very suitable for quicker regeneration
with seedling quality characteristics compared to other types of cuttings. Hence, to find out the
suitable propagating material for commercial exploitation, the best performed stem cutting with 40
cm length (L3) and 2.5 to 3.0 cm thickness T3) along with freshly harvested seeds were forwarded to
field trial. The plant biometric characteristics, fruit and seed quality attributes were observed in both
the treatments and compared to find out the best propagating techniques. The plants propagated by
seeds recorded more plant height (1.65 m), number of branches (3.2). However, the flowering was Jatropha curcas
four days earlier by cuttings than the plants propagated by seeds. The reproductive character of the
monoecious inflorescence in terms of male to female flower ratio was higher in seed propagated crop However, plantations of several hectares
(24:1) than cuttings (22:1). J. curcas propagated through seeds recorded better performance
have only been reported in west and central
related to plant biometric and seed quality characteristics compared to cuttings, which induced early
flowering and more female flowers than the seed crop.
Africa. The success of crop and its
performance in further generation is
Keywords: Jatropha, Jatropha curcas, Seed quality, Survival percentage, Vegetative
decided by the methods of propagation.
propagation.
In perennials, vegetative propagation is
IPC code; Int. cl.8 — A01G 1/00, A01H 5/04, A61K 36/00, A61K 36/47 highly preferred for all desirable
characters, viz. fruit characters, seed
Introduction To reduce the pressure on demand of
quality characters, oil content, etc.2. In
petroleum product, an eco-friendly bio-
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas diesel plant i.e. cultivation of jatropha on Jatropha, both seeds and stem cuttings are
Linn.) of Euphorbiaceae family is a small large scale assumes greater importance. used for mass multiplication. The present
sized perennial having xerophytic Realizing the importance of oil from study is focused on mass multiplication
adaptations . It is now regarded as a plant J. curcas, massive afforestation works strategy for J. curcas without involving
of biodiesel value in addition to being a are geared up both by Government of India any costly misting system and rooting
potential species for wasteland and many state governments. hormones for induction of roots and also
afforestation. In India it is found in almost Almost in any part of the world, compares the two propagules, viz. the
all the states and is traditionally used for jatropha in the form of a plantation for seeds and cuttings for evaluation of fruit
medicine, oil, pesticide and cosmetics. seed production is not common 1 . and seed quality characters.
162 Natural Product Radiance
2. Green Page: Research Paper
Fig. 1 : Different cutting sizes of Jatropha Fig. 2 : Sprouting of Jatropha cuttings
Materials and Methods root volume, root fresh and dry weight significance (P=0.05) after Gomez and
Collection and grading of cuttings were recorded on 90 days after planting. Gomez3.
To determine the optimum For assessing survival percentage, seedlings
length and thickness of the cuttings for that survived after three months were Results and Discussion
vegetative propagation, a large number of counted and expressed as per cent. Root Vegetative propagation
cuttings were collected from 2.5 to 3.5 length of the seedlings was measured from In the present study, the survival
years old mother plant from Institute of collar region to the root tip, expressed in percentage differed significantly due to
Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding centimeter. The number of fully opened length and thickness of the cuttings.
(IFGTB), Coimbatore, India. After removal leaves present in each cutting was counted Among the different lengths, L3 recorded
of the side branches and leaves, the and expressed as number of leaves/cutting. the highest survival (65%), while, L 1
cuttings were made into 20 cm ( L1), For assessing the root volume, the recorded the lowest survival (56%).
