This document provides an overview of the scientific research process. It defines scientific research and discusses key aspects such as the roles of researchers and scientists. It then outlines the typical steps in a research process, including making observations and formulating questions, conducting a literature review, developing a testable hypothesis, designing an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, testing the hypothesis, and reporting findings. Examples are provided to illustrate each step. The overall summary describes the systematic process scientists use to increase understanding through objective investigation.
-Research
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
It is regarded as a systematic efforts to gain new knowledge.
The dictionary meaning of research is “a careful investigation or enquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”.
-Nature of Research
-Objectives of Research
-Types of Research
-Research Process
-Significance of Research
-Criteria for Good Research
-Limitations of Research
Practical Research 1 :This course develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through qualitative research.
This power point made possible by : Prof. JOBIEN S.DAYAO, MA, Prof. Roel Jumawan MTP,MAEM AND Prof. Penn T.Larena ,CPS,MPA
Kinds and Classification of Research
Some Hindrances of Scientific Inquiry
The scientific Method of research
Principles of Scientific Method of Research
Research Design and Methodology, Dr. W.A. Kritsonisguestcc1ebaf
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana.
-Research
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
It is regarded as a systematic efforts to gain new knowledge.
The dictionary meaning of research is “a careful investigation or enquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”.
-Nature of Research
-Objectives of Research
-Types of Research
-Research Process
-Significance of Research
-Criteria for Good Research
-Limitations of Research
Practical Research 1 :This course develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through qualitative research.
This power point made possible by : Prof. JOBIEN S.DAYAO, MA, Prof. Roel Jumawan MTP,MAEM AND Prof. Penn T.Larena ,CPS,MPA
Kinds and Classification of Research
Some Hindrances of Scientific Inquiry
The scientific Method of research
Principles of Scientific Method of Research
Research Design and Methodology, Dr. W.A. Kritsonisguestcc1ebaf
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. Research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable.
Visionlearning. Carpi & Lents, Sloan C 10.2009acarpi
Visionlearning: Building an open online learning environment for promoting the nature and practice of science. Anthony Carpi & Nathan Lents as presented to the Sloan C conference, October 30, 2009.
. Science is not just a bulk of
knowledge, but knowledge assembled by the appliance of the scientific methodology.
The scientific method has led to the
discovery of some of the most important concepts in science today such as evolution,
gravitational theory, relativity, and too much more to list. It helps to catch frauds and bring the
truth to light. It continues to be the standard for which all scientific discoveries are measured and
verified and it has stood the test of time to be used in all fields in science and it has applications
in many other industries.The primary goal of scientific research is to describe and explain
reality. Research begins with defining and describing what is already known about a subject.
This requires reviewing the literature and synthesizing the information generated by various
studies in the past.In scientific method, logic supports in preparing propositions clearly and
precisely so that their probable substitutes become clear. Further, logic develops the
consequences of such alternatives, and when these are compared with observable phenomena, it
becomes possible for the researcher or the scientist to state which alternative is most in harmony
with the observed facts. All this is done through experimentation and survey investigations
which constitute the integral parts of scientific method. The scientific research will have the following steps:-
1. Observe an event: - The first process in the scientific method involves the observation
of a phenomenon, event, or “problem.” The discovery of such a phenomenon may occur
due to an interest on the observers‟ part, a suggestion or assignment, or it may be an
annoyance that one wishes to resolve.
2. Develop a hypothesis: - Observation leads to a question that needs to be answered tohuman curiosity about the observation, such as why or how this event happened
or what it is like. In order to develop this question, observation may involve taking
measures to quantify it in order to better describe it. Scientific questions need to be
human curiosity about the observation, such as why or how this event happened
or what it is like. In order to develop this question, observation may involve taking
measures to quantify it in order to better describe it. Scientific questions need to be
answerable and lead to the formation of a hypothesis about the problem.
