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There are three main ways that heat is transferred:
1. Convection, which is the transfer of heat by the bulk movement of fluids such as air and water.
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Thermal radiation is emitted by all objects due to the vibrational and rotational movements of molecules and atoms. It is transported via electromagnetic waves and can propagate through a vacuum. All objects emit radiation at any temperature above absolute zero according to their emissivity.
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1) The document discusses concepts related to radiation heat transfer including radiative properties like reflectivity, transmissivity, and emissivity.
2) It describes how radiation shields can be used to reduce radiation heat transfer between surfaces by increasing the resistance to radiation flow through multiple reflections.
3) An example is given showing the calculation of radiation heat transfer rate between two parallel plates separated by an aluminum radiation shield, and how the rate is reduced compared to the case without the shield.
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This document discusses several laws relating to the radiation of heat, including:
1) Kirchhoff's law, which states that the emission of a body at a given wavelength and temperature is equal to the ratio of the emissivity and blackbody emission. Real objects emit less radiation than black bodies.
2) Wien's law, which says the dominant wavelength at which a blackbody emits radiation is inversely proportional to its temperature.
3) The Stefan-Boltzmann law, stating that a blackbody's total energy flux is directly proportional to the fourth power of its temperature.
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- Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted from objects due to their temperature. It includes infrared, visible light, and some ultraviolet wavelengths. A blackbody is a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation. According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, a blackbody's total emissive power is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Planck's law describes the spectral distribution of a blackbody's radiative intensity as a function of wavelength and temperature. The emissivity of a surface is the ratio of radiation it emits compared to a blackbody. Kirchhoff's law states that emissivity of a surface is equal to its absorptivity at a given temperature and wavelength. The greenhouse effect
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The document discusses various topics related to the transfer of heat, including:
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2. When thermal radiation falls on an object, it can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. The absorptance, transmittance, and reflectance of an object describe these properties.
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This document provides an overview of radiation heat transfer and outlines the course content for an undergraduate course on the topic. It discusses key concepts such as blackbody radiation, Planck's law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, and Wien's displacement law. Example problems are provided to illustrate calculating the spectral and total emissive power of blackbody radiation sources. The summary highlights that radiation transfer does not require a medium, occurs at the speed of light, and that surfaces behave as blackbodies when enclosed in an isothermal cavity.
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1) Classical theories could not explain the spectrum of blackbody radiation, predicting infinite energy at short wavelengths.
2) Planck hypothesized that the oscillators could only emit or absorb energy in discrete quantized units proportional to frequency, avoiding the infinity.
3) This led to Planck's law of radiation, which correctly described the blackbody spectrum using a quantum of action hν. This founding of quantum theory resolved the ultraviolet catastrophe.
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- Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1°C. It is calculated using the formula Q=mcΔT, where Q is heat, m is mass, c is specific heat, and ΔT is change in temperature.
- Phase changes between solid, liquid and gas require latent heat—the absorption or release of heat without a change in temperature. The heat of fusion is required for melting and freezing, while the heat of vaporization is required for vaporization
concept of different bodies
The document defines different types of bodies in heat transfer:
1. A black body absorbs all radiation falling on its surface and is a perfect emitter.
2. A white body reflects all incident radiation falling on it.
3. A gray body's absorptivity does not vary with temperature or wavelength of incident radiation.
4. An opaque body does not transmit any radiation through it, while a transparent body transmits all radiation.
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This document summarizes the results of a round-robin test comparing measurements from different laboratories using closed pressure vessel tests (CPVT) to evaluate the explosive properties of organic compounds. The key findings were:
1) There were considerable differences between laboratories in maximum pressure, rate of pressure rise, and event temperature measurements.
2) While numerical criteria proposed in previous studies showed inconsistencies, a strong correlation was observed between each laboratory's results.
3) The authors propose that criteria based on the results of reference materials in each individual laboratory may provide better discrimination than numerical criteria alone. This could allow different testing equipment to be used while leveraging accumulated data.
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This document discusses different types of explosives used in blasting operations, including black powder, dynamite, ammonium dynamite, and gelatin dynamite. It describes the properties of explosives like detonation and deflagration, as well as definitions for terms like blasting agent and oxygen balance. The document also covers blasting techniques for both surface and underground mining operations, such as single or multiple bench blasting and the use of vertical, horizontal, simultaneous or delayed holes.
Sebastian
This document discusses magnetic deflagration and detonation in nanomagnets and manganites. It summarizes previous work on magnetic avalanches in these materials and introduces the concept of quantum magnetic deflagration. Key findings include observing deflagration fronts propagating at resonant magnetic fields and a potential deflagration to detonation transition. The document also discusses using surface acoustic waves and high-frequency EPR to study spin dynamics, as well as observing magnetic deflagration and colossal resistivity changes in manganites.