30 cm (L2) and 40 cm (L3) length and seedlings were scooped out, washed in Among the thickness, T3 recorded the
1.5-2.0 cm T 1), 2.0-2.5 cm ( T 2), running water, the root portion was highest survival of 66 per cent followed
2.5-3.0 cm (T3) and 3.0-3.5 cm (T ) stem detached at the nodal base of seedling and by T4 (62%). The cuttings of 40 cm length
4
thickness. Based on the length and placed in a measuring cylinder containing with 2.5 to 3.0 cm thickness recorded the
thickness, the cuttings were graded in to known volume of water. By measuring maximum survival per cent (68%) (Table 1).
small, medium and large (Fig. 1). increase in the water column, root volume It is presumed that the medium sized
was assessed and the mean value was cuttings might have got sufficient food
Rooting of cuttings expressed in cc/cutting. Fresh weight of material and hormones for induction of
About 15 cm high nursery beds root was calculated for different treatments root and shoot. According to Davis4
of size 10 × 1 m were made in the field at and expressed in g/cutting. For analyzing hormones have been shown to regulate
Department of Seed Science and dry weight of root, it was placed in paper different aspects of plant growth and
Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural bag and air dried for 24 h then kept in a development including cell division, cell
University, Coimbatore. Twenty five hot air oven maintained at 85 ± 2°C for elongation and differentiation. Reinhard
cuttings in each category were planted in 24 h, cooled in a desiccator, weighed and Henning1 observed that the cuttings about
the raised beds with four replications. The expressed as g/cutting. The data were 60-120cm long are highly amenable for
observations, viz. survival percentage, subjected to an Analysis of Variance and vegetative propagation. It is also been
number of leaves per plant, root length, treatment differences tested (t test) for presumed that the sprouting behaviour of
Vol 8(2) March-April 2009 163
3. Green Page: Research Paper
stem cuttings varies with age, genotypes oxidation enzymes IAA-oxidase and Comparison of propagation by seed
and physiological status of mother plant5, peroxidase play a significant part in the and vegetative cutting
which may also be one of the reasons for rooting process. IAA-oxidase activity is To find out the suitable
good performance of the medium sized involved in triggering and initiating the propagating material for commercial
cuttings. roots/root primordial, whereas peroxidase exploitation, the best performed stem
The vigour of the sprouted is involved in both root initiation and cuttings with 40 cm length (L3) and 2.5
cuttings in all grades of cuttings was rated elongation8. to 3.0 cm thickness along with freshly
in terms of number of leaves/cutting, root The biomass productivity of the harvested seeds were forwarded to field
length (cm) and root volume (cc/cutting). different grades of cuttings was estimated trails. The plant height differed
More number of leaves were produced in terms of fresh and dry weight of significantly due to propagating materials.
from L3 (16.00) compared to L1 (10.94) roots. Maximum fresh and dry weight of The plants propagated through seeds
and L3 recorded the maximum number of root (47.529 and 17.821 g /cutting fresh produced the plants with more height
leaves (15.14) than T1 (11.37). However, and dry weight, respectively) was recorded (1.65m) than the cuttings (1.52 m) (Fig.
the cutting length 40 cm and thickness by L3 compared to L1 which recorded 4). Between the propagating materials, the
2.5 to 3.0 cm recorded the maximum the minimum of 31.822 and 12.746 g/ plants propagated through seeds recorded
number of leaves/cutting (26.33) cutting, respectively (Table 2). The more number of branches (3.2) than
(Table 1). The cutting with more cuttings made with 40 cm length and cuttings (2.4) (Fig. 3). Flowering was four