3. Test the prediction. A scientific hypothesis has to be testable and also has to be proven
to be accurate. If it does fall short, another hypothesis may be tested, usually one that has
taken into consideration the fact that the last tested hypothesis failed. Prediction is a
statement about the way things will happen in the future, often but not always based on
experience or knowledge. 4 Observe the result: - All evidence and conclusions must be analyzed properly. 5. An experiment is designed to prove or disprove the hypothesis.6.Revise the hypothesis 7. Repeat as needed.8. A successful hypot
Introduction to Research - Biostatistics and Research methodology 8th Sem Uni...Himanshu Sharma
This slide contains B.Pharm Biostatistics and Research methodology 8th Sem. Unit-3 L2 topic- "Introduction to Research"
It contains topics:
1. Introduction to Research
2. Need for Research
3. Need for Design Experiments
4. Experimental Design Techniques
5. Plagiarism
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. LOGO
Scientific Research
An Najah National University
Author:O. Tamimi
2. Contents
Meaning of Scientific Research
Examples of Scientific Research
Who is a Researcher, What Does a Researcher Do
What is the difference between Scientist and Researcher?
Choosing a Research Topic by a Scientist
Classification of Scientific Research
Pure Research:
Applied Research:
Additional Classifications
Qualitative research
Quantitative research
Characteristics of Research
Research Process (Fundamental Steps)
Step-1 Make an Observation, Find a Problem & Ask a Question
Observation
Find a Problem
Scientific Question
Examples of Observations & Scientific Questions
Page-1 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
3. Contents
Step-2 Literature Review (Background-Research)
Sources of Literature Review
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Step-3Testable Hypothesis
Step-4 Design an Experiment (Procedure)
Step-5 Collecting & Analyzing Data
Primary Data
Secondary Data
Step-6 What to do if Hypothesis is wrong
Step-7 Writing Report & Publish Findings
Research Title
Scientific Question
Testable Hypothesis
Procedure
Data Collection, Data Analysis & Discussion
Conclusion
Further Reading & References
Page-2 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
4. Meaning of Scientific Research
The systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to
increase our understanding of an issue
Systematic observation of phenomena for the purpose of learning new
facts or testing the application of theories to known facts
Its an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge
The research aims at seeking answers to problems through the
application of scientific mythology , which guarantees that the
information is reliable and unbiased
Examples of Scientific Research (current research)
Effect of GPS satellite on health
Electrical properties of silicon material or the semiconductor diodes
Effect of genetically modified food on health
Contaminated water and cancer
Studying the effect of global warming on see levels & wild-life
Page-3 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
5. The word "research" can be confusing because it is frequently used in
conversation to describe a non-scientific searching process. For example, you
might say that you conducted "research" to find the best price for a computer, or
maybe you "researched" the internet for the best deal of Ford car. In both
instances you clearly did not follow a rigorous, scientific method of solving
problems.
Page-4 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
6. Who is a Researcher, What Does He Do
A researcher is a knowledgeable person who has a good background in
science with a good written and communication skills
A researcher should be able to carry out a range of professional
assignments
1.Define research subject
2.Gather information, techniques, studies from various literatures
3.Carries out experiments
4.Analyze & interpret research results
5.Prepare research reports
6.Takes part in seminars and workshops
What is the difference between Scientist and Researcher?
A scientist is highly specialized professional who has a significant
knowledge and expertise in one or many disciplines
A scientist is a researcher but not vice-versa
Page-5 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
7. Choosing a Research Topic by a Researcher
Depends on the researcher’s subject of interest or specialty area
e.g. Chemical Engineering
The interest of a researcher in exploring ideas or issues
e.g. Plastic Recycling (Dissolving the Plastics )
Problems detected and needing a solution in practical or theoretical terms
e.g. Studying the effectiveness of acetone extraction C3H6O in dissolving
plastic
Questions arising from experience or reading the literature
e.g. Studying how safe the x-rays on pregnant women
Page-6 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
8. Classification of Scientific Research
Pure Research: it is undertaken for the sake of knowledge without any intention
to apply it in practice (Natural/Physics research) e.g. Newton Laws
Pure research tends to investigate answers like the following questions
How did the universe begin ?
What the protons, neutrons & electrons composed of ?
Why are there 7 colors in a rainbow ?
