Studies on molecular diversity among 23 promising progenies of Ulmus villosa revealed Jugahan–T3 to be the most divergent based on RAPD marker analysis. RAPD analysis showed 100% polymorphism and grouped the progenies into 4 clusters, with cluster II containing the most progenies. The study assessed genetic diversity at the molecular level to select best genotypes for breeding programs.
assessment of drumstick tree (m. deifera) accessionsIJEAB
An experiment was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity among 9 drumstick tree (Moringaoleifera) accessions in the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were recorded on growth and yield characteristics before and after pruning. The result obtained showed that at 18 weeks after transplanting, accession UAM-NI had the tallest plants (3.63m) while UAM-BE had the shortest mean plant height (2.84m) under no pruning. Other parameters that showed significant differences were number of leaves per tree and stem diameter. Although accession UAM-OY recorded highest fresh (220.22g), dry (113.42g) and leaf powder (82.60g) weights, it was not significantly different from other accessions. However, at 18 weeks after pruning, there was a significant difference among the accessions with regard to leaf length. Although accession UAM-NA recorded highest fresh leaf weight (286.60g), dry leaf weight (90.67g) and leaf powder weight (85.60g), it was not statistically different from other accessions. For the pruned accessions, significant differences were recorded in leaf length, number of flowers/tree, days to podding and fifty percent podding, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/tree and 100seed weight. The result also indicated that the pruned accessions recorded higher leaf yield than the unpruned. The result of the cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two clusters and an outlier both for the pruned and unpruned accessions irrespective of area of collection.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in 13 Local Banana (Musa Spp.) Cultivars Usin...paperpublications3
Abstract: A Study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability among 13 local banana cultivars using 3 SSR primers of Mb1-69, Mb1-113 and Mb1-134. All the primer pairs amplified a total of 29 different marker bands with an average of 9.6 bands per primer. Among the 29 bands only 4 bands were monomorphic and the rest 25 bands were polymorphic. The sizes of the amplified DNA bands in 13 local banana cultivars varied from 200 bp to 600 bp. The primer Mb1-113 amplified the highest (14) number of DNA bands and the primer Mb1-69 amplified the lowest (7) number of DNA bands whilst primer Mb1-134 amplified 8 DNA bands. The values of pair-wise genetic distances ranged from 1.00 to 9.00 indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity. The dendogram constructed based on phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that the highest genetic diversity (9.00) found between the cultivars champa and jawayta and also the cultivars champa and jahazy whilst the lowest (1.00) between the cultivars doubled haploid and kathaly, doubled haploid and sorishafruity, doubled haploid and amritsagor and doubled haploid and ganasundory. The UPGMA dendogram has segregated the 13 local banana cultivars into two major clusters. Agnishwar and champa formed in cluster 1 and the rest of the cultivars like sobri jesore, sobri, anazy, kathaly, jawayta, sorishafruity, amritsagor, jahazy, bangle, ganasundory and doubled haploid have constituted the cluster 2.
assessment of drumstick tree (m. deifera) accessionsIJEAB
An experiment was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity among 9 drumstick tree (Moringaoleifera) accessions in the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were recorded on growth and yield characteristics before and after pruning. The result obtained showed that at 18 weeks after transplanting, accession UAM-NI had the tallest plants (3.63m) while UAM-BE had the shortest mean plant height (2.84m) under no pruning. Other parameters that showed significant differences were number of leaves per tree and stem diameter. Although accession UAM-OY recorded highest fresh (220.22g), dry (113.42g) and leaf powder (82.60g) weights, it was not significantly different from other accessions. However, at 18 weeks after pruning, there was a significant difference among the accessions with regard to leaf length. Although accession UAM-NA recorded highest fresh leaf weight (286.60g), dry leaf weight (90.67g) and leaf powder weight (85.60g), it was not statistically different from other accessions. For the pruned accessions, significant differences were recorded in leaf length, number of flowers/tree, days to podding and fifty percent podding, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/tree and 100seed weight. The result also indicated that the pruned accessions recorded higher leaf yield than the unpruned. The result of the cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two clusters and an outlier both for the pruned and unpruned accessions irrespective of area of collection.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in 13 Local Banana (Musa Spp.) Cultivars Usin...paperpublications3
Abstract: A Study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability among 13 local banana cultivars using 3 SSR primers of Mb1-69, Mb1-113 and Mb1-134. All the primer pairs amplified a total of 29 different marker bands with an average of 9.6 bands per primer. Among the 29 bands only 4 bands were monomorphic and the rest 25 bands were polymorphic. The sizes of the amplified DNA bands in 13 local banana cultivars varied from 200 bp to 600 bp. The primer Mb1-113 amplified the highest (14) number of DNA bands and the primer Mb1-69 amplified the lowest (7) number of DNA bands whilst primer Mb1-134 amplified 8 DNA bands. The values of pair-wise genetic distances ranged from 1.00 to 9.00 indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity. The dendogram constructed based on phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that the highest genetic diversity (9.00) found between the cultivars champa and jawayta and also the cultivars champa and jahazy whilst the lowest (1.00) between the cultivars doubled haploid and kathaly, doubled haploid and sorishafruity, doubled haploid and amritsagor and doubled haploid and ganasundory. The UPGMA dendogram has segregated the 13 local banana cultivars into two major clusters. Agnishwar and champa formed in cluster 1 and the rest of the cultivars like sobri jesore, sobri, anazy, kathaly, jawayta, sorishafruity, amritsagor, jahazy, bangle, ganasundory and doubled haploid have constituted the cluster 2.
— Community composition and species diversity of fruit-eating-insects were studied in a primary forest at Wanang, Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG) using fruits regularly sampled and insects attacking them reared, preserved and identified. Sampling was done in different areas of the forest including low and high abundance of the host trees. Fruits of three predominant host trees, G. paniculata (Myristicaceae), M. aleuritoides (Euphorbiaceae) and M. pachyclados (Rubiaceae) were regularly collected and insects associated with them studied. The emergence from the fruits were 13 insect families and 16 species from G. paniculata, 17 insect families and 21 species from M. aleuritoides and 17 insect families and 25 species from M. pachyclados. Diversity assessment showed M. pachyclados was more diverse (H=2.0258) followed by G. paniculata (H=2.007). M. aleuritoides was the least diverse (H=1.443). A high percentage of scavengers and wood eaters were found in G. paniculata and M. aleuritoides. In M. pachyclados, more seed eaters, chewers and parasitoids were found instead. These results have implications for management of the community composition and diversity of the fruit-eating insects of the three host three species.