thickness (T3) produced the lengthier 2.5 to 3.0 cm thickness registered the days earlier in plants raised by cuttings
roots (22.35 cm). Regarding the maximum fresh and dry weight of than by seeds (Table 3). The variations in
thickness T3 measured longer root length 50.336 and 19.273g/cutting. The poor reproductive character of the monoecious
3
(21.64 cm) than T1 (18.12 cm) (Table performance of the small grade cutting is inflorescence in terms of male to female
2). The cuttings of 40 cm length (L3) also attributed to the reason that the flower ratio between the seed propagated
recorded the maximum root volume cuttings are still under maturity and may (24:1) and cuttings propagated crops were
(3.97) compared to 20 cm (L1) which be devoid of sufficient food material for incomparable (22:1). The plants
recorded the minimum value of 3.41 induction of roots and shoots. The under propagated through seeds recorded the
(Table 1). The small sized cuttings performance of the larger sized cuttings maximum fresh and dry weight of fruit
registered very poor growth and were may be attributed to the reason that (11.54 and 2.79g, respectively)
inferior to the medium and longer sized these cuttings are more woody and might than plants propagated by cuttings
cuttings (Fig. 2). A reduction in root length have converted most of the food (10.46 and 2.25 g) (Table 3). The
was observed with reduction in size of materials for the lignification which maximum 100 seed weight was recorded
cutting, due to inadequate supply of resulted in over lignified stem and caused by the plants raised through seeds
nutrients and leaching of nutrients in lower rooting and shooting percentage. (104.04) than cuttings (101.66)
shorter cuttings resulted in poor In Jatropha species, shoots are formed (Table 3). The germination was more in
performance in rooting 6 . Hegde 7 much earlier than roots. Shoots thus seed plant (80%) whereas germination of
expressed that this might be due to higher formed earlier due to reserve 75% was recorded in seeds from
adventitious ability of juvenile characters carbohydrates, start producing auxins cutting propagule. The plants propagated
of larger cutting compared to smaller which moves downward, thereby through seeds recorded the maximum
cutting which are having tender tissues, accumulating in the lower portion of the dry matter production of 3.042g and the
with unsaturated latex and the higher cuttings, when the concentration reaches minimum of 2.904g was recorded by
content of metabolites like tannin, lignin, a threshold value, endogenous auxins at cuttings (Fig.3). The oil content observed
etc. which adversely interfere with the extreme basal end start getting a non-significant difference between
sprouting and root development. The metabolized and signal the process of root the seeds of different propagation
initial levels of endogenous auxin and its initiation8. methods.
164 Natural Product Radiance
4. Table 1: Effect of stem cutting length and thickness on survival (%),
number of leaves/cutting and root volume in Jatropha curcas
Stem cutting size Survival (%) No of leaves/cutting Root volume (cc/cutting)
Thickness (cm) Length (cm) Length (cm) Length (cm)
L1 L2 L3 Mean L1 L2 L3 Mean L1 L2 L3 Mean
Vol 8(2) March-April 2009
T1 48 (43.28) 53 (47.85) 63 (54.75) 55 (48.43) 13.66 16.66 18.66 16.33 5.20 5.50 5.66 5.46
T2 53 (47.88) 61 (52.74) 65 (55.77) 60 (50.79) 15.66 18.00 21.33 18.33 5.50 5.70 5.86 5.69
T3 63 (54.75) 66 (56.84) 68 (60.11) 66 (56.84) 18.00 19.66 26.33 21.33 5.70 5.83 6.10 5.88
T4 60 (50.79) 63 (54.75) 65 (55.77) 62 (53.79) 16.66 19.00 23.00 19.56 5.36 5.73 5.93 5.68
Mean 56 (49.61) 61 (52.74) 65 (55.77) 16.00 18.33 22.33 5.44 5.69 5.89
L T LT L T LT L T LT
SEd 1.090 1.259 2.180 0.185 0.213 0.369 0.022 0.025 0.043
CD (P=0.05) 2.261 2.611 4.522 0.368 0.425 0.736 0.043 0.050 0.086