Applied Research: aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing
a society or an industrial/business organization
Applied research may investigate ways to:
Treat or cure a specific disease
Improve the energy efficiency of offices or homes
Discovery of x-ray
Page-7 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
9. Additional Classifications
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research
Designed to explore and understand people's beliefs, experiences,
attitudes, behavior and interactions
Used in social science
Quantitative Research
Relies primarily on the collection and analysis of numerical data
Lab research and engineering research falls under the quantitative
research terms
Page-8 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
10. Characteristics of Research
The following represents the mains characteristics of a scientific research
Purpose: the purpose of research is clearly stated
Solution: it is solution oriented and directed towards the solution of a
problem
Relation: Determines the relation between two or more problems
Skills: Research require a careful skill in recording and reporting the data
Knowledge: Research requires that researcher have full knowledge of the
problem under the study
Replication: research is replicable. The design, procedures and result of
scientific research should be replicable so that any person other than the
researcher assess the validity of research
Page-9 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
11. Research Process
(Fundamental steps)
Research process consists of series of
Actions or steps necessary to effectively
carry out research
Page-10 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
12. Step-1 Make an Observation, Find a Problem & Ask a
Question
The first step of a scientific research is divided into three main steps
1- Observe a specific situation
2- Identify the problem in the situation
3- Formulate a question
Observation
Observation ”means“ looking at something without influencing it and
simultaneously recording it for later analysis, or facts you have discovered
using your five senses
Scientific observations can be made directly with our own senses or may be
made indirectly through the use of tools
Scientific Question
Any question related to an observation and answered through scientific
investigation
Often comes from the thought “what we have right now is not good enough,
we can do better…”
Scientific question usually starts with: How, What, When & Who
Page-11 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
13. Examples of Scientific Questions
Why the sky turns red when the sun goes down?
Why the color of an apple-slice turns to brown after few hours?
Research Problem
It is a clear and a stand‐alone statement which explains what are you aiming
or trying to achieve
To formulate a research problem, Firstly select your research topic and
describe the problem at the beginning of research
Research problem is not a problem in the normal sense (is actually the
unknown part of a research)
Problem statement shall have an outcome based verb
identify define analyze review justify
formulate explain apply suggest clarify
create design evaluate purpose suggest
Page-12 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
14. Examples
Analyze the readiness of Palestinian cities to a massive earthquake
Identify the risks of plastic enclosures for reservoir food on health
Page-13 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
15. Observations & Scientific Questions Examples
“Observation” Discovery of water in the form of water-ice on mars planet
“Scientific question” Is there any life forms on the planet? (being investigated)
“ Marie Curie’s observation” Uranium causes air ionization (electrically
conductive).
“Scientific question” Is the Uranium a radioactive element ?
“Observation” The compass needle aligns itself when an electric current
flows through a nearby wire
“Scientific question” What makes the needle of a compass to align. This has
led to the discovery of electromagnetism which revolutionized our world
Note: Good observations lead to scientific discoveries
Page-14 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
16. Step-2 Reviewing Literature (Background Research)
Why Reviewing Literatures ?
It’s a regular rule that research projects begins with conducting literature
review, which means to identify related research projects
Literature review aim to get an insight and to get a view work of others
Literature review helps you anticipate common problems in your research
context
you should look at conclusions, theories, arguments that underline the work
and look for similarities and differences with closely related work
By Studying of Literature we Would Like to Find the Answers to Following
Questions:
Did anybody else formulate the same research problem in the past?
Did anybody else solve the same or similar problem in the past?
Are the results of the previous solving acceptable for us or not?
Writing a Good Literature Review Requires
You have to have an ability to show why your research should be carried out
why did you choose certain theories to work with
And how your work already adds to research carried out.
Page-15 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
17. Step-2 Literature Review (Background Research)
Sources of Literature Review
The term sources refer to print, electronic or visual materials necessary for your
research. Sources are classified into primary and secondary sources
Primary Sources (Highly Reliable, Up to Date Knowledge)
Scientific Journals
Seminar papers
Academic Thesis
Academic Dissertation
Patents
Secondary Sources
Lab Reports
Text-Books
eBook
Documentaries
Web-Links (Google scholar, company websites or Forums)
Page-16 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
18. Step-3 Testable Hypothesis
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a special kind of prediction that forecasts (predicts) how
changing one part of an experiment will affect the results. It is NOT a guess. It is
an informed and well-thought out prediction that requires background
information. You can also think of it as a cause-effect statement.