Abstract— An experiment stand of clonal orchard of masson pine, which included the 123 plus trees of 8 provenances collected from 8 provinces of Southern China, was founded at Jingshan County of Hubei province. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was applied to assess genetic diversity and structure for this clonal seed orchard. Total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh needle tissue with Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Miniprep System made by Viotechnology Corporation The results indicated that the clonal seed orchard of masson pine had higher genetic diversity. The average genetic diversity of the clonal seed orchard was 0.3169, the Shannon’s information index was 0.4813 respectively, and the percentage of polymorphic loci was 71.0%. Observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s gene diversity (H), Shannon’s information index (I) and percentage of polymorphic loci (P) within population of Jiangxi, Hunan and Zhejiang were bigger than those of Guangdong, Guangxi, Anhui and Sichuan. Genetic distances among 8 populations were range from 0.0225 to 0.2175, whereas genetic identities were range from 0.8045 to 0.9777. 8 populations were clustered into 7 clusters, which showed that populations with similar latitude were clustered together and the clustering had nothing to do with geographic distributing. There was not significant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance, while the correlation between genetic distance and latitude was more significant.
The slides contain a summary on my research on the ''abundances and distribution of the five most preferred food species for the mountain gorilla of the Virungas''. The presentation was delivered at the University of Twente, the Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). It is part of a continuous follow up on the student's research - required for the successful completion of a Master of Science at ITC, NL
Distribution and structure of conifers with special emphasis on taxus baccataShujaul Mulk Khan
Coniferous forests play important role in sustaining biodiversity and providing ecological services. Present study was conducted in Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas to assess the present status of the conifers, in particular Taxus baccata population. Field data was obtained systematically using quadrate method. Environmental data including coordinates, altitude, slope gradient, aspect and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by field survey method. The quantity of fuel wood consumption was measured using weight survey method. Three conifer species viz., Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata were found in 5 communities at different aspects in 1800 to 3000 m altitudinal range. Conifer stands showed an average tree density of 306 trees/ha with a regeneration value of 76 seedlings and saplings/ha and deforestation intensity of 82 stumps/ha respectively. T. baccata showed zero regeneration having no seedling or sapling in the whole study area. The stem to stump value was calculated as 4.08. A. pindrow was dominant in all the 5 communities with an Importance value percentage of 72.8% followed by P. wallichiana (19.5%). T. baccata was recorded sporadically throughout the altitudinal range having an IVI value of 7.9%. The T. baccata tree density was 26/ha whereas dead tree and stumps density was 27/ha with a stem/stump value of 0.98.The average fuel wood consumption recorded for the area was 4.08kg/capita/day. Pressure is increasing on conifers due to high level of fuel wood consumption as well as overgrazing due to limited available grazing area. The conifer species, especially T. baccata, demand immediate attention of forest management and policy makers for the conservation of these under pressure species.
Estimation of genetic variation for maturity traits in eight genotypes of bot...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
The experimental material for the present study consisted of eight distinct
genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8). Additive (D)
component was lower in magnitude than dominance components of genetic
variation for all the maturity characters except node number of first
staminate flowers and node number of first pistilate flower which revealed
preponderance of both dominant and recessive component of variance.
Proportion of genes (H2/4H1) in the parents were less than 0.25 for all the
maturity traits except node number of first staminate flowers which showed
asymmetrical distribution of loci showing dominance in the inheritance of
these characters. The ratio of (4D H1)
1/2+F/(4D H1)
½
-F indicated the excess
of dominant as well as recessive genes among the parental strains for most
of the maturity characters.
Order of dominance for maturity traits in eight parents of bottle gourdDr. Mahesh Ghuge
Gene Action refers to the
behavior or mode of expression of genes in a genetic population. Knowledge
of gene action helps in the selection of parents for use in the hybridization
programmes and also in the choice of appropriate breeding procedure for the
genetics improvement of various quantitative characters. The coefficient of
correlation (r) between parental order of dominance (Wr-Vr) and parental
measurements (Yr) was calculated to get an idea about the dominance genes
with positive and negative effects. The present study consisted of eight
distinct genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8).
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu - A pote...researchplantsciences
The dry deciduous forests of Maruthamalai, part of Western Ghats, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu hold rich number of 201 species belonging to 153 genera of 51 families. The families Poaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Euphorbiaceae have contributed high number of species 19, 18, 13, 12 respectively to the community. In the floristic list, a high number of 165 species (82.5%) is recognized as economically important also. Based on the importance value index secured, it is determined that the species like Acacia tora, Albizzia amara, A. lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena odorata, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Euphorbia antiquorum, Fluggea leucopyrus, Pterolobium indicum and Zizyphus oenoplia are considered to be ecologically important and established well in the low hills of Maruthamalai (450m above m.s.l.). In higher altitudes at 750m above msl, the species like Albizzia amara, Azadirachta indica, Chloroxylon swietenia, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Holoptelea integrifolia have secured higher importance value index and established well in the habitats. At 950m above m.s.l., the vegetation has been occupied predominantly by the species like Acacia torta, Albizzia amara, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Syzigium cumini as they derived higher importance value index. Among the 165 medicinal plants, 37 species (22%) where present in all the three plots located at different altitudes. Despite the variation in species composition and ecological importance at all levels of altitudes throughout the Maruthamalai hills, the habitat conditions are favourable for the growth of plants of higher secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Hence wastelands available in Maruthamalai hills may be suggested for the cultivation of native medicinal and other economically important plants.
Article Citation:
Paulsamy S.
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu –
A potential ecosystem for medicinal plants.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 012-026.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0005.pdf
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
RAPD markers are decamer DNA fragments.
RAPD is a type of PCR reaction.
as the name suggest it is a fast method when compared to the traditional PCR medthod.
— Community composition and species diversity of fruit-eating-insects were studied in a primary forest at Wanang, Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG) using fruits regularly sampled and insects attacking them reared, preserved and identified. Sampling was done in different areas of the forest including low and high abundance of the host trees. Fruits of three predominant host trees, G. paniculata (Myristicaceae), M. aleuritoides (Euphorbiaceae) and M. pachyclados (Rubiaceae) were regularly collected and insects associated with them studied. The emergence from the fruits were 13 insect families and 16 species from G. paniculata, 17 insect families and 21 species from M. aleuritoides and 17 insect families and 25 species from M. pachyclados. Diversity assessment showed M. pachyclados was more diverse (H=2.0258) followed by G. paniculata (H=2.007). M. aleuritoides was the least diverse (H=1.443). A high percentage of scavengers and wood eaters were found in G. paniculata and M. aleuritoides. In M. pachyclados, more seed eaters, chewers and parasitoids were found instead. These results have implications for management of the community composition and diversity of the fruit-eating insects of the three host three species.