L1- 20 cm, L2 - 30 cm, L3 - 40 cm; T1 - 1.5-2.0 cm, T2 - 2.0-2.5 cm, T3 - 2.5-3.0 cm, T4 - 3.0-3.5 cm
SEd – Standard Error deviation; CD – Critical Difference
Table 2: Effect of stem cutting length and thickness on root length (cm),
root fresh and dry weight (g/cutting) in Jatropha curcas
Stem cutting size Root length (cm) Root fresh weight (g/cutting) Root dry weight (g /cutting)
Thickness (cm) Length (cm) Length (cm) Length (cm)
L1 L2 L3 Mean L1 L2 L3 Mean L1 L2 L3 Mean
T1 21.83 24.70 26.33 24.29 29.890 36.076 43.866 36.611 10.607 14.343 16.373 13.774
T2 23.73 25.76 27.43 25.64 30.706 38.453 46.676 38.612 12.793 15.456 17.526 15.259
T3 26.40 28.90 32.86 29.39 33.150 41.120 50.336 41.536 14.123 16.206 19.273 16.534
T4 24.63 28.20 31.80 28.21 33.540 39.770 49.236 40.848 13.460 15.376 18.110 15.649
Mean 24.15 26.89 29.61 31.822 38.855 47.529 12.746 15.346 17.821
L T LT L T LT L T LT
SEd 0.116 0.134 0.232 0.217 0.250 0.434 0.110 0.127 0.220
CD (P=0.05) 0.231 0.267 0.463 0.433 0.500 0.866 0.219 0.253 0.439
L1-20 cm, L2-30 cm, L3-40 cm; T1-1.5-2.0 cm, T2-2.0-2.5 cm, T3 - 2.5-3.0 cm, T4 - 3.0-3.5 cm
SEd – Standard Error deviation; CD – Critical Difference
165
Green Page: Research Paper
5. Green Page: Research Paper
Table 3: Comparison of propagation methods on growth and seed characteristics in Jatropha curcas
Treatments Days to first Male/female flower Fresh weight Dry weight of 100 seed Germination Oil content(%)
flowering ratio (Female flower of fruit (g) fruit (g) weight (g) (%)
percentage)
Seeds 118 24:1 (4.2) 11.54 2.79 104.04 80(63.78) 32.72
Cuttings 114 22:1 (4.5) 10.46 2.25 101.66 75(62.56) 32.35
Mean 116 4.35 11.00 2.52 102.85 78(63.71) 32.53
S Ed 1.4661 0.031 0.205 0.066 0.8482 1.52 NS
CD (P=0.05) 3.1674 0.067 0.443 0.142 1.8325 3.13
NS – Non-significant; SEd – Standard Error deviation; CD – Critical Difference
4 4 2. Hartmann HT and Kester DE, Plant
propagation: Principles and practices, 4th Edn,
3 3 Prentice-Hall Inc. Engle wood cliffs, 1983.
2 2 3. Gomez KA and Gomez AA, Statistical
Procedures for Agricultural Research, John
1 1 Willey and Sons, New York, 1984.
0 0 4. Davis PJ, Plant hormones and their role in
Plant height (m) Number of Dry matter production
branches/plant (g seedlings-10) plant growth and development, Kluwer,
Seeds Cuttings Dordrecht, 1996.
Fig. 3 : Effect of cuttings length and thickness on plant height (m) 5. Pal M, Vegetative propagation of teak by
and number of branches in Jatropha rooting stem cuttings, Proc Sec for Conf,
1980, 2, 145-148.
6. Good GL and Tukey HB, Leaching of
Conclusion In the present situation, availability of metabolites from cuttings propagated under
quality seeds for large scale planting/ intermittent mist, Proc Am Soc Hort Sci,
The present study revealed that 1966, 89, 725-733.
the macro propagation of J. curcas stem afforestation is scanty. Hence, this study
cuttings with 40 cm length and 2.5 to 3.0 implies that the stem cuttings help to 7. Hegde SS, Propagation studies in some
develop uniform plant stock for the ornamental shrubs by cuttings, M.Sc. (Ag.)
cm thickness is successful in generating
Thesis submitted to University of Agricultural
higher survival with biomass successful afforestation of larger area in
Science, Banglore, 1988.
productivity. Plants propagated through one planting season.
seeds recorded better performance related 8. Kochhar S, Kochhar VK, Singh SP, Katiyar RS
and Pushpangadan P, Differential rooting and
to plant biometric and seed quality References
sprouting behaviour of two Jatropha species
characteristics compared to cuttings. 1. Reinhard Henning, The jatropha booklet. A and associated physiological and biochemical
However, the oil content was not differed guide to the jatropha system and its
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dissemination in Zambia, GTZ-ASSP-Project
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166 Natural Product Radiance