A hypothesis is best written in the “If ______________, then _____________.”
Examples of a Hypothesis (Using If, Then Statement)
If the temperature of sea water increases, then the amount of salt that
dissolves in the water increases.
Scientific Question: How does the amount of daylight affect plant growth ?
Hypothesis: If the amount of daylight increases, then the growth of a plant
increases
Scientific Question: How does the color of a surface affect its temperature?
Hypothesis: if the color of a surface is black then the temperature absorption is
high
Page-17 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
19. Step-3 Testable Hypothesis
Example
If color change in leaves is related to temperature, then exposing leaves to
direct sunlight will make them to burn
Any hypothesis statement has two variables: Independent variable &
Dependent variable
Dependent variable → (Leaves)
Independent variable → (Temperature)
More Hypothesis Examples (Using May Statement)
Chocolate may cause pimples
Salt soil may affect plant growth
Plant growth may be affected by the color of light
Bacterial growth may be affect by temperature
Ultra violet light may cause a skin cancer
Page-18 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
20. Step- 4 Design an Experiment (Procedure)
Designing an Experiment is Influenced by Many Factors
Determine place, time, budget for the experiment
Means of obtaining the information (Data collection method)
Resources available for the research
Skills of the research personnel
The Procedure is an Integral Part of the Experimental Design, the Following
Represents the Fundamental Steps of Writing a Procedure
Includes a list of steps that the scientist takes to complete the experiment
Very detailed list that is numbered 1,2,3.. order (its not a paragraph)
The procedure should allow others to repeat it. (reproducible)
Your procedure is considered a Good one if someone do it and achieve the
same results as you did
Page-19 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
21. Step- 5 Collecting / Analyzing Data
Data collection is an important aspect of any scientific research, there are
different approaches for data
Data Quantitative research is usually expressed in numerical form and
presented in tables and figures
Primary Data (Not published yet): Collected by the researcher himself either
through experiments (e.g. Lab or Field experiments) or through surveys
Survey Data is collected using one of the following ways:
Observation
Personal interview
Telephone interview
Questionnaires
Secondary Data (Readily available data): is a data found in published
sources such as (Journal, Internet & Books)
Page-20 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
22. Step- 5 Collecting / Analyzing Data
After the research data has been obtained, Data analysis shall be carried out
using a closely related operations, such as:
Presenting data in Tables & Figures
Study the relationship between variables (direct, indirect, proportional, etc…)
Percentage, average & coefficient computations using statistical formulas
Page-21 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
23. Step-6: (Decision) Hypothesis Testing
After analyzing the data, the researcher is in a position to test the hypotheses,
to see if the facts support hypothesis or they happen to be contrary
Hypothesis testing involves stating the hypothesis by converting the research
question into null and alternative hypothesis
Null Hypothesis: (Denoted H0)
Attempts to show that there is no-relationship between hypothesis variables
(Doesn’t relate hypothesis variables in anyway)
statement that is capable of being proven false (It is simple to disprove)
Examples
(Chocolate may not cause pimples)
( Fertilizers have no effects on plant growth)
Alternative Hypothesis: (Denoted H1)
It means that there is a relationship between variables (opposite to Null-
Hypothesis)
Example
(Chocolate may cause pimples)
Page-22 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
24. Step-6: (Decision) Hypothesis Testing
The experiment is to be carried out in an attempt to prove or reject the null-
hypothesis
There are two possible decisions:
Conclude that there is enough evidence to support the alternative
hypothesis. Reject the null. (Chocolate may cause pimples)
Conclude that there is not enough evidence to support the alternative
hypothesis.
Fail to reject the null. (Chocolate may not cause pimples)
What to do if Hypothesis (Alternative) is Wrong
Amend the hypothesis and do the experiment again
Stop the research
Page-23 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
25. Step- 7 Writing Report & Publish Findings
Writing and publishing a research report is necessary in order to
Circulate the ideas, facts and findings to the others
To make a good contribution to the existing stock of knowledge
To get the ideas protected
Research report shall be carefully written keeping in view the following
elements:
Title page
Abstract
Background research (Introduction).