Abstract— An experiment stand of clonal orchard of masson pine, which included the 123 plus trees of 8 provenances collected from 8 provinces of Southern China, was founded at Jingshan County of Hubei province. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was applied to assess genetic diversity and structure for this clonal seed orchard. Total genomic DNA was extracted from fresh needle tissue with Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Miniprep System made by Viotechnology Corporation The results indicated that the clonal seed orchard of masson pine had higher genetic diversity. The average genetic diversity of the clonal seed orchard was 0.3169, the Shannon’s information index was 0.4813 respectively, and the percentage of polymorphic loci was 71.0%. Observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s gene diversity (H), Shannon’s information index (I) and percentage of polymorphic loci (P) within population of Jiangxi, Hunan and Zhejiang were bigger than those of Guangdong, Guangxi, Anhui and Sichuan. Genetic distances among 8 populations were range from 0.0225 to 0.2175, whereas genetic identities were range from 0.8045 to 0.9777. 8 populations were clustered into 7 clusters, which showed that populations with similar latitude were clustered together and the clustering had nothing to do with geographic distributing. There was not significant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance, while the correlation between genetic distance and latitude was more significant.
The slides contain a summary on my research on the ''abundances and distribution of the five most preferred food species for the mountain gorilla of the Virungas''. The presentation was delivered at the University of Twente, the Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). It is part of a continuous follow up on the student's research - required for the successful completion of a Master of Science at ITC, NL
Distribution and structure of conifers with special emphasis on taxus baccataShujaul Mulk Khan
Coniferous forests play important role in sustaining biodiversity and providing ecological services. Present study was conducted in Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas to assess the present status of the conifers, in particular Taxus baccata population. Field data was obtained systematically using quadrate method. Environmental data including coordinates, altitude, slope gradient, aspect and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by field survey method. The quantity of fuel wood consumption was measured using weight survey method. Three conifer species viz., Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata were found in 5 communities at different aspects in 1800 to 3000 m altitudinal range. Conifer stands showed an average tree density of 306 trees/ha with a regeneration value of 76 seedlings and saplings/ha and deforestation intensity of 82 stumps/ha respectively. T. baccata showed zero regeneration having no seedling or sapling in the whole study area. The stem to stump value was calculated as 4.08. A. pindrow was dominant in all the 5 communities with an Importance value percentage of 72.8% followed by P. wallichiana (19.5%). T. baccata was recorded sporadically throughout the altitudinal range having an IVI value of 7.9%. The T. baccata tree density was 26/ha whereas dead tree and stumps density was 27/ha with a stem/stump value of 0.98.The average fuel wood consumption recorded for the area was 4.08kg/capita/day. Pressure is increasing on conifers due to high level of fuel wood consumption as well as overgrazing due to limited available grazing area. The conifer species, especially T. baccata, demand immediate attention of forest management and policy makers for the conservation of these under pressure species.
Estimation of genetic variation for maturity traits in eight genotypes of bot...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
The experimental material for the present study consisted of eight distinct
genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8). Additive (D)
component was lower in magnitude than dominance components of genetic
variation for all the maturity characters except node number of first
staminate flowers and node number of first pistilate flower which revealed
preponderance of both dominant and recessive component of variance.
Proportion of genes (H2/4H1) in the parents were less than 0.25 for all the
maturity traits except node number of first staminate flowers which showed
asymmetrical distribution of loci showing dominance in the inheritance of
these characters. The ratio of (4D H1)
1/2+F/(4D H1)
½
-F indicated the excess
of dominant as well as recessive genes among the parental strains for most
of the maturity characters.
Order of dominance for maturity traits in eight parents of bottle gourdDr. Mahesh Ghuge
Gene Action refers to the
behavior or mode of expression of genes in a genetic population. Knowledge
of gene action helps in the selection of parents for use in the hybridization
programmes and also in the choice of appropriate breeding procedure for the
genetics improvement of various quantitative characters. The coefficient of
correlation (r) between parental order of dominance (Wr-Vr) and parental
measurements (Yr) was calculated to get an idea about the dominance genes
with positive and negative effects. The present study consisted of eight
distinct genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8).
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu - A pote...researchplantsciences
The dry deciduous forests of Maruthamalai, part of Western Ghats, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu hold rich number of 201 species belonging to 153 genera of 51 families. The families Poaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Euphorbiaceae have contributed high number of species 19, 18, 13, 12 respectively to the community. In the floristic list, a high number of 165 species (82.5%) is recognized as economically important also. Based on the importance value index secured, it is determined that the species like Acacia tora, Albizzia amara, A. lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena odorata, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Euphorbia antiquorum, Fluggea leucopyrus, Pterolobium indicum and Zizyphus oenoplia are considered to be ecologically important and established well in the low hills of Maruthamalai (450m above m.s.l.). In higher altitudes at 750m above msl, the species like Albizzia amara, Azadirachta indica, Chloroxylon swietenia, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Holoptelea integrifolia have secured higher importance value index and established well in the habitats. At 950m above m.s.l., the vegetation has been occupied predominantly by the species like Acacia torta, Albizzia amara, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Syzigium cumini as they derived higher importance value index. Among the 165 medicinal plants, 37 species (22%) where present in all the three plots located at different altitudes. Despite the variation in species composition and ecological importance at all levels of altitudes throughout the Maruthamalai hills, the habitat conditions are favourable for the growth of plants of higher secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Hence wastelands available in Maruthamalai hills may be suggested for the cultivation of native medicinal and other economically important plants.
Article Citation:
Paulsamy S.
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu –
A potential ecosystem for medicinal plants.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 012-026.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0005.pdf
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
RAPD markers are decamer DNA fragments.
RAPD is a type of PCR reaction.
as the name suggest it is a fast method when compared to the traditional PCR medthod.
Advances in Apple Breeding (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
The cultivated apple is likely the result of interspecific hybridization and at present the binomial Malus x domestica has been generally accepted as the appropriate scientific name (Korban and Skirvin, 1984). It belongs to the family Rosaceae and subfamily Maloideae and haploid chromosome number is x = 17 and somatic chromosome is 2x =34. The genus Malus has 25 to 30 species and several subspecies of so-called crab apples(Malus baccata). Apple is an allopolyploid, but behaves like a diploid. While diploids are frequent, triploids can occur spontaneously in crosses between diploids. Such triploids have larger leaves and fruit than their diploid relatives but are pollen sterile and cannot supply pollen for fertilization. Many popular cultivars (‘Jonagold,’ ‘Mutsu’) are triploids and prized for their quality and fruit size. Many Malus species have been used and continue to be used in breeding, with the increased recognition of the value of diversity and a means to study genes present in these relatives of cultivated apple.
