King Edward of England sent a huge army to defeat Scotland after they sided with France against England. The English army brutally attacked Berwick, killing thousands, and easily defeated the Scots defenders. They then won another decisive victory over the Scots at Dunbar. With the Scots army weakened, Edward was able to march through Scotland, taking control of castles without resistance. He eventually forced King John Balliol to surrender, stripping him of his title. Edward now had full control over Scotland.
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The year is 1286, Alexader III travels to Kinghorn in Fife to see his new wife Yolande. Bad luck and typical Scottish weather makes Alexander's ride from Edinburgh rough. The next day, Alexander is found with his neck broken, Scotland is in turmoil. Who will replace the king?
The three celtic countries were under English control and the English kings wanted to continue with this control. But it was Scotland which looked for freedom from England.
Higher Migration and Empire - Push factors (Highlands)
Scottish Wars of Independence - edward's subjugation of scotland
1.
2. LEARNING INTENTIONS
• Describe how the English army attacked Berwick and
Dunbar
• Describe the actions of King Edward in 1296 which gave
him full control of Scotland
3. Edward had allowed the Scots some freedom but after their act
of rebellion in supporting France in 1296 he set about ensuring
that Scotland would be under his full control.
4. As a result of Scotland’s refusal
to fight France and sign the
Auld Alliance, King Edward
sent a huge army north.
Some historians have
suggested that he had been
planning this since before the
Scots rebelled, although this is
not proven.
5. The first place in Scotland
the English army arrived at
was Berwick.
Berwick was one of the most
important cities in Scotland.
It was a key trading port
and also the first major town,
so also first point of
defence.
6. Berwick was well defended. It
had strong defences and
reinforcements were sent by
the Scottish nobles to protect
the town and castle.
However many of the Scots had
little experience in fighting,
especially in large battles,
unlike the English army.
7. The Scots even crossed into
England and attacked places
in the north, including
Cumberland.
When Edward’s army
eventually reached Berwick,
the Scots were shocked by the
size of the English forces.
However they refused an offer
from Edward to surrender.
8. The English attack was brutal.
Edward ordered that no-one
was to be spared.
The English army easily
defeated Berwick’s defenders.
Some reports suggest up to
15,000 townspeople were
killed, although the
surrendering Scots army was
allowed to leave.
9. The English army now went
forward to take control of the
rest of Scotland. Their first
stop was Dunbar.
The Earl of Dunbar had
already given the castle keys to
the English. However his wife
(a Comyn) gave control of the
castle to the Scots army before
the English arrived.
10. When the English army arrived
at the castle they saw the Scots
had command.
Their leader – John de
Warrene, Earl of Surrey –
left some soldiers to watch the
castle, and the others went to
prepare to fight. The Scots
somehow believed this was
actually an English retreat. Warenne’s seal (1301 letter)
11. The Scots thus decided to
charge at the English (giving
up their hill advantage). It
was a disaster for Scotland.
The better-trained and
prepared English easily beat
the attacking Scots. Many
Guardians and nobles
were captured or killed.
12. Edward now marched his army
north, taking control of various
Scottish castles as he
advanced.
Stirling Castle’s defenders
did not even attempt to defend
it and handed over the keys to
the English. Stirling was
important as the gateway to
the north of Scotland.
Edward’s journey through Scotland
13. The English invasion had
exposed huge weaknesses in
Balliol’s leadership.
He did not lead the Scots army
in battle and he seemed to have
no idea how to stop England’s
army. King John went to the
north of Scotland but
eventually sent a note of
surrender to Edward.
14. King John was forced to
travel to surrender and
apologise to Edward , which
he did at Stracathro
Church in July 1296.
Edward personally ripped
the royal badge of Scotland’s
from Balliol’s surcoat, giving
him the nickname Toom
Tabard.
Toom Tabard: Note the ripped coat
and broken sceptre
15. Balliol and his son were sent
to England as prisoners
under house arrest.
Eventually they were handed
to the Pope who sent them to
live in France.
Edward now turned his
attentions to ensuring the
Scots could not challenge
him again.
16. Edward took possession of a
number of important Scottish
items:
• Stone of Destiny – Stone
that Scottish kings sat on to be
crowned
• Earl of Fife – man who
crowned the new Scots’ king
• Black Rood of St Margaret
17. Edward also demanded that all
Scots nobles swear an oath of
allegiance to him.
1600 nobles gathered in Berwick
in August 1296 to do this. The
document they signed (including
Robert the Bruce) is known as
the Ragman Rolls. Edward now
had full control of Scotland.