Experimental procedure
Data analysis and discussion (includes data table and graph(s))
Conclusions
Research report has many different styles such as:
■ Lab Report
■ Scientific Literature (published in Journal, Conference & patent, Books)
■ Project Thesis (For educational purposes)
■ Project Dissertation (For educational purposes)
Page-24 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
26. Sample Scientific Research
Research Title: Light effects on colored surfaces
Scientific Question: How does the color of a surface affect its temperature?
Testable Hypothesis: If a dark-colored object is exposed to light, then it is
expected to get worm
Material
Page-25 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
27. Procedure
1) Place the two containers on a level surface and allow the air inside the
containers to equalize with air in the room. This should take no more than
about 10 minutes.
2) Cut a strip of dark paper to fit one container and tape this paper around the
outside of the container covering its surface.
3) Cut a strip of light paper to fit the other container and tape this paper around
the outside of the container covering its surface.
4) Cut two pieces of foam to firmly fit like caps inside the top of each of the
containers.
5) Cut slots in each of the foam caps for inserting the thermometers, insert one
thermometer inside the slot of each of the foam caps.
6) Place the caps with the thermometers inserted firmly on each container,
making sure that the liquid in the thermometer is visible. Record the
temperature of
each thermo-meter.
7) Put the two containers side by side and place the heat lamp about 6 inches
from the containers. Plug the light into an electrical outlet and turn it on.
Page-26 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
28. Data Collection, Data Analysis & Discussion
8) Record the temperature of both thermometers at 5-minute intervals, 5
different times.
Data Collection
Temp. (C°) Temp. (C°)
Time (Minutes)
Dark Container Light Container
0 13 13
5 16 15
10 21 19
15 27 24
20 31 27
25 35 30
Experimental Results
Experimental Setup
Page-27 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
29. Data Analysis
Calculating the average temp.
Tmax (Light-Container) = 30 Cº
Tmax (Dark-Container) = 35 Cº
Page-28 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
30. The figure demonstrates the temp rise for both; light container and dark container
Discussion
as expected, the drawing indicates that there was a temperature rise in both
containers, but based on the data analysis (average and max temperatures) it
can be noticed that the dark colored container reached a higher temperature
than the light-colored one.
Page-29 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
31. Conclusion
Note: Because the assumed hypothesis at the beginning of the experiment is
proven correct, it is possible to carry on and write down a conclusion that
summaries the outcomes
It can be concluded that the light and dark surfaces show a difference in
increase of temperature over a 25-minute period, with the dark-colored
container reaching the highest temperature reading. Dark surfaces become
warmer because they absorb more of the incident radiation. Light-colored
surfaces reflect more of the incident radiation, hence absorbing less radiation.
The higher the absorption, the warmer the temperature.
Page-30 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
32. Further Reading & References
Edgar Bright Wilson (1990), Introduction to scientific research. 3rd ed. NY. 367
Steve Chapman (2005), Research Methods. 3rd ed. NY. 207
C. R. Kothari (2006), Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques. 2nd ed.
New-Delhi. 398
http://undsci.berkeley.edu/index.php
http://www.null-hypothesis.co.uk/science//item/what_is_a_null_hypothesis
Page-31 An Najah National University O. Tamimi
33. Further Reading & References
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/scientific-papers-13815490
http://www.bms.bc.ca/resources/library/pdf/GuidelinesScientificPapers.pdf
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=148
http://www.researchproposalsforhealthprofessionals.com/dissemination_of_findings.htm
http://www.b2binternational.com/b2b-blog/ebook/10-market-research-ch10.pdf
http://nursingplanet.com/Nursing_Research/e-book/reporting_communicating.html
http://www.slideshare.net/ytaki/introduction-to-academic-publishing
http://www.fppsm.utm.my/download/doc_view/183-introduction-to-scientificresearch.html
http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/glossary/qualres.html
http://wilderdom.com/research/QualitativeVersusQuantitativeResearch.html
http://www.writing.engr.psu.edu/workbooks/laboratory.html
http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~pyo22/students/hypothesis.html.
http://mattforte.hubpages.com/hub/Scientific-Methods-of-Research
http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/howscienceworks_18
http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/scientific_method.html#PREDICTION
http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/researchcourse/
Page-32 An Najah National University O. Tamimi