There are over 30 primary species of apple and most can be readily hybridized (Korban 1986, Way et al. 1991). The cultivated apple is likely the result of initial domestication followed by inter-specific
hybridization (Harris et al. 2002). Its primary wild ancestor is M. sieversii whose range is centered at the border between western China and the former Soviet Union. Apples are the main forest tree there and display the full range of colors, forms and tastes found in domesticated apples across the world (Forsline et al. 1994, Hokanson et al. 1997). The domesticated apple has been referred to with the epithet Malus x domestica (Korban and Skirvin 1984), although recently Mabberley et al. (2001) proposed that Malus pumila should properly refer to the domesticated apple and its presumed wild relative M. sieversii. Other species of Malus which contributed to the genetic background of the apple likely include: M. orientalis of Caucasia, M. sylvestris from Europe, M. baccata from Siberia, M. mandshurica from Manchuria, and M. prunifolia from China. It is likely that these species hybridized with domesticated apples as they were spread by humans (Harris et al. 2002).
Malus has 25 to 30 species and several sub-species, many of which are cultivated as ornamental trees for their profuse blossoms and attractive fruits. Many of the species intercross freely and semi selfincompatibility is common. Trees grown from collection of Malus are frequently inter-specific or inter-varietal hybrids. The cultivated apple is botanically Malus domestica Borkh. Malus baccata (Crab apple) and M. sikkimensis occur wild in India. M. baccata var. himalaica in North Western region and Meghalaya and M. baccata var. dirangensis in Arunachal Pradesh. Seven ecotypes of M. baccata have also been collected from different temperate region. (Randhawa, 1987). Varietal diversity of apple in Indian Himalayas is primarily introduction from Europe and North American
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Genetic Diversity of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) from East and West H...Premier Publishers
Genetic diversity within local landraces is important input for crop breeding programs and in the preservation of their genetic potential. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity and analyze population structure of sorghum landraces grown in East and west Hararghe Zones of Oromia Regional state, Ethiopia based on SSR markers. A total of 10 accessions of sorghum landraces were estimated using 10 SSR markers. For all the loci analyzed, 70 polymorphic alleles were detected with the number of alleles per locus range from 2 to 18 with an average of seven alleles. Polymorphism information content of each marker was variable and showed a significant correlation with total number of alleles (r = 0.75). The higher the number of alleles per marker, the greater is PIC value. Dendrogram obtained according to UPGMA hierarchical classification model using DICE coefficient of similarity allowed the classification of sorghum accessions into four main groups. It was recommended that a further research on genetic diversity of sorghum should integrate botanical races, agro-morphological traits in addition to molecular markers for a better preservation of the genetic resources of sorghum landraces in Eastern Ethiopia.
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic l...researchplantsciences
A provenance trial of Entada pursaetha containing five provenances from Eastern ghats were used for this study. Individual seed characteristics varied among provenances and highest was recorded in Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills. Cent percent emergence was recorded with high seedling vigour in the seeds of Talakona. Inter-correlation studies revealed a strong positive correlation between emergence and seed length, maximum seed width, and seed weight, while minimum seed width showed weak correlation. Araku valley and Kolli hills exhibited close proximity, while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the highest. There was no influence of environment on the seed characters.Maximum and minimum seed width exhibited higher values of heritability.
Article Citation:
Sai Vishnu Priya K, Srinivasa Rao JV
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic liana- Entada pursaetha DC.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 032-037.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0006.pdf
1 pollen morphology and pollen elemental composition of selected philippine n...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The pollen morphology and pollen elemental composition of the selected Philippine native gingers in tribe Alpinieae (Alpinioideae: Zingiberaceae) viz., Amomum muricarpum Elm., Etlingera dalican (Elmer) A.D.Poulsen, E. philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M.Sm. and Hornstedtia conoidea Ridl. are not completely determined as well as their impacts in the pollen germination and pollen tube growth. In this study, the analyses were performed by light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometry to better understand their pollen surfaces and pollen elemental composition. Data revealed that the pollen sizes of A. muricarpum measured 45-80µm, E. dalican measured 65-75µm, E. philippinensis measured 60-65µm while H. conoidea measured 50-90µm. The four native species possess spheroidal shape and inaperturate pollen. However, pollen color of A. muricarpum and H. conoidea were yellowish-brown, while green to greenish-yellow for E. dalican and greenish for E. philippinensis. Ornamentation or exine sculpture of A. muricarpum is echinate, E. dalican is gemmate while E. philippinensis and H. conoidea is psilate. A greater proportion of potassium (K+) and sulfur (S2-) were observed in the pollen of the four native gingers amongst other detected elements by EDX. Hence, studies on pollen characterization are important to perceive and reveal their morphological features, elemental composition and are useful for future studies on in vitro germination of the selected species.
1 pollen morphology and pollen elemental composition of selected philippine n...
16,Sapna et al2014, Ulmus RAPD
1. ESTIMATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PROGENIES OF SELECTED GENOTYPES OF
ULMUS VILLOSA BRANDIS USING RAPD MARKERS
SAPNA THAKUR, I. K. THAKUR, N. B. SINGH, J. P. SHARMA AND M. SANKANUR
Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources, College of Forestry
Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan- 173 230 Himachal Pradesh, INDIA
email: ikuhf@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Molecular diversity among 23 promising progenies of Ulmus villosa, which were raised from the seeds collected from
various seed sources in Himachal Pradesh (India), was estimated using 10 RAPD primers. A total of 57 markers were
generated, all of the 10 primers showed 100 per cent polymorphism. The similarity coefficient among 23 progenies of
U. villosa ranged from 0.00 to 0.70. In which, progeny Jugahan-T was found to be the most divergent which separated3
itselffromrestof theprogeniesatsimilarityvalue(0.04)andcouldbeusedasaparentinhybridizationprogrammeand
furtherimprovementprogrammes.Theprogeniesweregroupedinto4clusters.TheclusterIIconsistedmaximumof12
progenies followed by cluster III (5 progenies), cluster IV (4 progenies) whereas cluster I consisted of single progeny.
RAPDanalysisprovedhelpfulforestimatingthemagnitudeofgeneticdiversityatmolecularlevel.
Keywords: RAPD,Ulmusvillosa,Progenies,Geneticdiversity.
Studies on molecular diversity among 23 promising progenies ofUlmusvillosarevealedJugahan–T3
tobethemostdivergentandcouldbeusedasaparent inhybridizationprogramme.
