After the Scots agreed an alliance with France, King Edward I of England invaded Scotland with a large army intending to take full control. Edward's forces easily defeated the Scots at the 1296 Battle of Dunbar. Edward deposed King John Balliol, had him imprisoned, and took steps to ensure Scotland could not oppose English rule going forward, such as demanding nobles swear loyalty and appointing English officials. His actions deeply angered the Scottish people and laid the groundwork for the Wars of Scottish Independence.

1. Scottish Wars of Independence
Edward’s
subjugation
of Scotland

2. In today’s class, I am learning to:
• Describe actions taken by Edward to
control Scotland, from 1296 onwards
Edward’s subjugation of Scotland

3. After the Scots agreed a deal with France, King
Edward of England came north with a huge army,
intending to take complete control of Scotland.
Edward’s subjugation of Scotland

4. Edward’s powerful army
soon defeated any Scottish
resistance.
The town of Berwick was
destroyed, and thousands
of Scots were killed.
The English army also
easily defeated the Scots at
the 1296 Battle of Dunbar.
Edward’s subjugation of Scotland

5. Edward went north, taking
control of Scottish castles.
He forced John Balliol to
surrender, and removed
him as Scotland’s king.
Edward ripped the royal
badge from Balliol’s coat,
giving him the nickname
Toom Tabard.
Edward’s subjugation of Scotland

6. After Balliol’s surrender, he
was taken prisoner.
Balliol first went to England
but was then given over to
the Pope and sent to live in
exile in France.
Edward now wanted to
ensure Scotland could
never again oppose him.
Edward’s subjugation of Scotland
Toom Tabard: Note the ripped coat
and broken sceptre

7. Edward did not want the
Scots to be able to choose
another king.
He took many of the
objects the Scots used to
crown a king, including the
Stone of Destiny, the Earl
of Fife (man who crowned
the king) and the Black
Rood of St Margaret.
Edward’s subjugation of Scotland

8. Edward also demanded
that all Scots nobles swear
loyalty to him.
1600 nobles gathered in
Berwick in August 1296 to
do this.
The document they signed
(including Robert the
Bruce) is known as the
Ragman Rolls.
Edward’s subjugation of Scotland

9. Edward took other steps to
control Scotland.
John de Warrene was
made Lieutenant of
Scotland and put in charge
of the country.
English judges and sheriffs
were appointed, many with
no knowledge of Scots law.
Edward’s subjugation of Scotland

10. Hugh de Cressingham,
Treasurer of Scotland, was
put in charge of money.
He introduced an English
style of taxation, which
was resented by people
across the country.
Many refused to pay, until
they were forced to do so.
Edward’s subjugation of Scotland