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Dated 2/2/2009 - Overview for the kinds of industries where Combustible Dust Hazards are an issue. Also, recommendations for prevention and mitigation along with how to test to see if a specific manufacturing facility has a problem with either their raw ingredients, byproducts/scrap, and/or finished goods.
Also available going to following url:
http://sache.org/links.asp
Albert V. Condello III
Univ of Houston Downtown
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This document discusses blasting in mining operations. It begins by explaining that blasting is used to break rock into smaller pieces for mining and quarrying, or to create space. The objectives of blasting are to extract material at minimum cost while meeting production quality and quantity requirements. It then covers the different types of explosions, explosives, detonation and deflagration processes, properties and types of explosives, initiating systems including electrical, non-electric, detonating cord, and blast design considerations like burden, spacing, stemming, and bench height.
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一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证毕业证学位证【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
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办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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一比一原版(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Scince of flame
- 1. Science of Fire Sajjad Hooshmandi 2016/05/23 Qazvin Islamic Azad UniversityQazvin Islamic Azad University Matthew Trimble
- 2. What is fire? • Rapid oxidation (loss of electrons) • Very exothermic combustion reaction • Combustion: Fuel + O2 = CO2 + H2O + Heat • Gives off heat and light • Sometimes considered a plasma, but not all of the flame is ionized gas
- 3. Flame Types • Premixed: oxygen and fuel are already added together • Diffusion: oxygen is added to fuel during the burning
- 4. Premixed
- 5. Diffusion
- 6. Firelight Spectrum • Primarily dependent on either premixing of oxygen or diffusion rate, depending on type of flame • These determine rate of combustion, which determines overall temperature and reaction paths molecules take. • Composition of fuel (wood, paper, propane) determines how much energy can be given off.
- 7. Other Contributors • Blackbody Radiation from gas and fuel particles • Incandescence from small soot particles gives off a continuous spectrum. • The complete combustion of gas in a region produces a blue flame from single wavelength radiation from electron transitions in molecules.
- 8. • Top/Middle: Incandescence and Blackbody radiation. • Bottom: Emissions from electrons.
- 9. Using Color to Determine Temperature • The many factors in the flame spectrum make experimentally gathering data much more convenient than theoretically describing it. • Assumption: most of the light is emitted from Carbon-based molecules.
- 10. Color/Temperature Table • Red – Just visible: 525 °C (980 °F) – Dull: 700 °C (1,300 °F) – Cherry, dull: 800 °C (1,500 °F) – Cherry, full: 900 °C (1,700 °F) – Cherry, clear: 1,000 °C (1,800 °F) • Orange – Deep: 1,100 °C (2,000 °F) – Clear: 1,200 °C (2,200 °F) • White – Whitish: 1,300 °C (2,400 °F) – Bright: 1,400 °C (2,600 °F) – Dazzling: 1,500 °C (2,700 °F)
- 11. Gravity Effects • Convection doesn’t occur in low gravity • More soot becomes completely oxidized, lowering incandescence • Spectrum becomes dominated by emission lines. • Diffusion flames become blue and spherical
- 13. Propagation of Fire • After burning, the fire has to move to continue burning. • Deflagration: subsonic propagation (flames) • Detonation: supersonic propagation (explosion)
- 14. Deflagration • t_d approx. = d^2/k, where • t_d = Thermal diffusion timescale (transfer of heat) • d= thin transitional region in which burning occurs • k= thermal diffusivity (how fast heat moves relative to its heat capacity)
- 15. Deflagration • t_b~ e^(delta U/( k_b*T )) • t_b= burning timescale(time the flame moves in) • Delta U= activation barrier for reaction • k_b = Boltzmann’s constant • T= flame temperature
- 16. Deflagration • In typical fires, t_b=t_d. • This means d (the distance the fire travels) = (k*t_d)^1/2 = (k*t_b)^1/2 • And the speed of the flame front: v = d/t_b = (k/t_b)^1/2 • Note: this is an approximation assuming a laminar flame; real fire contains turbulence.
- 18. Detonation • An exothermic front accelerates through a medium, driving a shock front directly ahead of it. • Pressures of flame front up to 4x greater than a deflagration. • This is why explosives are more destructive than just burning.
- 19. Detonation • Chapman- Jouguet theory- models detonation as a propagating shock wave that also releases heat. • Their approximation: reactions and diffusive transport of burning confined to infinitely thin region
- 20. Detonation • Zel’dovich , von Neumann, and Doering (ZND) theory- more detailed modeling of detonation developed in WW2. • Their approximation: detonation is an infinitely thin shock wave followed by a zone of subsonic, exothermal chemical reaction (fire).
- 21. Detonation: 500 tons of TNT
- 22. References • http://quest.nasa.gov/space/teachers/microgravi ty/9flame.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonation • http://www.doctorfire.com/flametmp.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman- Jouguet_condition • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZND_theory • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflagration • http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryfaqs/f/ firechemistry.htm