Introduction considered as one of the most important agro-forestry
trees in the Kashmir region. It also has a great potentialThe elms (Ulmus L.) are represented by
outside its natural range for use on degraded land (Singh,approximately 35 species distributed throughout the
1982; Bhardwaj and Mishra, 2005). However, the Dutchtemperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and into
elm disease (Kalas et al., 2006), caused by certain fungithe subtropics of Central America and Southeast Asia,
(Ophiostoma spp), is one of the most serious diseasesincluding six species in eastern North America (Pooler
known to trees, has ravaged elm populations all overand Townsend, 2005). There are five species of Ulmus
Europe. This poses a challenge for future conservation offound in India, four namely U. wallichiana, U. villosa, U.
elm, which in turn necessitates more knowledge aboutpumila and U. chumlia from N.W Himalaya and U.
the distribution of variation in adaptive traits in thelanceifolia from north-eastern regions of the country.
species. ApartfromthisthespeciesbeingoneofthecoldHimalayan elms are the source of best fodder and quality
hardy and disease resistant species of elm, has beentimber. U. wallichiana is lopped for fodder which causes
introduced in Europe and North America as anthe depletion of regeneration. It is already categorized as
ornamental tree and for breeding purposes. Some clonesv u l n e r a b l e s p e c i e s i n R e d D a t a B o o k
of this species have proved resistant against Dutch elm(www.iucnredlist.org). Ulmus villosa Brandis, commonly
disease (DED) that can be used in breeding programmesknown as marinoo in India, is a small or medium sized
for the development of disease resistant hybridsdeciduous tree belonging to family Ulmaceae (Melville
(Santamour,1979).and Heybroek, 1971). It is one of the more distinctive
Asiatic elms and a species capable of remarkable Molecular techniques have been found to be more
longevity (Singh, 1991). It grows up to 20-30 m in height useful and accurate for determination of both
at elevations from 1200 m to 2500 m with a scattered interspecific and intraspecific genetic variation in plants.
distributioninthenorthwesternHimalayas. DNA markers can be used early in tree growth and
development to predict dissimilar genetic backgroundsThe seed viability is high but seed longevity is low.
and to determine which traits a particular individual isIt finds greater favour on account of its multiplicity of
carryingbyexaminingthesesmallsegments.Markerscanuses and fast growth habit. It is a multipurpose
discern between single or multi-locus modifications asagroforestry tree species producing fodder, fuel and
well as dominant or co-dominant alterations in a singletimber. Inspite of its immense popularity and multiplicity
individual. When applied to the conservation andof its uses less attention has been paid on improvement
breeding of fine hardwoods many diverse DNA markerof this species (Melville and Heybroek, 1971). It is
Indian Forester, 140 (12) : 1221-1229, 2014
http://www.indianforester.co.in
ISSN No. 0019-4816 (Print)
ISSN No. 2321-094X (Online)
2. system types have been utilized. DNA markers allow for Ulmusamericanaclones.
more accurate determination of the region of origin for a There is no evidence regarding molecular
particulartreeanddetectionofspecificgeneflowevents. characterization of the species. Thus the aim of this work
The many DNA marker techniques are similar in that was to study genetic diversity in progenies of selected
these canbe used even where there is a single nucleotide genotypes in Ulmus villosa Brandis using RAPD markers
change in a gene or tandem DNA repeat. Unlike and to assess conservation strategies for the species. In
morphological markers these changes are not apparent the present investigation RAPD markers has been used
in the phenotype of the individual and are often for assay in genetic variation at molecular level of 23
insignificant in its physiological development. Molecular progenies to select the best genotypes on the basis of
markers has been used to understand hybridization and their progeny performance. This may be perhaps the first
species differentiation in forest trees such as Acer (Joung scientific paper to deal with the study of genetic diversity
et al., 2001; Skepner and Krane, 1998), Betula (Palme et in progenies of selected genotypes in U. villosa which
al., 2004; Anamthawat-Jonsson and Thorsson, 2003), were collected from various seed sources of the state of
Liriodendrone (Li and Wang, 2002), Platanus (Vigouroux HimachalPradeshinIndia.
et al., 1997), Fagus (Ohyama et al., 1999; Gailing and Von
MaterialandMethods
Wuelisch, 2004), Tilia (Fineschi et al., 2003), Olea (Claros
Plantmaterialet al., 2000; Fabri et al., 1995), Ficus (Hadia et al., 2008).
Mylett et al. (2007) reported that RAPDs were used to Well matured seeds were collected from five
indicate genetic variability between individual Tilia mother trees (15-25cm DBH) each at six sites viz., S -Jadh1
cordata Mill. clusters within the same woodland and (800m), S -Jugahan (800m), S -Jhidi (1089m) forest area2 3
surrounding areas. In F. excelsior (Pvingila et al., 2005) it in Mandi district and S -Jagoti (1824m), S -Katouch4 5
was noted thatthe unique RAPD phenotype, the basis for (1900m) and S -Andhra (2200m) area from Pabbar valley6
individual tree identification, indicated that RAPD in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh. The progenies
markers can indeed confirm origin of a given forest tree. were then raised under nursery conditions in the
A simple, efficient and genetically stable method for P. experimental field. Twenty three best performing
occidentalis was recently presented using RAPDs by Sun progenies(Table1)wereselectedforthestudies.
etal. (2009) and only with RAPD in Dalbergia sissoo (Rout
CollectionofplantmaterialandgenomicDNAextractionet al., 2003) was done. Variation in Melientha suavis was
Fresh and disease free young leaves weredetected with RAPD (Prathepha, 2000). It is also used as
collected from these selected progenies for moleculara Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
markers, in particular, have been successfully employed
for determination of intraspecies genetic diversity in
several plants (Li et al., 2008; Goodall-Copestake et al.,
2005; Nanda etal., 2004; Amri and Mamboya, 2012), sex
determination in dioceous tree Salix viminalis (Alstrom-
Rapaport et al., 1998). Random amplified polymorphic
DNA (RAPD) analysis has proved useful for estimating
genetic diversity particularly to assist in the conservation
of rare species and plant genetic resources (Anderson
and Fairbanks, 1990). The use of dominant markers to
assess genetic variability between individuals and
populations is promising because many polymorphic loci
can be obtained fairly easily, in a relatively short time and
at low cost, without any prior knowledge of the genome
of the species under study (Nybom and Bartish, 2000;
Nybom, 2004). RAPD analysis in particular has proven to
be a rapid and efficient means of genome mapping
(Williams et al., 1990) and have been successfully used
for differentiating species of a genus based on their
similarities and geographical proximities (Thomas et al.,
2001). Pooler and Townsend (2005) indicated success
with AFLP in determining geographic origins and genetic
distances between selections of Ulmus laevis Palli and
Table 1: Details of Ulmus villosa 23 progenies used in RAPD studies
S. no. Progenies code Seed source District
1. Jh-T2 Jhidi, Tree no. 2 Mandi
2. Jh-T3 Jhidi, Tree no. 3
3. Jh-T5 Jhidi, Tree no. 5
4. Ju-T1 Jugahan, Tree no. 1
5. Ju-T2 Jugahan, Tree no. 2
6. Ju-T3 Jugahan, Tree no. 3
7. Ju-T4 Jugahan, Tree no. 4
8. Ju-T5 Jugahan, Tree no. 5
9. Ja-T1 Jadh, Tree no. 1
10. Ja-T2 Jadh, Tree no. 2
11. Ja-T3 Jadh, Tree no. 3
12. Ja-T1 Jadh, Tree no. 4
13. Ja-T1 Jadh, Tree no. 5
14. Ka-T1 Katouch, Tree no.1 Shimla
15. Ka-T2 Katouch, Tree no.2
16. Ka-T3 Katouch, Tree no.3
17. Ka-T4 Katouch, Tree no.4
18. Ka-T5 Katouch, Tree no.5
19. Jag-T1 Jagoti, Tree no.1
20. Jag-T2 Jagoti, Tree no.2
21. Jag-T3 Jagoti, Tree no.3
22. Jag-T4 Jagoti, Tree no.4
23. Jag-T5 Jagoti, Tree no.5
1222 The Indian Forester [December
3. Estimation of genetic diversity in progenies of selected genotypes of Ulmus villosa Brandis .... 12232014]
variability studies and carried to the laboratory in brown
paper bags within 2-3 hours of collection and kept in
deep freezer (- 20°C) for further DNA extraction. Fresh
leaf tissue (~ 0.5 g) was crushed in 7 ml extraction buffer
(10 per cent (w/v) CTAB (N-cetyle, N, N-trimethyle-
ammonium bromide), 0.5M EDTA (pH 8.0), 5M NaCl and
0
1M Tris pH 8.0. The powder was either stored at -40 C or
used for DNA isolation immediately. Total genomic DNA
was isolated using the Doyle and Doyle (1987) method
with slight modification made in buffer concentrations.
The quality of DNA was tested on 0.8% agarose gel and
quantification was done using Perkin Elmer UV/VIS
spectrophotometer and diluted to 5ng/µl for further PCR
(Polymerase chain reaction) amplification using CR
Corbettthermocycler.
PCRamplificationandelectrophoresis
Ten decamer primers were used for the current
study (Table 2). DNA was amplified by PCR amplification Results
reaction. The 25µl of reaction mixture contained 20ng of RAPDbandingpattern
DNA, 0.75 units of Taq DNA polymerase, 2.5µl of 10X Taq
Each primer generated a unique set of
buffer (50mM MgCl , 10mM Tris-Cl), 1.25µl of pooled2
amplification products revealing polymorphism and high
dNTP's (2.5mM each) and 10ng of primer. PCR conditions
levelsof geneticdiversityamong differentprogenies. The
used for RAPD amplification included initial denaturation
number of bands recognized by the software, Alpha0
for 3 min at 94 C followed by 45 cycles of amplification
Imagerfor each primer rangedfrom 3 (OPA-04) to 8 (0PA-0
(denaturationat92 Cfor45seconds,annealingofprimer
07) (Table 2). All the ten primers used in this analysis0 0
at 36 C for 1min and primer amplification at 72 C for 2 yielded a total of 57 scorable bands with an average of0
min)andfinalextensionat72 Cfor10min. 5.70 bands per primer. All the scorable bands showed
Amplification products stained in ethidium polymorphism resulting in 100 % polymorphism among
bromide were separated on 2 per cent agarose gel using 23 progenies (Tables 2 and 3). The banding pattern
1X TBE buffer (Tris HCI pH 8.0, Boric Acid, Ethylene generated by each RAPD primer for 23 progenies is
diamine-tetra acetic acid) on horizontal gel presented in Table 4. The mean coefficient value of any
electrophoresis apparatus and photographed in Alpha progenygaveanideaaboutitsoverallrelatednesswithall
Imager gel documentation system. 1kb and 100bp DNA other progenies in the study. The coefficient values
mass ladder were used as molecular weight markers in ranged from 0.04 to 0.70 (Table 6). This indicated a fair
first and last well of respective gel. Data analysis and range of variability in the similarity coefficient values
clustering was done by UPGMA using SAHN module of suggesting a broad genetic base of 23 progenies included
NTSYSpc.Version2.02e(Rohlf,1998). in the experiment. Maximum similarity (70%) was
S. No Parameters Remarks
1 Total number of primers examined 10
2 Total number of polymorphic primers 10
3 Total number of bands amplified from
polymorphic primers
57
4 Total number of polymorphic bands
identified
57
5 Total number of monomorphic bands 0
6 Average number of polymorphic bands
per primer
5.70
7 Per cent of total polymorphic bands 100%
8 Number of primers exhibited 100 %
polymorphism
10
9 Size range of RAPD markers 147.10 bp to
2901.97 bp
10 Number of amplification products per
primer
3 (OPA - 04) to
8 (OPA - 07)
Table 2: Summary of RAPD amplified products obtained from 23
progeny of Ulmus villosa
Table 3: Total numbers of amplified and polymorphic fragments generated by PCR using RAPD primers
S. No Primer
name
Total no. of
scorable
bands
Total no. of
polymorphic
bands
Total no. of
monomorphic
bands
Polymorphism (%)
100X
y
x
Size range of
amplified products
(bp)
1 OPA-01 6 6 0 100 147.10 - 1082.65
2 OPA- 04 3 3 0 100 151.83 - 246.77
3 0PA- 05 5 5 0 100 593.75 - 2901.97
4 OPA- 07 8 8 0 100 156.91 - 2050.97
5 OPA- 09 6 6 0 100 187.72 - 957.76
6 OPC- 08 7 7 0 100 226.70 - 874.90
7 OPC- 11 4 4 0 100 203.07 - 584.67
8 OPB-11 6 6 0 100 182.11 - 2086.89
9 OPL- 06 6 6 0 100 278.63 - 814.73
10 OPS- 15 6 6 0 100 183.98 - 2027.10
TOTAL 57 57 0 100 147.10 - 2901.97
4. 1224 The Indian Forester [December
observed between Jag-T and Jag-T . However, the Jhidi-T , Jadh-T , Jhidi-T and Katouch-T and showing 432 3 1 5 5 4
minimum similarity coefficient values (0.00) were percentsimilaritywiththerestoftheprogenies.
observed in few progenies. The inference of Table 5 Discussion
shows the informative RAPD markers specific for a
Molecular techniques have been found to be more
particular progeny. Primer OPA-05 and OPA-07 produced
useful and accurate for determination of both
unique bands of size approximately 708.20 bp and
interspecific and intraspecific genetic variation in plants.
156.91 bp for the JuT (Jugahan), respectively. These1
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers,
informative primers producing unique bands for a
in particular, have been successfully employed for
particular progeny can be specifically used for the study
determination of intraspecies genetic diversity in several
ofparticulargenotype.
plants. RAPD analysis has been successfully used for
Clusteranalysis differentiating species of a genus based on their
similarities and geographical proximities (Thomas et al.,Dendrogram was created using the similarity
2001). In the present investigation RAPD markers usedcoefficient and un-weighted pair group method with
for assay in genetic variation at molecular level showedarithmetic average (UPGMA) (Fig. 1). A critical perusal of
that RAPDs were informative for revealing relationshipdendrogram reveals that the distribution of various
baseduponsimilaritywithinreferencesetofprogenies.progenies into clusters and within cluster was random.
The dendrogram exhibited 4 clear clusters. According to A perusal of the data given in Table 2 revealed that
dendrogram atsimilarity index value 0.04 Jugahan-T was3 all ten primers used were found to be polymorphic and
separated from the rest of all progenies giving amplified the genomic DNA of 23 progenies of Ulmus
information about its most diverse nature, which is villosa successfully. From the results of RAPD profiling
categorized as cluster I. The remaining progenies number of RAPD markers generated per primer varied
exhibited in 3 clear clusters. Overall cluster I was found to from 3 to 8 because of primer sequence and due to
be 4 per cent similar with cluster II, III and IV. Cluster II is individual progeny (Table 2). All 10 primers produced
the major cluster having 12 progenies viz., Jhidi - T ,3 distinct banding pattern for all the 23 progenies. 57
Jugahan-T and T , Jadh-T , T and T , Jugahan-T amplified products were detected and all were found to1 5 1 4 2 4,
KatouchT , T and T , Jugahan-T and Jadh-T , which be polymorphic. Such a high level of polymorphism2 3 5 2 3
exhibited 31 and 43 per cent similarity with cluster III and reflects the outcrossing nature of the species. Presently
IV. Cluster III comprises of 6 progenies viz., Katouch-T , there seem to be no such studies conducted in U. villosa.1
However, these findings receive support from highJagoti- T , T , T , T and T , having 43 per cent similarity1 2 3 4 5
frequencies of polymorphism of 78.30% in Melienthawith cluster IV Cluster IV comprised of 4 progenies viz..
JhT1
JaT5
JhT5
KaT4
JhT3
JuT1
JuT5
JaT1
JaT4
JaT2
JuT4
KaT2
KaT3
KaT5
JuT2
JaT3
KaT1
JagT2
JagT3
JagT1
JagT4
JuT3
0.04 0.20 0.37 0.53 0.70
Coefficient
4
2
3
1
Fig. 1: Dendrogram based on UPGMA analysis 23 progenies of Ulmus villosa using RAPD markers
5. Estimation of genetic diversity in progenies of selected genotypes of Ulmus villosa Brandis .... 12252014]
suavis (Prathepha, 2000). Fourteen random RAPD
primersamplified118loci,averageofeachprimersis8.4,
83 fragments (at a proportion of 70.34%) were
polymorphic at the individual level in Ulmus pumila (Li et
al., 2008). In Pterocarpus angolensis 75.3%
polymorphismwasdetected(AmriandMamboya,2012).
Similarly, Pharmawati et al. (2004) reported a high level
of polymorphism, 99.39% for RAPD and 99.51% for ISSR,
between Grevillea species. Twenty-eight per cent of
genetic variations were found within populations in
Melientha suavis (Prathepha, 2000). Goodall-Copestake
et al. (2005) studied molecular markers and ex-situ
conservation of the European elms (Ulmus spp.) using
the 5 RAPD and 3 ISSR markers which yielded a total of
102 distinguishable bands and out of these 60 scored
bands gave clear, reproducible, polymorphic characters
which were scored as present or absent. Similarly Claros
et al. (2000) observed 60 markers in olive-tree (Olea
europaea L.) and 62 markers in Ficus polymorphic loci
withRAPDmarkerstodifferentiatethevarieties(Hadiaet
al., 2008). These findings also find support from Ma et al.
(2012) in Elymus sibiricus where they detected 291 RAPD
polymorphic loci in 93 samples. The percentage of
polymorphicbandswas79%.
Jaccard's similarly correlation coefficient value
ranged from 0.00 to 0.70. This suggested a fair range of
variability in the similarity coefficient values indicating a
broad genetic base of Ulmus villosa progenies. The
highest value (0.70) was observed between Jag-T and3
Jag-T which shows that they almost have the same2
genetic constituents. Lowest similarity (0.00) was
exhibited between some progenies. It may be attributed
to the fact that all of those belong to different areas with
different origin. Earlier studies by Weiguo and Yile (2004)
while studying the genetic diversity in genus Morus using
Table 4: Banding pattern of 10 RAPD markers in 23 progenies of Ulmus villosa
JhT2 JhT3 JhT5 JuT1 JuT2 JuT3 JuT4 JuT5 JaT1 JaT2 JaT3 JaT4 JaT5 KaT1 KaT2 KaT3 KaT4 KaT5 JagT1 JagT2 JagT3 JagT4 JagT5
A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P A P
OPA-01 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 0 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 0 6 3 6 0 6 3 6 3 6 0 6 3
OPA- 04 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 3 3 0 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 0 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 3
0PA- 05 5 0 5 3 5 0 5 5 5 0 5 0 5 2 5 0 5 1 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 2 5 3 5 0 5 0 5 3 5 2 5 3 5 3 5 4 5 4
OPA- 07 8 0 8 1 8 0 8 5 8 1 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 0 8 2 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 1 8 4 8 3 8 0 8 4 8 2 8 2 8 1 8 3 8 1
OPA- 09 6 0 6 2 0 0 6 4 6 2 6 0 6 4 6 4 6 0 6 2 6 3 6 2 6 0 6 2 6 0 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 1 6 0 6 2 6 2 6 2
OPC- 08 7 0 7 1 7 0 7 0 7 1 7 0 7 3 7 2 7 0 7 0 7 1 7 1 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 1 7 0 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 0
OPC- 11 4 0 4 2 4 0 4 2 4 2 4 0 4 1 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 4 3 4 0 4 0 4 2 4 2 4 0 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 0 4 1
OPB-11 6 0 6 5 6 0 6 5 6 2 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 5 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 5 6 0 6 3 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1
OPL- 06 6 4 6 0 6 3 6 5 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 5 6 0 6 5 6 5 6 0 6 5 6 0 6 4 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 0
OPS- 15 6 0 6 5 6 6 5 6 4 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 5 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 4 6 0 6 3 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1
Total 4 25 3 40 12 1 26 39 28 28 15 26 8 9 31 20 5 24 14 17 17 17 16
A= Amplified P= Polymorphic
Table 5: Informative RAPD markers specific for a particular progeny
Primer Approximate size of DNA band Progeny
OPA-05 708.20 bp Jugahan, tree number 1
(Ju-T1)OPA-07 156.91bp
Fig. 2: RAPD fingerprints of 23 progenies revealed by OPA-09
Fig. 3: RAPD fingerprints of 23 progenies revealed by OPB-11
Fig. 4: RAPD fingerprints of 23 progenies revealed by OPS-15
Fig. 5: RAPD fingerprints of 23 progenies revealed by OPA-05
6. 1226 The Indian Forester [December
RAPD markers, revealed the highest similarity (0.9912) closely related to the north American species than to the
between T and T (Thailand). The result indicated that southAmericanP.pallidaorP.chilensis.11 12
they almost have the same genetic constituents. The The dendrogram exhibited four clear clusters and
least similarity between Broussonetia papyrifera and according to it Jugahan-T (at similarity index value 0.04)3
Yaan 3 was ascribed to their genome difference because was separated from the rest of all progenies giving
B. papyrifera and Yaan 3 were from differentgenusbased information about its most diverse nature, which is
on the molecular Jaccard matrix in molecular categorized as cluster I. The remaining progenies
characterization of mulberry germplasm using RAPD exhibited in 3 clear clusters. Overall cluster I was found to
primers. Similarly Ozrenk et al. (2010) reported that the be 4 per cent similar with cluster II, III and IV. Cluster II is
most similar genotypes (0.93) were D5 (a genotype from the major cluster having 12 progenies viz., Jhidi - T ,3
Erzincan) and DE5 (a genotype from Elazig) followed by Jugahan-T and T , Jadh-T , T and T , Jugahan-T1 5 1 4 2 4,
D6 and D7 (twogenotypesfrom Erzincan)(0.90) and they KatouchT , T and T , Jugahan-T and Jadh-T , which2 3 5 2 3
concluded that the genetic similarities among the
exhibited 31 and 43 per cent similarity with cluster III and
genotypes grown in the same region were generally
IV. Cluster III comprises of 6 progenies viz., Katouch-T ,1
found close because they had been reproduced from the
Jagoti- T , T , T , T and T , having 43 per cent similarity1 2 3 4 5
similar genotypes. On the other hand different adapted
with cluster IV Cluster IV comprised of 4 progenies viz..
genotypes from the same region could be the
Jhidi-T , Jadh-T , Jhidi-T and Katouch-T and showing 431 5 5 4
introductions from various other regions. Jaccard
percentsimilaritywiththerestoftheprogenies.similarity coefficient ranged from 0.66 to 0.95 showing a
These results are in conformity with the findings ofwide range of variability among the clones of Dalbergia
Nanda et al. (2004). They also reported similar studies insissoo as analysed by RAPD markers. One more similar
Acacia. Genetic similarity matrix coefficient indicatedstudy was carried out by Sherry et al. (2011) in Prosopis
that Acacia catechu had about 11%, 29% and 31%spp. and reported that highest similarity was shown
similarity with A. mollissima, A. arabica and A.between the north American species, P. articulata, P.
farensiana, respectively. The cluster analysis indicatedvelutina, P. glandulosa and P. laevigata with an index of
that six species of Acacia formed two major clusters. The0.67 between them. Similarly, the index between all the
first major cluster represented by only one species eachnorth American species selected in the study was
i.e. A. arabica. Second major cluster was represented byrelatively high showing a strong relation in terms of
five species i.e. A. catechu, A. farnesiana, A.geographical proximity. The distance between P. pallida
auriculiformis, A. concinna and A. mollissima. A.andP.juliforawasonly0.27comparedwith0.46between
farnesiana and A. catechu representing a minor clusterP. juliflora and P. velutina. P. julifora appeared to be more
Table 6: Similarity coefficient values of RAPD data using Jaccard's Similarity correlation coefficient
Site JhT2 JhT3 JhT5 JuT1 JuT2 JuT3 JuT4 JuT5 JaT1 JaT2 JaT3 JaT4 JaT5 KaT1 KaT2 KaT3 KaT4 KaT5 JagT1 JagT2 JagT3 JagT4 JagT5
JhT2 1.00
JhT3 0.00 1.00
JhT5 0.40 0.00 1.00
JuT1 0.10 0.54 0.07 1.00
JuT2 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.18 1.00
JuT3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 1.00
JuT4 0.15 0.34 0.11 0.50 0.11 0.03 1.00
JuT5 0.10 0.52 0.07 0.68 0.27 0.02 0.54 1.00
JaT1 0.14 0.47 0.10 0.58 0.25 0.03 0.42 0.67 1.00
JaT2 0.14 0.33 0.11 0.52 0.30 0.03 0.47 0.65 0.66 1.00
JaT3 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.25 0.42 0.00 0.13 0.31 0.34 0.35 1.00
JaT4 0.15 0.45 0.11 0.46 0.26 0.00 0.36 0.58 0.68 0.65 0.51 1.00
JaT5 0.50 0.00 0.37 0.20 0.00 0.12 0.30 0.20 0.28 0.29 0.00 0.17 1.00
KaT1 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.19 0.05 0.11 0.29 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.09 0.12 0.06 1.00
KaT2 0.09 0.47 0.09 0.57 0.26 0.03 0.32 0.55 0.59 0.45 0.31 0.46 0.18 0.21 1.00
KaT3 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.36 0.33 0.05 0.17 0.40 0.41 0.34 0.29 0.31 0.07 0.20 0.59 1.00
KaT4 0.50 0.03 0.60 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.00 0.14 0.44 0.07 0.12 0.00 1.00
KaT5 0.00 O.41 0.00 0.43 0.22 0.03 0.33 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.24 0.30 0.09 0.29 0.54 0.48 0.03 1.00
JagT1 0.05 0.14 0.00 0.22 0.13 0.07 0.29 0.17 0.23 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.22 0.21 0.28 0.25 0.05 0.37 1.00
JagT2 0.10 0.27 0.00 0.29 0.11 0.05 0.34 0.21 0.32 0.29 0.18 0.26 0.19 0.36 0.41 0.37 0.04 0.43 0.63 1.00
JagT3 0.10 0.31 0.00 0.32 0.11 0.05 0.38 0.24 0.28 0.25 0.18 0.26 0.13 0.44 0.33 0.27 0.10 0.43 0.47 0.70 1.00
JagT4 0.10 0.20 0.00 0.29 0.11 0.05 0.30 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.10 0.13 0.19 0.23 0.29 0.19 0.10 0.38 0.63 0.61 0.54 1.00
JagT5 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.36 0.12 0.06 0.35 0.25 0.29 0.26 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.38 0.30 0.28 0.05 0.50 0.42 0.50 0.57 0.43 1.00
7. Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Professor and Head, Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources for
providingallthenecessaryfacilitiestocarryoutthepresentstudies.ThehelprenderedbytheStateDepartmentofForest,
HimachalPradeshisalsodulyacknowledged.
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